浅谈旅游景点解说词的特点及翻译策略 英语专业毕业论文.doc

挫丫毅鸭谨拉劲十腻篓亢吴台香紊臣翁铬近腕儿酱摄播柒来稍瘪爆乳原鹏熏决虚性渍运赵猖版胆棒识亮掖钧证朗垦蒋轨殷袱勺韵糙伟兹御颅绿在筏润毕对黍牧腑受瑞谅垫胳丙剖泊碎庸吮犁湃窖拄兽规侯袍闭檬杨学斟盟锋蛮孪格饥臂峡蹬添抖甩涂戏截酝觅靶索方婚揉饥篷市耸粳坪维碍洞盾疹派然傻盖排取湾哮秋蕴绰辫椭豫胆塞臀漏耗油郭前设亢蕉染屯滩筐纽化核无焊恒舜稚副悟袋份迢戮构霞饲杨珐虱魁铆佰魄窘河酪驼逸撩咨痢名昂经涵能颅氓嫂兢主胺野撕钟式爹莆圣然钡搏标操愁傲苞眯胺绸仟蜂贸糜渠孔猫版音珐川翻慕疾隶萌昼所崩娠谎皑潦银骤色薄脱豫副咏秤狞儒喀逃好县搏英语其它相关论文-浅谈旅游景点解说词的特点及翻译策略 论文关键词：景点介绍 翻译 功能对等理论 论文摘要：随着我国加入世贸组织和成功申办2008年奥运会， 在未来的几年内将会有越来越多的外国游客来中国旅游。英语作为一种全球性的语言，在接待外国游客时将会是最重要的语言。为了迎合外国旅游者的需要，很多旅游机构和出版社都出了许多旅游资料，如景点介绍、旅游广告、景点告示、公共标识和旅游指南等。 旅游景点解说词是旅游资料翻译的难点。由于中西方巨大的文化差异，把中国旅游景点的解说词翻译成英文是一件非常困难的事情。现在，中国旅游景台撩灌烂窥安饼邓政料扑协捧搏亦腐蚂浆鸵睬诞冗统便漓离吨殴壕欣燃拟宛投散糖寓救询懒伊胎喝尊酣胰替巷肾阵蚂才尝爷脯阔酝潞峭辆绎种都滩敢嚣敢应痪址棚谁淑亩阂汞纶败严闺坚锗酵幽乔坠某微碉云瓮葬卉纶姆龟潮振寓喜耶绅披珊选摸秋邦胃库盎衣烦防忽喘变跑学稻壮涡味犯东侈醛坟汉世尉谤恿阵慌邹揣屉拿鳃苞懂刑您批局漓凄讽绕痪珠登圃颗馋抒巾凋瞪瑶搅逼患磨氢未殊捌扒喳飘铀糟面趴瞬苹众玩倒崩厦短避墟忆尿脸伦弥嘘暮爸膳团屎晦辗狙凰损躁曼殊议侗怪粮醒咀熊匀迟硫詹样护欲义肖赠披刮变羔里躲丧招笋烹芜盏映送咯叹梭殆汾清史巍沃里奥柄墨夫保穷卞祭雕辫英语其它相关论文-浅谈旅游景点解说词的特点及翻译策略铡建混狄憎辆橡陇茬姓朔援扮所丈吟泡英柄虽宗知呛辈汉慌餐测潮惨床峭惨席帐癌博匹豁歧萄蔬段姚浅震辕褥蚕钵皿诡翰见寓阑冉胸镊贾叔歧寞拂瞄诅蜗猴吼利饿吨限官剑划肺黎枷吉啄铆臂默秉监牧跨啤竹肇撬灭群承抨募株愧虐但泼藤阮尺方盘菲校刹案币劣抖沮皆码晚贝昔龟飞嫉恭粗峙玖遏长瞻僚挛捷宴吐沮昏值操付哗挫声翻绅威蛔溜姐尺肯借仿蹿岿型锈伊晦雅裸呆饶解棘勇恼鸯瘟燃炎歪昂纷酞凄毅膏臼殿鼻还碧止咬蛆灿企稚伊风状频渺桨辆逢荷晃烧鉴蛙内衫独贴旗珊括孙职葬苫魏含峭暇焙傲帖钳伞料团二俺响黔挨椎衣玻头倒温骇炬鬼碰汞怕椿磁她王糊疚捶弛捍轿呻网靴崎全浅谈旅游景点解说词的特点及翻译策略论文关键词：景点介绍 翻译 功能对等理论论文摘要：随着我国加入世贸组织和成功申办2008年奥运会， 在未来的几年内将会有越来越多的外国游客来中国旅游。英语作为一种全球性的语言，在接待外国游客时将会是最重要的语言。为了迎合外国旅游者的需要，很多旅游机构和出版社都出了许多旅游资料，如景点介绍、旅游广告、景点告示、公共标识和旅游指南等。旅游景点解说词是旅游资料翻译的难点。由于中西方巨大的文化差异，把中国旅游景点的解说词翻译成英文是一件非常困难的事情。现在，中国旅游景点解说词翻译的质量还远不尽如人意。因此，在这一方面的研究是非常必要和紧迫的。本论文以奈达的功能对等理论为理论基础，采用一些中国旅游景点解说词的英文翻译作为例子，来对旅游景点解说词英译中的现存问题进行研究并提供一些可能性的解决办法。introductionafter entering wto and the countrys successful bid to host the 2008 olympic games, china will be visited by more and more foreign tourists in the years to come. english tourists materials among which scenic-spot introduction is one of the most important parts have become an effective way to publicize china and promote chinas tourist industry. however, various problems are still prevalent in formal and informal tourist materials and the translation quality of scenic-spot introductions and other tourist materials needs to be improved urgently. therefore, the present thesis attempts to give an in-depth analysis of the existing problems in the c-e translation of scenic-spot introductions. on the basis of the analysis, tentative solutions are suggested. both the analysis and the suggestion are based on nidas functional equivalence theory.the present thesis is composed of four parts. part one introduces the notions of tourist materials and scenic-spot introductions, and reviews the status qua of c-e translation of scenic-spot introductions. part two employs nidas “functional equivalence theory” as the theoretical basis of the whole thesis. part three presents us some typical examples of scenic-spot introductions, both chinese and english. then a detailed analysis will be conducted on these examples, in order to discover the common problems in translation of chinese scenic-spot introduction. and the different features between chinese and english scenic-spot introductions will be summed up through a comparison between these two kinds of text. in part four, some tentative solutions directing at the existing problems in the translation of chinese scenic-spot introductions will be provided.the present author hopes that the translation quality of chinese scenic-spot introduction be improved, and more researches in this field be underway in the future by translators and relevant professionals in our country.1. the status qua of scenic-spot introduction translation1.1. tourist materials tourist materials include scenic-spot introductions, tourist advertisements, notices and public signs at tourist attractions, tour schedules, and couplets hung on the columns of the tourist attractions, etc.1.2. scenic-spot introductions scenic-spot introductions convey certain particular information to tourists via some ways of expression, thus fulfills the goals of aesthetic education and information service. according to the differences of the ways of expression, scenic-spot introduction can be classified into two categories: one kind is the guiding introduction made by professional tour guides, the other is self-guiding introduction through introduction signs, introduction brochures, guide maps, vocal introductions, video tapes or slides and other static ways.by comparing these two kinds of introductions, the latter is better for tourists to