毕业设计（论文）-电热箱单片机温控系统毕业设计.doc

无锡职业技术学院系别（部、分院） 电子信息技术系 班 级 电子工艺30901 姓 名 学 号 课 题 名 称 电热箱单片机温控系统 指 导 教 师 职 称 讲师 指 导 教 师 职 称 工程师 2012 年 4 月 12 日英文single chip micro computer referred to as scm, is a typical embedded microcontroller ( microcontroller unit ), common english letter abbreviation of mcu mcu, it was originally used in the field of industrial control. due to the microcomputer in the field of industrial control applications, to make more the personage inside course of study, students, hobbyists, product development staff master microcontroller this technology, then mcu development board, the more famous example of electronic dzr-01a mcu development board. chip by chip cpu only dedicated processor and development. the earliest design concept is the large number of peripherals and cpu integrated on a chip, allowing the computer system to a smaller, easier to integrate into the complex and the volume requires strict control of the equipment. intel z80 is the earliest according to this thought design of the processor, from then on, the development of scm and special processor part company each going his own way.early scm are 8 or 4 bit. one of the most successful intel 8031, because simple reliable and good performance achieved great acclaim. thereafter in 8031 on the development of the mcs51 series single chip system. based on this system of single chip microcomputer system is still widely used. as the field of industrial control requirements increase, began a 16 bit single chip microcomputer, but because the price is not ideal did not have a very wide range of applications. after 90 years with the consumer electronic product development, scm technology has a huge increase. along with the intel i960 series especially later arm series of widely used, 32 bit single chip microcomputer rapidly replaced the 16 bit mcu high position, and into the mainstream market. while the traditional 8 bit scm performance has also been enhanced rapidly, handling capacity compared to 80 in increased hundreds of times. at present, the high-end 32 bit single chip microcomputer frequency is more than 300mhz, performance was 90 time metaphase dedicated processor, and common models of the ex-factory price fell to $1, the most high-end models only $10. the single chip microcomputer system has not only the bare metal environment development and use, large number of special embedded operating system is widely used in the whole series mcu. while as a palmtop computer and mobile phone core processing chip microcomputer and can be used directly for the windows and linux operating system.single chip processor is more suitable than the special application in embedded system, so it got the most applications. the fact that scm is the worlds largest number of computer. modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will have a single-chip integration. mobile phone, telephone, computer, household appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse in all with 1-2 single chip microcomputer. while the pc is also a large number of single chip microcomputer in the work. the car is equipped with more than 40 of the general single chip microcomputer, the complex industrial control system and even there may be hundreds of single chip microcomputer in the work at the same time! single chip not only the number of far more than pc machine and the other computes the sum, even more than human.also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not the completion of a logic function of the chip, but a computer system integrated into a chip. the equivalent of a micro computer, and the computer, single-chip only lack of i / o equipment. summary: a chip is a computer. it has the advantages of small volume, light weight, low price, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. at the same time, learn to use single-chip computer principle and structure is the best choice.mcu internal use and computer functions like modules, such as cpu, memory, hard disk and a parallel bus, and the same storage device, is it different for these components performance relative to both our home computer a lot weaker, but the price is low, generally not more than 10 yuan use it to do some control of electrical appliances category is not very complicated work ok. we now use automatic drum washing machine, exhaust hood, vcd and so on the home appliance inside can see its shadow! it is mainly used as the control part. the core components.it is an on-line real-time control computer, online is the scene control, need to have strong anti-interference ability, low cost, and this is also the off-line computer ( such as a household pc ) the main difference.single chip microcomputerby single-chip program running, and can modify. through different procedures to achieve different functions, especially the special unique features, this is the need to charge other devices can do a great effort, some are vigorously is difficult to do. a function is not very complicated with the united states the development of the 50s or 60s 74 series, the cd4000 series to get these pure hardware, the circuit must be a big pcb board! but if we use the united states in 70 successful series of single-chip market, the result will be a world of difference! just because the adoption of single-chip preparation process you can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency, and high reliability!because of the cost of single-chip is sensitive, so the dominant software or the low-level assembly language, it is the addition of binary machine code above the low-level language, since it is so low why do they use? many senior language has reached the level of visual programming and why not? the reason is very simple, no home computer chip that cpu did not like hard disks, usb mass storage device. an advanced visual language prepared by the