2014年全国职称英语考试 通关必备利器 综合类B级押题环球幺建华版 牛津英语同义词字典版.doc

microscopicmess31阅读理解：第二十九篇 ill be bach composer david cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music. it took cope 30 years to develop the software. now most people cant tell the difference between music by the famous german composer j. s. bach1 (1685-1750) and the bach-like compositions from copes computer. it all started in 1980 in the united states, when cope was trying to write an opera. he was having trouble thinking of new melodies, so be wrote a computer program to create the melodies. at first this music was not easy to listen to. what did cope do? he began to rethink how human beings compose music. he realized that composers1 brains work like big databases. first,they take in all the music that they have ever heard. then they take out the music that they dislike. finally, they make new music from what is left. according to cope，only the great composers axe able to create the database accurately,remember it,and form new musical patterns firom it. cope built a huge database of existing music. he began with hundreds of works by bach. 1 he software analyzed the data： it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns. it then combined the pieces into new patterns. before long, the program could compose short bach-like works. they werent good,but it was a start. cope knew he had more work to do-he had a whole opera to write. he continued to improve the software. soon it could analyze more complex music. he also added many other composers， including his own work,to the database. a few years later，copes computer program,called “emmy”，was ready to help him with his opera. the process required a lot of collaboration between the composer and emmy. cope listened to the computers musical ideas and used the ones that he liked. with emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish. it was called cradle fallingttind it was a great success! cope received some of the best reviews of his career,but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work. since that first opera, emmy has written thousands of compositions. cope still gives emmy feedback on what he likes and doesnt like of her music,but she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!词汇：original /9 vicinal/ adj.有独创性 cohaboration /ka丨laebdreijan / n.合作review/ rivju:/ n.评论 feedback /fi:db®k / n.反馈注释： 1. j. s. bach:约翰塞巴斯蒂安巴赫(德语:johann sebastian bach, 1685 年3 月 31 日一 1750年7月28 h),巴洛克时期的德国作曲家，杰出的管风琴、小提琴、大键琴演奏家,同作曲家亨德尔和泰勒曼齐名。巴赫被普遍认为是音乐史上最重要的作曲家之一，并被尊称为“西方现代音乐之父”,也是西方文化史上最重要的人物之一。练习： 1. the music composed by david cope is about a classical music. b pop music.c drama. d country music.2. by developing a computer software,david cope aimeda to be like bach. b to study bach.c to write an opera. d to create a musical database3. what did cope realize about a great composersbrain?a it forms new musical patterns all by itself. b it writes a computer program.c it can recognize any music patterns. d it creates an accurate database.4. who is emmy? a a database b a computer softwarec a composer who helped david d an opera5. we can infer from the passage that a david cope is a computer programmer. b david cope loves music. c bachs music helped him a lot. d emmy did much more work than a composer. 