《果树修剪英文版》PPT课件.ppt

Training and Training and Pruning BasicsPruning Basics Objectives and Tools Strong Tree Framework Balanced Renewal Facilitate Management Harvest Sunlight Efficiently Maintain Productivity What happens if you do not What happens if you do not prune?prune? Faster growth Earlier fruiting Less light penetration Poor spray coverage More difficult to manage Objectives of trainingObjectives of training A. Establish a strong tree framework B. Facilitate management of tree and crop C. Harvest sunlight efficiently D. Maintain productivity by renewing fruiting wood Balanced Renewal A. Establish a Strong Tree A. Establish a Strong Tree FrameworkFramework Upright vertical trunk Well distributed scaffolds Wide crotch angles Structural Wood Establish a Strong Tree FrameworkEstablish a Strong Tree Framework Vertical trunk Well Distributed Scaffolds Establish a Strong Tree FrameworkEstablish a Strong Tree Framework Wide branch angles are stronger Narrow angles are weak and increase shading inside canopy A Strong Tree Framework:A Strong Tree Framework: Major objective of the first three years Must last the lifetime of the tree Structural support for fruit crop Should not be crowded B. Facilitate Management of B. Facilitate Management of the Tree and Cropthe Tree and Crop Height of primary scaffolds Distribute scaffolds well Tree uniformity Tree size Facilitate Management:Facilitate Management: 1. Height of Primary Scaffolds1. Height of Primary Scaffolds Access to tree base Irrigation, herbicides, fertilizers Allow air movement to minimize disease pressure Facilitate Management:Facilitate Management: 2. Distribute Scaffolds Well2. Distribute Scaffolds Well Easy entry to tree Thinning, pruning, harvesting Good pesticide coverage Facilitate Management:Facilitate Management: 3. Tree Uniformity3. Tree Uniformity Easier to train employees Mechanization possible Facilitate Management:Facilitate Management: 4. Tree Size4. Tree Size Small trees are easier to work No ladders needed Easy to reach all parts of tree Better spray penetration Facilitate Management of the Facilitate Management of the Tree and CropTree and Crop Optimize height of primary scaffolds Allow space at tree base Distribute scaffolds well Do not over crowd scaffolds Tree uniformity Limit tree size with summer and winter pruning C. Harvest Sunlight EfficientlyC. Harvest Sunlight Efficiently Maximize surface area of orchard covered by canopy Limit canopy depth Harvest Sunlight Efficiently:Harvest Sunlight Efficiently: 1. Maximize surface area of 1. Maximize surface area of orchard covered by canopyorchard covered by canopy Most rapid in high density plantings Harvest Sunlight Efficiently:Harvest Sunlight Efficiently: 2. Limit Canopy Depth2. Limit Canopy Depth 50% 30% Light Intensity Decreases Within the Tree Canopy Harvest Sunlight Efficiently:Harvest Sunlight Efficiently: 2. Limit Canopy Depth2. Limit Canopy Depth Photosynthesis Decreases at Lower Light Levels Harvest Sunlight Harvest Harvest Sunlight Harvest Efficiently:Efficiently: Poor fruit color Poor fruit distribution Less fruit bud development Poor fruit size Poor fruit flavor Poor Light Intensity Leads toPoor Light Intensity Leads to Harvest Sunlight Efficiently:Harvest Sunlight Efficiently: Poor Light Intensity Leads to poor ColorPoor Light Intensity Leads to poor Color Harvest Sunlight Efficiently:Harvest Sunlight Efficiently: Light Intensity Affects Fruit Color and Size Harvest Sunlight Efficiently:Harvest Sunlight Efficiently: Light Intensity Affects Light Intensity Affects Fruit Color and SizeFruit Color and Size Harvest Sunlight Efficiently:Harvest Sunlight Efficiently: Light Light Intensity and Fruit SizeIntensity and Fruit Size % Light PenetrationFruit size (grams) Harvest Sunlight Efficiently:Harvest Sunlight Efficiently: Light Intensity and Fruit DistributionLight Intensity and Fruit Distribution % Light Penetration% Fruit Distribution Harvest Sunlight Efficiently:Harvest Sunlight Efficiently: Light Intensity and Fruit FlavorLight Intensity and Fruit Flavor % Light Penetration % Soluble Solids Harvest Sunlight EfficientlyHarvest Sunlight Efficiently Maximize Orchard Floor Covered with Canopy Limit canopy depth to 1.0 m. Expose all parts of the canopy with at least 50% sunlight D. Maintain ProductivityD. Maintain Productivity Sustain maximum bearing area for maximal Sustain maximum bearing area for maximal timetime Balanced Renewal D. Maintain ProductivityD. Maintain Productivity Maintain light distribution in canopy Remove unproductive wood Maintain good vegetative/fruit balance Maintain Productivity:Maintain Productivity: Maintain light distribution in canopyMaintain light distribution in canopy Only sun-exposed areas produce quality fruit Limit canopy depth to 1.0 m. Control tree size Unless control tree size the fruit moves up every year Lower part of tree will be shaded Maintain Productivity:Maintain Productivity: Remove Unproductive WoodRemove Unproductive Wood Fruiting wood which hangs down Fruiting wood which is shaded Water sprouts and root suckers Diseased or damaged wood Weak or thin wood Maintain Maintain Productivity:Productivity: Remove Remove Unproductive Unproductive WoodWood Remove weak or thin wood Maintain Maintain Productivity:Productivity: Remove Remove Unproductive Unproductive WoodWood Remove weak or thin wood Maintain Productivity:Maintain Productivity: Maintain good Maintain good vegetative:fruit balancevegetative:fruit balance Thin out excessively vigorous vegetative growth during summer Allows light into center of tree Maintain Productivity:Maintain Productivity: Maintain good vegetative/fruit balanceMaintain good vegetative/fruit balance Remove excessive fruiting wood In peaches - remove 40-60% of new fruiting wood each year Conclusions:Conclusions: How should you train your trees?How should you train your trees? Many approaches work Open center is most common for peaches Central leader is most common for pome fruit Find a program that works and stick to it Conclusions:Conclusions: How should you train your trees?How should you train your trees? Keep in mind the four objectives Establish a strong tree framework Facilitate management of tree and crop Harvest sunlight efficiently Maintain productivity by balanced renewal Tools used in Tree TrainingTools used in Tree Training Manipulation of apical Manipulation of apical dominancedominance Controlled by the plant hormone auxin Produced by actively growing shoots Moves down the branch with gravity Effects of auxinEffects of auxin 4Inhibits lateral bud break 4Inhibits lateral shoot growth 4Affects branch angle PruningPruning Remove the Source of AuxinRemove the Source of Auxin Heading CutHeading Cut 4Remove part of the branch 4Stimulate bud break near cut 4Stimulate localized branching PruningPruning Remove the Source of AuxinRemove the Source of Auxin Thinning cutThinning cut 4Remove branch at point of origin 4Least invigorating cut 4Promote light penetration into canopy 4Maintenance pruning Bend Branch Towards HorizontalBend Branch Towar