small procedures inside even if only one button, will reach several tens of k size! for domestic pc hard disk is nothing, but for the single is not acceptable. single chip microcomputer in the hardware resources utilization must be very tall, so the assembly while the original is still in use. in the same way, if the giant computer operating system and application software to run on the pc pc home, home is unbearable.can say, twentieth century across three electric era, namely the electrical age, electronic era and has now entered the computer age. however, this kind of computer, usually refers to a personal computer, or pc machine. it consists of the host, keyboard, display. there is a class of computer, most people are not very familiar with. this kind of computer is to give a variety of mechanical intelligent chip ( also known as micro controller ). as the name implies, this computer systems use only the minimum of an integrated circuit, to make a simple calculation and control. because of its small size, are usually charged with possession of machine in the belly. it is in the whole device, like the human mind plays a role, it is wrong, the entire device. now, this chip has a very wide field of use, such as smart meters, real-time industrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, and household appliances. once a variety of products with the use of the single-chip, will be able to play so that the effectiveness of product upgrading, product names often adjective before the word - intelligent, such as intelligent washing machine. now some factory technical personnel or other amateur electronics developers out of certain products, not the circuit is too complex, that is functional and easy to be too simple imitation. investigate its reason, may be stuck in the product does not use the single chip computer or other programmable logic device.working processscm automatically complete the mission entrusted to it in the process, also is the process of executing a program that scm, an execution of the instruction process, the so-called instruction is to perform a variety of operations with the chip in the form of a command to write it down, it is in the design gives it the instruction system of the decision, an instruction corresponding a basic operation; single chip computer can perform all instructions, is the mcu command system, different kinds of scm, the command system is also different. in order to make the computer can automatically accomplish a specific task, must put the problem to be solved as a series of instructions ( these instructions must be selected the mcu to the recognition and execution of instruction ), this series of sets of instructions became program, program pre-stored in has the function of storing parts - memory. memory consists of many storage unit ( minimal storage unit ), like a big building has many rooms, instruction stored in the unit, unit instruction fetch and execution as large buildings in each of the rooms were assigned to only one room, each storage unit must also be assigned to the unique address, the address is known as the address storage unit, such as long as knowing the address storage unit, can be found on the storage unit, which stores instruction can be removed, and then be executed.programs are executed sequentially, so the program of instruction is a sequence of stored, scm in the execution of a program to put these instructions a remove and execution, there must be a member can track the instruction location, this part is the program counter ( pc contained in cpu ), at the beginning of the program is executed, to the pc assigned to program the first instruction location, and then get a command to be executed, the pc content will automatically increase, increase the volume of the instruction length is determined, may be 1, 2 or 3, to point to the next instruction address, assurance instructions order of execution.the application of scmsingle chip microcomputer is composed of the hardware system and software system. hardware system which is composed of microcomputer system entity and device, usually by the operator, controller, memory, input interface circuit and input devices, output interface circuit and an output device. the arithmetic unit and the controller is generally done in an integrated chip, referred to as the central processing unit ( central processing unit ), referred to as cpu, is the core part of microcomputer. cpu with a stored program and data memory, input / output ( input / output, i / o ) interface circuit and an external device is composed of single-chip hardware system. the software system is a computer system used by various procedures said, through which people on the microcomputer control system with microcomputer for the exchange of information, the computer in accordance with the intention to achieve the predetermined task. the software system and hardware system together form a complete single-chip micro computer system, the two complement each other, are indispensable.currently microcontroller penetrated into every aspect of our lives, its almost impossible to find which areas no traces of single-chip microcomputer. the missile navigation device, various instruments on the aircraft control, computer network communication and data transmission, industrial automation of the real-time control and data processing, widely used in all kinds of intelligent ic card, civil limousine security systems, video recorders, cameras, full automatic washing machine control program, as well as toys, electronic pets and so on, these are inseparable from the single chip microcomputer. not to mention the field of automatic control of robot, intelligent instrument, medical equipment and all kinds of intelligent machinery. therefore, the single-chip learning, development and application of computer application