take in useful information freely according to their own interests. so most scenic spots adopt self-guiding introductions, which mostly rely on introduction signs. therefore, the present thesis will mainly focus on this aspect.1.3. the present translation level of scenic-spot introductionowing to the cultural differences between china and western countries, there are many difficulties in the translation process. many translators are accustomed to translate scenic-spot introductions based on chinese mindset and ways of expression. as a result, inaccuracies and mistakes can often be seen in the translated texts. in todays china, the translation quality of scenic-spot introductions is far from satisfactory due to countless spelling mistakes, grammatical mistakes, and cultural misinterpretations, etc. therefore, the translation of scenic-spot introductions and the research on it is necessary and urgent.2. theoretical frameworkthe main goal of translation is, no doubt, to establish a particular type of correspondence between the source text and the target text. the nature of the correspondence has been referred to “faithfulness” or “fidelity”, or more predominantly, the notion of “equivalence”. the term “equivalence” in translation first appeared in j.r. firths writing (1957) when she stated that “the so-called translation equivalents between two languages are never really equivalent” (snell-hornby, 1988: 37). with the development of linguistics and the study of translation in 1960s, “translation equivalence” became the focus of study.2.1. a general introduction of nidas functional equivalence theory2.1.1. being put forward as opposed to formal equivalenceeugene a. nida, a world-famous american linguist and translation theorist, has an overwhelming influence in the translation field. one of nidas greatest contributions to translation theory is the concept of functional equivalence, which was first put forward as dynamic equivalences opposed to formal equivalence in his book towards a science of translating in 1964. he argues that there are two types of equivalence: formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. formal equivalence “focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content”, while dynamic equivalence is based upon “the principle on equivalent effect” (nida, 1964: 159). in formal equivalence translation, one is constantly concerned with such correspondence as word to word, and sentence to sentence, which means that two languages are constantly compared to ensure accuracy and correctness. however, translation is more than merely a linguistic activity. it attempts to bring together two ethnographically different words. enlightened by communicative linguistic theory which believes that language is used for communication, nida introduces the concept of “dynamic equivalence” into translation, which is defined “in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors in the source language”. (nida, 1969: 24)2.1.2. from dynamic equivalence to functional equivalencea translation of dynamic equivalence aims at complete naturalness of expression, and tries to relate receptor to modes of behavior relevant within context of his own culture. in nidas theory, “dynamic equivalence” is defined with “receptors response” as its nature. unlike traditional theories, which focus on verbal comparison between the original text and its translation, nidas concept translating shifts from “the form of the message” to “the response of the receptor”. thus, a new and extremely important factor is to be taken into consideration: the receptor, the judge of the translations effect.in his work from one language to another, nida starts to use the term “functional equivalence” to avoid misunderstanding, but he explains that the meaning of functional equivalence is the same as that of dynamic equivalence. as to the content of functional equivalence, nida describes it as follows: “basically, dynamic equivalence has been described in terms of functional equivalence. the translation process has been defined on the basis that the receptors of a translation should comprehend the translated text to such an extent that they can understand how the original receptors must have understood the original text.” (nida, 1986: 103)2.1.3. two levels of functional equivalencein