答案与题解： 1. a第一段的第一句:david cope发明了一个可以编写出古典音乐的电脑软件。2. c从第二段的第一句可以看出,david编写电脑软件的目的是写歌剧。a、b和d都属于创作歌剧的一部分。 3. d第二段的后半部分讲的是伟大的歌剧作者与一般的歌剧作者的不同之处是通过对数据进行淮确的构建、记忆而后创作出新的音乐形式。 4. b从第五段第一句可知emmy是一计笄机软件。 5. d从本文第一句可知david是一个作曲家,不是计算机程序员,所以排除a;b、c内容没有提及;从本文的第五段和第六段可知,emmy大大提高了 david的创作速度。我也能成为巴赫作曲家大卫科普发明了一个电脑软件，它能编写出古典音乐的原创作品。科普花了 30年才 完成这个软件，现在，科普的电脑写出的作品与德国著名作曲家j.s.巴赫写的作品很相似，很少 有人能分辨出其中不同。这一切始于1980年的美国，那时科普正在写一部戏剧，但是他无法创作出新的旋律.于楚他 编写了一个电脑软件来帮他编曲。最开始的时候，软件写出的乐曲并不动听。科普是怎么做的呢？ 他幵始重新考虑人们作曲的方式。他认识到作曲家的大脑就像一个大数据库，他们先是吸收他们 听过的所有音乐，然后去除他们不喜欢的，最后再根据留下的音乐来创作出新的旋律。科普认为， 只有伟大的作曲家才能建立好的数据库，并且能熟记于心，从而创造出新的音乐。科普根据现有的音乐建立了庞大的数据库，最开始的时候，数据库包含了几百部巴赫的作品。 科普的软件将这些数据进行分析：首先它将音乐拆解成小的片段，从中找出固定模式，然后将片 段组合成新的模式。不久，这个软件就能够写出和巴赫风格很像的小曲子。它们并不完美，但这 只是个开始。科普知道，他要做的还有很多一他得写出一整部歌剧。他进一步完普他的软件，不久它就 能够写出更复杂的音乐了。他还在数据库中加人了一些其他作曲家的作品，其中也包括他自己的作品。几年后，科普的软件“艾米”已经能够帮助他创作歌剧了。创作过程餹要作曲家和艾米共同 配合。科赘聆听艾米写出的音乐片段，从中选取他认为好的。有了艾米的帮助，科蓊只用了两个 星期就完成了这部歌剧，叫做摇篮坠落。演出获得巨大成功，科普也得到了他有生以来最高 的评价，但是没有人知道他究竟是怎样创作出这部歌剧的。从那以后，艾米已经写了上千部作品。科普现在依然会给艾米反馈，吿诉她自己哪些音乐是 他喜欢的，哪些是不喜欢的，但是现在大部分艰巨的工作是由艾米来完成的！第十九篇the family the structure of a family takes different forms around the world and even in the same society. the familys form changes as it adapts to changing social and economic influences. until recently, the most common form in north america was the nuclear family，consisting of a married couple with their minor children. the nuclear family is an independent unit. it must be prepared to fend for itself. individual family members strongly depend on one another. there is little help from outside the family in emergencies. elderly relatives of a nuclear family are cared for only if it is possible for the family to do so. in north america，the elderly often do not live with the family ; they live in retirement communities and nursing homes. there are many parallels between the nuclear family in industrial societies，such as northamerica，and of families in societies such as that of the inuits，who live in harsh environments. the nuclear family structure is well adapted to a life of mobility. in harsh conditions，mobility allows the family to hunt for food. for north americans，the hunt for jobs and improved social status also requires mobility. the nuclear family was not always the north american standard. in a more agrarian time，the small nuclear family was usually part of a larger extended family. this might have included grandparents，mother and father，brothers and sisters，uncles，aunts，and cousins. in north america today，there is a dramatic rise in the number of single-parent households. twice as many households in the united states are headed by divorced，separated，or never-married individuals as are comprised of nuclear families. the structure of the family，not just in north america, but throughout the world，continues to change as it adapts to changing conditions.词汇:nuclear /nju:kh/ adj. 原子核的，中心的 harsh /ha:?/ n. 严酷的emergency /im?:d?nsi/ n. 紧急状况 agranan / ?gre?rl?n/ adj. 土地的，耕地的注释: 1. lt must be prepared to fend for itself. 它必须能够照料自己。2. in north america，the elderly often do not live with the family; they live in retirement communities and nursing homes. 在北美洲，老人很少和家人一起生活;他们一般住在退休社区和养老机构。3. in harsh conditions，mobility allows the family to hunt for food. :在恶劣的条件下，流动性能让一个家庭吃饱饭。