社会保险和相关服务 毕业论文外文翻译.doc

social insurance and allied serviceswilliam beveridgethree guidirinciples of reng pcommendations1. in proceeding from this first comprehensive survey of social insurance to the next task - of making recommendations - three guiding principles may be laid down at the outset.2. the first principle is that any proposals for the future, while they should use to the full the experience gathered in the past, should not be restricted by consideration of sectional interests established in the obtaining of that experience. now, when the war is abolishing landmarks of every kind, is the opportunity for using experience in a clear field. a revolutionary moment in the worlds history is a time for revolutions, not for patching.3. the second principle is that organisation of social insurance should be treated as one part only of a comprehensive policy of social progress. social insurance fully developed may provide income security; it is an attack upon want. but want is one only of five giants on the road of reconstruction and in some ways the easiest to attack. the others are disease, ignorance, squalor and idleness.4. the third principle is that social security must be achieved by co-operation between the state and the individual. the state should offer security for service and contribution. the state in organising security should not stifle incentive, opportunity, responsibility ; in establishing a national minimum, it should leave room and encouragement for voluntary action by each individual to provide more than that minimum for himself and his family.5. the plan for social security set out in this report is built upon these principles. it uses experience but is not tied by experience. it is put forward as a limited contribution to a wider social policy, though as something that could be achieved now without waiting for the whole of that policy. it is, first and foremost, a plan of insurance - of giving in return for contributions benefits up to subsistence level, as of right and without means test, so that individuals may build freely upon it. the way to freedom from want6. the work of the inter-departmental committee began with a reviews of existing schemes of social insurance and allied services. the plan for social security, with which that work ends, starts from a diagnosis of want - of the circumstances in which, in the years just preceding the present war families and individuals in britain might lack the means of healthy subsistence. during those years impartial scientific authorities made social surveys of the conditions of life in a number of principal towns in britain, including london, liverpool, sheffield, plymouth, southampton, york and bristol. they determined the proportions of the people in each town whose means were below the standard assumed to be necessary for subsistence, and they analysed the extent and causes of that deficiency. from each of these social surveys the same broad result emerges. of all the want shown by the surveys, from three-quarters to five-sixths, according to the precise standard chosen for want, was due to interruption or loss of earning power. practically the whole of the remaining one-quarter to one-sixth was due to failure to relate income during earning to the size of the family. these surveys were made before the introduction of supplementary pensions had reduced the amount of poverty amongst old persons. but this does not affect the main conclusion to be drawn from these surveys: abolition of want requires a double re-distribution of income, through social insurance and by family needs.7. abolition of want requires, first, improvement of state insurance that is to say provision against interruption and loss of earning power all the principal causes of interruption or loss of earnings are now the subject of schemes of social insurance. if, in spite of these schemes, so many persons unemployed or sick or old or widowed are found to be without adequate income for subsistence according to the standards adopted in the social surveys, this means that the benefits amount to less than subsistence by those standards or do not last as long as the need, and that the assistance which supplements insurance is either insufficient in amount or available only on terms which make men unwilling to have recourse to it. none of the insurance benefits provided before the war were in fact designed with reference to the standards of the social surveys. though unemployment benefit was not altogether out of relation to those standards, sickness and disablement benefit, old age pensions and widows pensions were far below them, while workmens compensation was below subsistence level for anyone who had family responsibilities or whose earnings in work were less than twice the amount needed for subsistence. to prevent interruption or destruction of earning power from leading to want, it is necessary to improve the present schemes of social insurance in three directions: by extension of scope to cover persons now excluded, by extension of purposes to cover risks now excluded, and by raising the rates of benefit.8. abolition of want requires, second, adjustment of incomes, in periods of earning as well as in interruption of earning, to family needs, that is to say, in one form or another it requires allowances for children. without such allowances as part of benefit -or added to it, to make provision for large families, no social insurance against interruption of earnings can be adequate. but, if childrens allowances are given only when earnings are interrupted and are not given during earning also, two evils are unavoidable. first, a substantial measure of acute want will remain among the lower paid workers as the accompaniment of large families. second, in all such cases, income will be greater