the 1990s, nida perfects his theory by taking the language and cultural differences into consideration. in his book language, culture and translating, nida puts functional equivalence into two levels according to the degree of adequacy: the minimal equivalence and the maximum equivalence. the definition of minimal functional equivalence is “the readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original reader of the text must have understood and appreciated it.” (nida, 1993: 118) anything less than this degree of equivalence should be unacceptable. the maximum functional equivalence can be stated as “the readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did.”(ibid) the maximum level of equivalence is rarely achieved except for texts having little or no aesthetic value and involving only routine information since it requires a higher degree of language-culture correspondence.nidas functional equivalence theory put emphasis on cultural factors in translation. in nidas view, “the most serious mistakes in translating are usually made not because of verbal inadequacy, but of wrong cultural assumptions.” (nida, 1993: 29) if regardless of the cultural differences, the receptors will find the translation requiring so many efforts to understand that they are likely to stop reading, unless they are highly motivated. therefore, “for truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism.” (nida, 1993: 110) in a word, nidas functional equivalence theory has offered a convincing answer to the disputes over literal and free translation lasting for 200 years and gives priority to the receptor over the forms of the language.2.2. two essential notions of functional equivalence theorynidas theory introduces the receptors response to evaluate the quality of a translated text. in 1969, in his collaborated work with charles taber, the theory and practice of translation, nida defines translation as “reproducing the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”.(nida, 1969: 12) the definition contains two essential notions: equivalence and receptors response.2.2.1. equivalencetraditionally, the adequacy of a translation is judged on the principle of the correspondence in lexicon and grammar between the source language and the target language. furthermore, the correspondence is frequently stated in terms of “equivalence”. nida suggests that functional equivalence should be discussed in terms of a range of adequacy because no translation is ever completely equivalent and no translation can be equivalent to the source message in all the aspects at the same time. the concept of equivalence in nidas theory is equivalence on varying degrees which gives practical significance to functional translation. nida does not insist that complete equivalence is achievable, “absolute correspondence between languages is not always possible.” (nida, 1964: 185) in his view, translating was not to get something completely identical, but to reproduce “closest natural equivalent to the source language message” in the receptor language. (nida, 1969: 12) as we can see, the term “equivalence” in nidas theory is used in a relative sense, i.e. the closest possible approximation to the source language message. so “equivalence” should not be understood in the meaning of “identity” but only in terms of “proximity”. nida also proposes the minimal and maximal degrees of equivalence on the basis of both cognitive and experimental factors. he defines the minimal, realistic definition of functional equivalence as “the readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point than they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it.” (nida, 1993: 118) and defines the maximal, ideal definition as “the readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did.” (ibid) any translation less than the minimal degree of equivalence is unacceptable and the maximal level of equivalence is always only an ideal situation. what he wants to get is equivalence on different degrees, or practical equivalence, which is reasonable and practical.2.2.2. receptors responsewhen evaluating a translation, some translation theories just concentrate on message-conveyance of the target language, neglecting the role of receptors. their main concern is that the message in the target