英美报刊选读.doc

news agencyap-associated press 美联社up-united press international (美)合众国际社reuters-reuters news agency (英)路透社pa-press association (英)报纸联合社dpa-deutsche presse agentur 德新社afd-agence france presse法新社ansa-agenzia nazionale stampa associata 意大利安莎通讯社what is news?news is the reporting of anything timely, which has importance, use, or interest to a considerable number of persons in a publication audience.news is any event, idea or opinion that is timely, that interests or affects a large number of people in a community and that is capable of being understood by them.what are news values?1. timeless and freshness2. importance, consequences, impact or significance.3. prominence4. neamess, proximity or locality5. unusualness, bizarreness, oddity or novelty6. interestwhat is journalese?journalese: style of writing 新闻之风english of a style featured by use of colloquialisms, superficially of thought or reasoning, clever or sensational presentation of material, and evidences of haste in composition, considered characteristic of newspaper writing” websters wednesday”.what is journalism?1. what is journalistic english? 新闻英语journalistic english aims at the study of english, newspapers, periodicals, radio, television and other media of communication.2. what is journalismjournalism is the collection and periodical publishing of news. it includes writing for, editing and managing such media as the newspaper and the periodical.types of journalism1. news 消息pure hard news ( brief 栏)题材严肃，时新性soft news 人情味浓，写法轻松活泼2. feature 特写再现新闻事件，人物和场量suspended interest of form3. editorial &commentary社论和评论代表低级或杂志编辑部发表的权威性评论，有时很难懂op-ed (the new york times)opinion page (newsweek)today and tomorrow (new york herald tribune)advertisementnewspaper format1. broadsheet 大报（严肃的，高质量的，报道真相）a1 paper2tabloid 小报（普通的，贫民的，引起轰动的，提供娱乐的）a2 paper有些小报也是严肃的大报，比如：the christian science monitor the guardianemergence of newspaper sections 171. news2. features3. sports4. business5. editorial/ op-ed6. classifieds7. science and technology8. life9. health10. entertainmentthe front pageflag/nameplate/masthead 报头feasers 报耳 hold 全文报道 rail 预告栏 gutter 中缝byline 署名 jumpline 跳页指示dateline 电头dateline rom.nov.8 moscow.oct.10 (ap) associated press完整的新闻组成(倒金字塔)headlinethe leadbody消息主体：倒金字塔式the inverted pyramid form1. intro containing most important or most interesting information (more facts)2. supporting information or background3. quotes or more facts of lesser importance4. minor detail5. least significant informationlead 导语一般是消息的第一个自然段，有时也有两个自然段，是消息的概括。作用：1. 用简单的文字反映消息要点，了解主要事实和主题思想2.引出主题，阐述，解释主题的新闻主体3.唤起读者的注意，吸引读者看下去导语必备5ws和一个h要素（第一代导语）1. 导语种类2. 常用导语usually the first paragraph of the message, and sometimes there are two paragraphs, is the generalization of the message.role: 1）、 reflect the message points, simple text to understand the principal facts and the main idea.2）、theme leads on to explain the theme of news main.3）、arouse the readers attention, to attract readers to imagine what will happen.4）、guide the language essential 5ws and the h elements (first generation lead)guide language classes2. common leadchronological order form (如香肠)suspended interest form (用于特写)interpretative reporting form（着重探讨理念）lead 消息导语1. 5个w导语2. descriptive lead3. question lead 4. quotation lead5. delayed lead(掺进讽刺和幽默，不直接讲出新闻事实)pyramid form 编年体史，消息的特点1）chronological style2）consists of beginning, events of time, sequence ending3）pyramid form. climax消息的另一种结构“多足鼎”not fit for man or beastbitter cold grips northeast1、what is news value? what are some basic elements of news value? news value refers to the importance of the facts and details in the news that satisfy the publics interest in news. basic elements of news value are as follows: a) timelines is it a recent development or is it old news? freshness strengthens a new story.b) proximity(接近) is the story relevant to local readers? close-to-home events naturally are of interest to media outlets.c) conflicts