练习: 1. another good title for this passage would be_.a) what makes a family?b) the life of the inuits.c) living with hardship.d) the failure of thenuclear family.2. a nuclear family is defined as_.a) a married couple with their minor childrenb) a single father with，minor childrenc) parents，grandparents，and childrend) parents，children，and aunts and uncles3. the information in this passage would most likely be found in_.a) an anthropology textbookb) a biology textbookc) a mathematics textbookd) a geography textbook4. the information in the first paragraph is presented mainly through _.a) listing statisticsb) telling a storyc) pointing out similaritiesd) pointing out differences5. the word mobility means_.a) moneyb) readiness to movec) organizationd) skill答案与题解: 1. a 本题问的是:这篇文章的题目还可以是什么? a 的意思是是什么构成了一个家。b 的意 思是因纽特人的生活。c 的意思是生活得很艰难。d 的意思是核心家庭的失败之处。根据文意，本文主要介绍了与家庭相关的信息。b 不是主要内容。c 未提到。d 未提到。因此a 是正确的答案。2. a 本题问的是:核心家庭的定义是什么?根据第一段的第三句话:until recently，the most common form in north america was the nuclear family，consisting of a married couple with their minor children. 可知 a 是正确的答案。3. a 本题问的是:这篇文章最有可能出自哪里? a 的意思是人类学课本。b 的意思是生物课本。c的意思是数学课本。d 的意思是地理课本。本文主要介绍了家庭，因此最有可能是人类学课本。所以 a 是正确的答案。4. c 本题问的是:第一段的信息主要以何种方式陈述的?根据第一段的陈述方式，并没有列 出数据或者讲故事，而是通过描述共性而阐述出核心家庭的概念。因此 c 是正确的答案。5. b 本题问的是:mobility 的词意。mobility 是 mobile 的名词形式。根据文中第二段，核心家庭能够生存下去最重要的是能够有流动性，而钱、组织或是技能都不是能够使一个家庭吃饱饭的必要条件。因此 b 是正确的答案。译文：家庭在全世界，甚至在同一个社会中，家庭结构有着不同的形式。家庭的构成形式随着不断变化 的社会和经济影响而改变。直到最近，北美洲最普遍的家庭形式为核心家庭，由一对夫妇和他们 未婚的孩子构成。核心家庭是一个独立的单位。它必须能够照料自己。家庭成员紧密依赖着彼此。 在紧急情况下，外界提供给家庭的帮助微乎其微。核心家庭中，只有当条件允许的时候，才会照 料家中年长的亲属。在北美洲，老人很少和家人一起生活，他们般住在退休社区和养老机构。在工业社会，例如北美洲，核心家庭之间有很多相似点。在居住在恶劣环境中的因纽特人的 社会中，家庭间也有很多相似点。核心家庭结构良好地适应于流动性的生活。在恶劣的条件下， 流动性能让一个家庭吃饱饭。对北美洲人来说，找工作和提高社会地位同样需要流动性。核心家庭并不总是北美洲人的标准。在农业社会时期，小型的核心家庭经常是大家庭的一部 分。其中可能包括了祖父母、父母、兄弟姐妹、叔伯、阿姨以及表兄弟姐妹。在现在的北美洲， 单亲家庭的数目大幅度增加。由核心家庭构成的单亲家庭的数目是美国由于离婚、分居或者未婚 导致的单亲家庭的两倍。不仅在北美洲，在世界范围内，家庭结构都会随着不断变化的条件而改变。第二十篇tales of the terrible past it is not the job of fiction writers to analyze and interpret history. yet by writing about the past in a vivid and compelling manner，storytellers can bring earlier eras to life and force readers to consider them seriously. among those taking on the task of recounting history are some black writers who attempt to examine slavery from different points of view. nobel prize-winning author toni morrison deals specifically with the legacy of slavery in her book beloved. the main character in this novel，a former slave called sethe，lives in ohio in the years following the civil war，but she cannot free herself from her horrific memories. through a series of flashbacks and bitter reminiscences，the reader learns how and why sethe escaped from the plantation she had lived on; the fate of her husband，who also tried to escape; and finally，what happened to the child called beloved. morrisons scenes of torture and murder are vivid and strongly convey the desperation of the slaves and the cruelty of their owners. charles johnsons middle passage approaches slavery from a different，yet no less violent，vantage point. his main character，rutherfprd calhoun，is a neer-do-well free black american who stows away on a slave ship bound for africa to collect its cargo. put to work after he is discovered，calhoun witnesses firsthand the appalling conditions in which the captured africans are transported. when they finally rebel and take over the ship，he finds himself in the middle - and is forced to come to terms with who he is and what his values are. neither beloved nor middle passage is an easy read，but both exemplify african american writers attempts to bring significant historical situations alive for a modem audience.