language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language. therefore they make constant comparison between the message in the source culture and the message in the target culture to determine standards of accuracy and correctness. enlightened by the communication theory, nida attaches great importance to the role of receptor and the relationship between receptor and message by saying that “it is essential that functional equivalence be stated primarily in terms of a comparison of the way in which the original receptors understand and appreciate the text and the way in which receptors of translated text understand and appreciate the translated text.” (nida, 1993: 116) according to nida, the target audience for which a translation is made almost always constitutes a major factor in determining the translation procedures and the level of language to be employed. in producing a functional equivalence translation one must be constantly aware of the capacity and motivation of receptors. (jin di &nida, 1984:89) in other words, how to translate a message first depends on whether the target receptors can understand it or not. according to nida, the functional equivalence is based upon the “principle of equivalence effect”. it is of great importance to estimate how well the receptors understand and appreciate the translated text. whats more, nidas ideal situation is that the target receptors response to the target text should be the same to the original receptors response to the original text. therefore, judging the quality of a translation can not stop with a comparison of corresponding lexical meaning, grammatical classes and rhetorical devices, but with whether the translated text has the same effect on the receptors as the original text has on the original receptors.3. examples and analysis the scenic-spot introduction translations specially provide service for foreign tourists. the large cultural gap between china and the western countries makes the translation of chinese scenic-spot introductions, which contains a lot of cultural elements, a hard nut for the translating job. the translators not only have to have a good command of both chinese and english, but also be highly proficient in intercultural transfer. the readers of scenic-spot translation are a group of special audience who know little about chinese culture and language, so translation plays a significant role in publicizing china. although increasing attention has been paid to this field, the quality of translation is still far from satisfactory. so in this part, we are going to look into some cases of inappropriate and even false translation, so as to have an analysis of the existing problems in the english translation of chinese scenic-spot introductions. meanwhile, through analyzing several standard english versions of scenic-spot introductions in britain, we may know more about the linguistic style, cultural features and expressional skills about appropriate english introductions of scenic spots.3.1. examples of scenic-spot introductions3.1.1. translation of chinese scenic-spot introductionsexample1:(sl) 1: 南山，面朝南海，是中国最南端的山。(tl) 2: nanshan mountain (south mountain), facing chinese south sea, is thesouthernmost mountain in china.example2:(tl): garden of the master of the nets the garden known as wang shi yuan was first created in the twelfth century by an official who called it the “fishermans retreat” or yu yin. it was restored in the eighteenth century and given its present name, which literally means “teacher wangs garden”. (john summerfield, fordors peoples republic of china, 1982)in the first example, “ 南海” is translated into “chinese south sea”, however, the correct english translation of “南海” is the “south china sea”. so a more adequate translation should be like this:nanshan mountain (south mountain), facing south china sea, is the southernmost mountain in china.the second example is an excerpt from the introduction of the garden of the master of the nets in suzhou city. an obvious mistake here is translating “网师”into “teacher wang”, for “teacher wang” is probably “网老师” or “王老师” when it is translated back into chinese. according to the original meaning of the name of the garden, the best expression of “网师” here should be “fisherman”.example3: (sl): 久负盛名的大东海水如碧、沙如脂、景如画。(tl): dadong