is the issue developing? has it been resolved or does anybody care? whether it involves people, governmental bodies, or sports teams, conflict is considered newsworthy. d) eminence(著名)or prominenceare noteworthy people involved? if so, that makes the story more important. some happenings simply are more newsworthy when well-known people are involved. e) consequence or impact what effect will the story have on readers? few developments hit a community as hard economically as well as emotionally - as mass layoffs by major employers. it is not surprising, then that media give prominent play to these occurrences. f) human interesteven though it might not be an earthshaking event, does it contain unique, interesting elements? hunan interest stories often appeal to the emotions of readers, pulling them into the lives of others or into subjects of broad concern.2. what is news lead? what are direct lead and delayed lead?news lead refers to the first a few paragraphs which indicate the five ws and an h (who, what, where, when, why, how ) of the news story. there are two kinds of news leads: direct lead and delayed lead. a direct lead tells readers the most important aspect of the story in a direct and straightforward way, and is often used in “hard news” a delayed lead attracts readers by hinting the content of the story. it is usually found in features and other “soft stories” that put more emphasis on human interest rather than timeliness of an event. 3. what is the body structure of a news story? what are advantages of it?the body structure of a news story is inverted pyramid (also called “inverted triangle”), which means the most important aspect of a story is higher up in the body of the story, while other information is written lower down in order of importance. advantages of inverted pyramid are as follows: 1. easy for journalists to write, since the structure is clear. 2. easy for editors to modify, since the lower parts are less important thus can be readily cut off if necessary. 3. easy for readers to grasp the main idea and decide whether to read on - time is money!4、 significance of newspaper reading ？1）. good learning resources for english learners for the rich vocabulary, which includes various idioms, common sayings and diverse phrases.2）. enable the learners to enhance their reading ability by providing authentic english learning material.3）. broaden the readers horizon, being the major access to world news.1. 4）. good helper for the learners to improve their writing skill, due to the expert use of various 5、 functions of headlines1）summarizing the story2）arousing the readers interest3）beautifying the newspaper page4）indicating how much importance each news item has 6、 categorization of headlinesone-column headline-streamer/banner通栏大标题 one-deck headline -four-deck headline 一层题/二层题/四层题crossline单行题 , flush-left headline靠左齐头形, drop-line or indented head阶梯下坠形 , inverted pyramid form倒金字塔形 , centered headline, jump head转页标题 7、 features of headlines1）grammatical featuresgrammatical features- omission omission of articles / pronoun/ “and” / auxiliary verbs china launches first icbm into pacificboys on cliff rescuedmother, daughter share fulbright yearwitty, inventive furniture dominates milan expositionforecast of mexican quake accurate, but ignoredtourist arrested for espionage charges 2）grammatical features- tense simple present is the most commonly used tense in headline to give the reader a sense of “timeliness” by giving a vivid, eyewitness account. us and egypt hold air exercises womens soccer calls for supportbut: unemployment in u.k. increased in october (2) future is always indicated by infinitive “to + do”, or in simple present tense.russia to hold polish border manoeuvresshanxi to invest large sums for tourism2 ec officials to visit u.s. to pave way for trade talks(3) “ v-ing” form is often used to indicate an ongoing action.radio ,tv coverage