词汇:interpret /int?:prit/ v. 解释，翻译 desperation /desp?rei?n/ n. 绝望的境地recount /rikaunt / v. 叙述 capture /kæpt? / v. 俘获slavery /sleiv?ri / n. 奴隶制度注释:1. yet by writing about the past in a vivid and compelling manner，storytellers can bring earlier eras to life and force readers to consider them seriously. 然而通过用一种生动有趣的方式来描写过去，小说家可以将早期时代重现，并引起读者的重视。2. his main character. rutherford calhoun. is a neer-do-well free black american who stows away on a slave ship bound for africa to collect its cargo .他的主人公叫做 rutherford calhoun，是一个游手好闲，身份自由的美国黑人。他偷偷登上了一艘开往非洲贩卖奴隶的船只。练习:1. this passage is mostly about_.a) the causes of slavery in americab) black writers in the late 20th centuryc) why morrison and johnson wrote the books they didd) two novels that deal with slavery2. beloved is set_.a) on a slave shipb) on a plantation before the civil warc) in ohio after the civil ward) in an african town3. the writer seems to feel that_.a) eveyone should read morrisons and johnsons novelsb) the books are worthwhile but challengingc) black writers should ignore racial issuesd) we will repeat the past if we dont learn about it4. the writer emphasizes that the two books are similar in their_.a) use of flashbacksb) treatment of womenc) criticism of whitesd) portrayal of violence5. the word appalling means_.a) terribleb) surprisingc) guiltyd) unrealistic答案与题解:1. d 本题问的是:这篇文章主要讲什么? a的意思是美国奴隶制的原因。b的意思是20世纪的黑人作家。c的意思是莫里森和约翰逊写书的原因。d的意思是关于奴隶制的两本小说。本文主要介绍了莫里森和约翰逊各自关于奴隶制的小说的主要内容，因此d是正确的答案。2. c 本题问的是:“宠儿”的设置背景是什么?根据第二段的第二句话:a fornier slave calledsethe，lives in ohio in the years following the civil war可知其背景是在内战之后的俄亥俄州。因此c是正确的答案。3. b 本题问的是:作者的感觉是什么?a的意思是每个人都应该读莫里森和约翰逊的小说。b的意思是这些作品非常值得写但又很有挑战性。c的意思是黑人作家应当忽略种族问题。d的意思是如果我们没有学习过去，那么这些过去会重现。a，c，d原文没有体现，因此b是正确的答案。4.d 本题问的是:作者强调两部作品的共同之处是什么?根据第三段的第一句话:yet no less violent可知两部作品都有对暴力的描写。因此d是正确的答案。5. a 本题问的是:appalling的意思是什么?根据第三段对运送非洲人去美国的描述可知，此状况必然是不好的，糟糕的。a的意思是糟糕的。b的意思是令人惊讶的。c的意思是有罪的。d的意思是不现实的。因此根据文意，a是正确的答案。译文：讲述可怕的过去分析和诠释历史并不是小说家的工作。然而通过用一种生动有趣的方式来描写过去，小说家 可以重现早斯时代，并引起读者的重视。在叙述历史的作家中，有一些黑人作家试图从不同的角 度审视奴隶制。诺贝尔奖获得者托妮莫里森在她的作品宠儿中专门阐述了奴隶制问题。小说的主人公 叫塞丝，她以前是个奴隶，内战之后住在俄亥俄，但是她无法让自己从可怕的记忆中解脱出来。 通过一系列的倒序和痛苦的回忆，读者了解到赛丝为什么以及怎样逃出她赖以生存的种植园，她 那同样试图逃出来的丈夫的命运，以及最后发生在叫做宠儿的孩子身上的事情。莫里森对奴隶受 折磨和遭谋杀的场景描写得很生动，充分地表达出奴隶们的绝望以及奴隶主的残酷。查尔斯约翰逊的小说中途从另一个不同的角度来描写奴隶制，但同样充满着暴力。他 的主人公叫做卢瑟福卡尔霍恩，是一个游手好闲、身份自由的美国黑人。他偷偷登上了一艘开 往非洲贩卖奴隶的船只。被发现后，他开始为之工作，并亲眼目睹了非洲人被抓起来，然后被运 送到美国这种可怕的状况。当非洲人最终抵抗并占有了船只后，他发现了自己的中间性并且 被迫与他自己的身份和价值观念妥协。不论是宠儿还是中途读起来都不轻松，但是它们都是非裔美国作家努力为现代观众 重现重要历史的典范之作。