will create and intelligent control of the scientist, engineer.single chip computer are widely used in instrumentation, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, and special equipment intelligent management and process control and other fields, can be divided into the following categories:1 in the intelligent instrument applicationscm has the advantages of small volume, low power consumption, strong control function, flexible expansion, miniaturized and is easy to use, widely used in instrumentation, combines different types of sensors, can be used as voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, element, pressure the physical quantity measurement. using single chip microcomputer control makes the instrument digital, intelligent, miniaturized, and the function is compared with a more powerful electronic or digital circuit. for example, precision measurement equipment ( power meter, oscilloscope, various analyzer ).2 application in industry controlmcu can form various forms of control system, data acquisition system. for example the factory assembly line intelligent pipe, intelligent elevator control, all kinds of alarm systems, and computer networking. two level control system.3 application in household applianceit can be said, now the home appliance basically adopts single-chip microcomputer control, from rice cookers, washing machine, freezer, color television, air conditioner, other audio and video equipment, and then to the electronic weighing equipment, all kinds of, omnipresent.4 in the field of computer networks and communication applicationmodern microcontroller in general have a communication interface, can be conveniently and computer data communications, computer networks and communication equipment in the application provides excellent material conditions, now the communication equipment basically has realized intelligent control, from the mobile phone, telephone, program-controlled switches, small building automation communication call system, train wireless communication, and then to the daily work can be seen in the mobile phone, trunking mobile communication, radio etc.5 single chip microcomputer in the field of medical equipment applicationsingle chip microcomputer in medical equipment in use is quite extensive, such as medical ventilator, various analyzer, monitor, ultrasonic diagnostic equipment and sickbed calling system.6 in a variety of large-scale electrical module in applicationsome special mcu design used to achieve a specific function, resulting in all kinds of circuit of modular applications, without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure. as a music integrated chip, seemingly simple function, the microfilm in pure electronic chip (as distinct from the tape machine principle ), requires complex similar to the principle of computer. such as: music signal in digital form stored in memory ( similar to rom ), the microcontroller readout, is converted into an analog electrical signal (similar to the sound of music ).in large scale circuit, this modular application to greatly reduce the volume, simplifies the circuit, reduces damage, error rate, is convenient to replace.7 single chip microcomputer in automobile equipment in the field of applicationsingle chip microcomputer in automotive electronics in a very wide range of applications, such as in an automobile based on can bus controller, intelligent electronic controller of the automobile engine, the gps navigation system, abs anti-lock braking system, braking system and so on.in addition, scm in industrial and commercial, financial, scientific research, education, defense, aerospace and other fields have a very wide range of uses.at present, there are mainly four kinds of attack single-chip technology, respectively:( 1) software attackthe techniques generally used processor communication interface and protocol, the encryption algorithm or the algorithm of security vulnerability to attack. software attack success of a typical example of early atmel at89s52 series mcu attack. the attacker uses the chip erase operation sequence design problem, using the self-programming erases the encryption lock in position after, to stop the next erase on-chip program memory data operation, so that the encryption chip into no encryption chip, and then use the programmer readout chip program.( 2) the electronic detection attackthis technique is usually with a high temporal resolution to monitor processor in the normal operation of all power and interfacing analog characteristics, and by monitoring its electromagnetic radiation to attack. because of the single chip computer is a movable electronic device, when it performs different instructions, the corresponding power consumption also changes accordingly. so by using a special electronic measuring instruments and mathematical statistical method to analysis and detection of these changes, you can access chip key specific information.( 3) fault generating techniquethe technique uses abnormal working conditions to make the processor error, and then provide additional access to attack. the most widely used fault generating attack means including voltage and clock shock. low voltage and high voltage attack can be used to prohibit the protection circuit or compulsory execution error operation processor. clock transient jump may reset protection circuit and no damage to the protection of information. power and clock transient jump can in some processors in a single instruction decode and execution effect.( 4) probe techniquethe technique is directly exposed to the chip internal connection, and then observe, control, in order to achieve targeted interference scm. for convenience, we will be more than four kinds of attack technology is divided into two categories, one category is invasion attack ( physical attacks ), this k