widening deposits, loans rising in hk 3）grammatical features- predicate (1) adjective as predicateus carmaker ready to cut outputbuenos aires “close” to deal on fresh imf loaneu and china closer to deal on beijings wto entry (2) participial phrase as predicateidentities of hijack suspects releasedu.s. attacked: hijacked jets destroy twin towers and hit pentagon in day of terrorfed expected to make a half-point cut in ratesus weather forecasters caught out by stormtop pakistan judge dismissed after refusing to take oath(3) infinitive as predicategermany to lift ban on transport of n-wastechina to continue fiscal program to aid economyjapan to help elderly jobless4）grammatical features - punctuationeleven dead, 200 injured in concert blastprotests sweep israel, palestineeconomy grows slowly as unemployment, inflation rise - economist kissinger reasserts: sino-us ties crucial 5)lexical featuresone syllable words/ short wordsacronymsabbreviationsjournalistic coinageloanwordscompany vies for it giant brazil race goes to second round new curbs on immigration shenzhen sez to host intl trade meetingus strives to ease stagflationquebec language war is over, nest-ce pas?bushs “quid pro quo” policyrhetorical features parody模仿all work, low pay make nurses go away. to save or not to save do as the maoris do a tale of two debtors rhyme & alliteration after the boom everything is gloom weather worriespeis pyramids puzzle paris punburning questions on tunnel safety unanswered (about the possibility of fires in the channel tunnel) return to gender (about a reoccurrence of sexual harassment in london post offices) 8、writing techniques like personification, irony etc. in features .essential techniques for reading english news 1）、familiarity with news english vocabulary.2）、accumulation of various world knowledge is highly important.9、brief introduction of american and british newspapers and magazines 。1）、american major papers 。he new york times 华盛顿邮报the washington post 纽约时报los angeles times 洛杉矶时报usa today 今日美国报the wall street journal 华尔街日报the christian science monitor 基督教科学箴言报 international herald tribune国际先驱论坛报free press 自由新闻报 chicago sun-times 芝加哥太阳时报 new york daily news 纽约每日新闻 boston globe波士顿环球报 dalas morning news 达拉斯晨报 san francisco chronicle 旧金山纪事报 2）、american major news magazines time 时代周刊 newsweek 新闻周刊readers digest 读者文摘 fortune 财富杂志 business week 商业周刊 far eastern review 远东经济评论u.s.news and world report 美国新闻与世界报道 smithsonian 史密斯森学会杂志star 明星family circle 家族月刊american legion 美国军团 people weekly 人民周刊national geographic 国家地理杂志 3）、british major newspapers the times 泰晤士报financial times 金融时报 the guardian 卫报the telegraph 每日电讯报 daily express 每日快报daily mail 每日邮报daily star 每日明星报morning star 晨星报 the sun 太阳报 4）、british major news magazines weekly news 每周新闻 the spectator 旁观者tribune 论坛punch 笨拙finance 金融周刊private eye listener 私探双周刊new statesman and society 新政治家和社会listener 听众9、常用英语新闻词组翻译1. 证券交易所 stock market2. 回顾与反思 in retrospect3. 为-提供基础 set the stage for something4. 毁灭性后果 devastating consequence5. 信息技术的繁荣发展information-technology boom6. 不予理睬ride roughshod over something7. 在危险中put-at risk8. 战斗力combat effectiveness9. 武装力量armed forces10. 相反on the contray11. 国土安全homeland security12. 交战状态at war13. 无辜的受害者innocent victims14. 秘密警察secret police15. 大规模杀伤性武器weapons of mass destruction（wmd）16. 干对某人有利的事play into the hands of sb17. 先发制人的军事行动pre-emptive military action18. 对-口头支持或表面赞成pay lip service to sth19. 最后的手段a last resort20. 核扩散nuclear proliferation21. 世界经济论坛world economic forum22. 网络公司狂dotcom mania23. 企业的社会责任corporate social responsibility24. 递延补偿deferred compensation25. 非政府组织nongovernmental organization26. 更不必说say nothing of27. 坚定的信念artide of faith28. 企业的慈善事业corporate philanthropy29. 善举good works30. 税负减免tax relief31. 案例研究case study32. 双赢的特性win-win character33. 飞行服flying gear34. 航空母舰aircraft carrier35. 作战行动combat operations36. 联合国秘书长u.n secretary general37. 停电power cut38. 白宫white house39. 