during unemployment or other interruptions of work than during work.9. by a double re-distribution of income through social insurance and childrens allowances, want, as defined in the social surveys, could have been abolished in britain before the present war. as is shown in para. 445, the income available to the british people was ample for such a purpose. the plan for social security set out in part v of this report takes abolition of want after this war as its aim. it includes as its main method compulsory social insurance, with national assistance and voluntary insurance as subsidiary, methods. it assumes allowances for dependent children, as part of its background. the plan assumes also establishment of comprehensive health and rehabilitation services and maintenance of employment, that is to say avoidance of mass unemployment, as necessary conditions of success in social insurance. these three measures - of childrens allowances, health and rehabilitation and maintenance of employment-are described as assumptions a,b and c of the plan ; they fall partly within and partly without the plan extending into other fields of social policy. they are discussed, not in the detailed exposition of the plan in part v of the report, but in part vi, which is concerned with social security in relation to wider issues.10. the plan is based on a diagnosis of want. it starts from facts, from the condition of the people as revealed by social surveys between the two wars. it takes account of two other facts about the british community, arising out of past movements of the birth rate and the death rate, which should dominate planning for its future; the main effects of these movements in determining the present and future of the british people are shown by table xi in para. 234. the first of the two facts is the age constitution of the population, making it certain that persons past the age that is now regarded as the end of working life will be a much larger proportion of the whole community than at any time in the past. the second fact is the low reproduction rate of the british community today: unless this rate is raised very materially in the near future, a rapid and continuous decline of the population cannot be prevented. the first fact makes it necessary to seek ways of postponing the age of retirement from work rather than of hastening it. the second fact makes it imperative to give first place in social expenditure to the care of childhood and to the safeguarding of maternity.11. the provision to be made for old age represents the largest and most growing element in any social insurance scheme. the problem of age is discussed accordingly in part iii of the report as one of three special problems; the measures proposed for dealing with this problem are summarised in paras. 254-257. briefly, the proposal is to introduce for all citizens adequate pensions without means test by stages over a transition period of twenty years, while providing immediate assistance pensions for persons requiring them. in adopting a transition period for pensions as of right, while meeting immediate needs subject to consideration of means, the plan for social security in britain follows the precedent of new zealand. the final rate of pensions in new zealand is higher than that proposed in this plan, but is reached only after a transition period of twenty-eight years as compared with twenty years suggested here; after twenty years, the new zealand rate is not very materially different from the basic rate proposed for britain. the new zealand pensions are not conditional upon retirement from work; for britain it is proposed that they should be retirement pensions and that persons who continue at work and postpone retirement should be able to increase their pensions above the basic rate. the new zealand scheme is less favourable than the plan for britain in starting at a lower level ; it is more favourable some other respects. broadly the two schemes for two communities of the british race are plans on the same lines to solve the same problem of passage from pensions based on need to pensions paid as of right to all citizens in virtue of contribution.译文：社会保险和相关服务威廉贝弗里奇提出建议的三条指导性原则1.如前所述，委员会的首要任务是开创先例，对英国的社会保险进行一次全面的调查，第二项任务是在调查的基础上提出建议。在从第一次任务向第二次任务转变之际，有必要在一开始的时候就阐明提出建议的三条指导性原则。2.第一条原则，在规划未来的时候要充分利用过去积累的丰富经验，又不要被这些经验积累过程中形成的部门利益所限制。现在战争正在改变一切，打破了原有的条条框框，为我们在新的领域运用经验提供了机会。世界历史上的划时代时刻属于破旧立新的变革，而不是头疼治头、脚疼治脚的改良。3.第二条原则，应该把社会保险看出促进社会进步的系列政策之一。成熟的社会保险制度，可以提供收入保障，有助于消除贫困。但是贫困仅仅是英国战后需要重建解决的五大问题之一，而且在某种程度上可以说是最容易解决的一个问题。其他的问题包括疾病、愚昧、肮脏和懒惰。4.第三条原则，社会保障需要国家和个人的合作。国家的责任是保证服务的提供和资金的筹集，但在尽职尽责的同时，国家不应扼杀对个人的激励机制，应该给个人参与社会保障制度建设的机会并赋予他们一定的责任。在确定国家最低保障水平时，应该给个人留有一定的空间，使其有积极性参与自愿保险，以为自己及家人提供更高水平的保证水平。5.本报告所展示的社会保障计划就是建立在上述三条原则的基础之上的。该计划既充分利用了过去积累下来的丰富经验，又不被这些经验所限制。虽然该计划的一些设想现在就能实现，但是从整体上来说，它只是一个大的社会政策的一个组成部分，其总体实现有赖于其他政策的实施。必须明确的是，该计划首先是一个保险计划，即根据缴费给付待遇，其最终目的是参保人无需经过经济状况调查就可合法享有基本生活保障。摆脱贫困之路6.州协调委员会的工作从回顾英国现行的社会保障方案和服务开始，以出炉的社会保障计划收尾。该计划首先分析了英国贫困的成因。在第二次世界大战前的那些年份里，英国很多家庭和个人生活在贫困线以下。一些中立的、没任何政治色彩的科研机构对英国的一些大城市的生活状况进行了社会调查。这些城市包括伦敦、利物浦、普利茅斯、舍费尔德、南安普顿、约克郡和布里斯托尔。他们测定了每一个城市生活在贫困线以下的人口比例，分析了贫困的程度和原因。虽然被调查的城市各不相同，但调查的结果却惊人的相似。根据事先严格设定的贫困标准，在调查显示的所有贫困人口中，约有3/45/6是因为中断或丧失谋生能力致贫的。至于剩下的1/41/6的贫困人口，其致贫原因基本上是可以归结为家庭人口太多，虽有收入但是不足以支持整个家庭的开支。在这些调查结束之后，英国出台了补充性的养老金计划，老年贫困人口数量有所减少，但是这并不影响调查得出的主要结论：只有通过社会保险并根据家庭需要进行双重收入再分配才能摆脱贫困。7要消除贫困，首先要进行国家保险，也就是说，国家要为中断或丧失劳动能力的人群提供生活保障。现行的社会保险方案涵盖了所有导致收入中断或丧失的主要因素。尽管如此，仍有数量众多的失业者、患病者、老年人及丧偶者缺乏足够的收入，不能维持社会调查确定的基本生活标准。这说明他们得到的保险待遇水平太低或者享受期太短，而且补充保险提供的补助金也不足，或者是享受条件过于苛刻，以至于人们不愿意申领。事实上，在设计战前提供的社会保险待遇时，根本没有考虑社会调查所设定的基本生活标准。虽然失业保险待遇在某些方面考虑了这些方面的标准，使失业者能够生活在贫困线以上，但是，疾病和伤残待遇、老年人养老金和丧偶者养老金的水平要比这些标准低得多，对有家庭赡养或抚养义务及工作收入低于基本生活标准两倍的工人来说，其获得的工伤赔偿的金额也不足以养家糊口。为了防止因谋生能力中断或者丧失而导致贫困，有必要从以下三个方面对现行的社会保险方案做一些改进：一是扩大覆盖对象范围；二是扩大覆盖风险范围；三是提高待遇标准。8.要消除贫困，其次要根据家庭调整收入，也就是说，要根据家长是否有收入及