盖洛普民意测验gallup poll40. 毫无保留地表明观点pull no punches41. 美国中央司令部u.s central command42. 联合国大会u.n general assembly43. 蜡像馆wax museum44. 生根take root45. 离题的be off the mark46. 如意算盘wishingthinking47. 美国国防部长defensesecretary48. 死囚区death row49. 死刑death penalty50. 有线电视cable television51. 商会chamberof commerce52. 刑事司法criminaljustice53. 死刑电椅electricalchair54. 管教警官prison offical55. 无论好坏for good or ill56. 无法想象的暴力行为unimagined violence57. 监狱博物馆prison museum58. 宪法对同性婚姻的禁止constitutional ban on gay marriage59. 关于基本民德的辩论debate about fundamental mores60. 承认各自的婚姻法recongnise another states law61. 给同性恋者一些除婚姻以外的grant gays some legal rights short of marriage合法权利62. 一个一个地驳斥这些论点reject these arguments one by one63. 联邦制度的实施operation of the federal system64. 保证或延续民主的实施ensure or continue the implementation of democracy65. 妇女选举权womens suffrage66. 维护社会准则defend social norms67. 国会两院三分之二的多数two-thirds majority in both houses of congress68. 公众对立法者的压力public pressure on legislators69. 进行一场更大的政治赌博take a bigger political gambleabbreviation缩写:graduate（毕业生）grad；hospital（医院）hosp； billion（十亿）bn；percent（百分比）pc；cigarette（香烟）-cig. weekly mag for stamp lovers to be launched mag=magazine（杂志）. 集邮周刊即将发行。 new groups boost hi-tech research hi-tech=high technology（高新技术）. 新兴集团推动高新技术研究。aussie=australian（澳大利亚的） biz=business（商业）champ=champion（冠军） con=convict（罪犯）deli=delicatessen/deliktesn/ （熟食） expo=exposition（博览会）homo=homosexual（同性恋） lib=liberation（解放）pro=professional（专业的，职业的） rep=representative（代表）russ=russia（俄罗斯） sec=secretary（秘书）chute=parachute（降落伞） copter=helicopter（直升机）natl=national（全国的） coml=commercial（商业的，广告）ctee=committee（委员会） cwealth=commonwealth（英联邦）telly=television（电视机） tech=technology（技术）pix=pictures（电影） vic=victory（胜利） vet=veteran（老兵，老手）acronyms缩写词: cppcc head meets returned overseas students in beijing （cppccthe chinese peoples political consultative conference 中国人民政治协商会议）aids victims surging in us （aidsacquired immune deficiency syndrome：后天免疫缺损综合症，即“艾滋病”）plo says big israeli /izreili/drive ahead （plopalestine liberation organization：巴解组织称以色列即将大举进攻1）organizations unescounited nations educational, scientific and cultural organization imfinternational monetary fund（国际货币基金组织）aseanassociation of southeast asian nations（东南亚国家联盟）gattgeneral agreement on tariffs and trade（关贸总协定）wtoworld trade organization（世界贸易组织）opecorganization of pretroleum exporting countries（石油输出国组织：“欧佩克”）iocinternational olympic committee（国际奥林匹克委员会）nasanational aeronautics and space administration 美国国家航空航天局 whoworld health organization（世界卫生组织）oauorganization of african unity（非洲统一组织） 2）common referrings:ufounidentified flying object djidow-jones index（道琼斯指数）pcpersonal computer abmanti-ballistic missile （反弹道导弹） prpublic relations saltstrategic arms limitation talks（限制战略武器会谈）sdistrategic defence initiative（战略防御措施） gmtgreenwich mean time3）positions: pmprime minister（总理；首相） gmgeneral manager（总经理）vipvery important person（贵宾；要人） tptraffic policeman（交通警察）papersonal assistant（私人助理）midget wordsmidget words or single syllable words frequently appear in headlines of news for brevity and thrifty.unions back peace move = support bus ban on pubils after attack on crew = prohibitiontv airs “facts” on arms delivery = make knownold well stars kong li = make become a stareg: damage : hit, harm, hurt, ruin, wreck. abandon: drop, give up, quit, skip, yield. explode: blast, crash, ram, smash. aid=assist （帮助；援助） alter=change or modify （改变） askinquire（询问） assail=denounce （谴责）balkimpede （阻碍） check=examine （检查） ban=prohibit or forbid （禁止） bar=prevent （防止；阻止）bareexpose or reveal （暴露；揭露） begincommence （开始）axe=dismissreduce（解雇减少） bid=attempt （努力） boltdesert or abandon （放弃） boost=increase （增加；提高）claim=cause the death of（夺去的生命） bilkcheat （欺骗） nix=denydisapprove（否决拒绝） soar=skyrocket （急剧上升） clashdisagree strongly （发生分歧；争议） probeinvestigate （调查）curb=control or restrict （控制） dipdeciine or decrease （下降）easelessen （减轻；缓和） end=terminate （结束；中止）foilprevent from （阻止；防止） grill = investigate （调查）gut=