第二十三篇the only way is upthink of a modem city and the first image that come to mind is the skyline. it is full of great buildings, pointing like fingers to heaven. it is true that some cities dont permit buildings to go above a certain height. but these are cities concerned with the past. the first thing any city does when it wants to tell the world that it has arrived is to build skyscrapers.when people gather together in cities, they create a demand for land. since cities are places where money is made, that demand can be met. and the best way to make money out of city land is to put as many people as possible in a space that covers the smallest amount of ground. that means building upwards.the technology existed to do this as early as the 19th century. but the height of buildings was limited by one important factor. they had to be small enough for people on the top floors to climb stairs. people could not be expected to climb a mountain at the end of their journey to work, or home.elisha otis, a us inventor, was the man who brought us the lift-or elevator, as he preferred to call it. however, most of the technology is very old. lifts work using the same pulley system the egyptians used to create the pyramids. what otis did was attach the system to a steam engine and develop the elevator brake, which stops the lift falling if the cords that hold it up are broken. it was this that did the most to gain public confidence in the new invention. in fact, he spent a number of years exhibiting lifts at fairgrounds, giving people the chance to try them out before selling the idea to architects and builders.a lift would not be a very good theme park attraction now. going in a lift is such an everyday thing that it would just be boring. yet psychologists and others who study human behavior find lifts fascinating. the reason is simple. scientists have always studied animals in zoos. the nearest they can get to that with humans is in observing them in lifts.it breaks all the usual conventions about the bubble of personal space we carry around with us - and you just cant choose to move away, says workplace psychologist, gary fitzgibbon. being trapped in this setting can create different types of tensions, he says. some people are scared of them. others use them as an opportunity to get close to the boss. some stand close to the door. others hide in the comers. most people try and shrink into the background. but some behave in a way that makes others notice them. there are a few people who just stand in a comer taking notes.dont worry about them. they are probably from a university.练习：1. .these are cities concerned with the past in the first paragraph refer to cities thata) are worried about their past.b) have a glorious past to be proud of.c) want to maintain their traditional image.d) are very interested in their own history.2. the difficulty in constructing tall buildings in the 19th century lies ina) the shortage of money.b) the lack of a device to carry people upward.c) backward technology.d) mountains taking up land space.3. when otis came up with the idea of a lift,a) he sold it to the architects and builders immediatelyb) the egyptians used it to build the pyramids.c) it was accepted favorably by the public.d) most people had doubt about its safety.4. which of the following best describes the experience of going in a lift now?a) fascinating.b) uninteresting.c) frightening.d) exciting.5. psychologists find the lift a good place where they can study human behaviour becausea) here humans behave the way animals do.b) people in a lift are all scared.c) here some people take notes.d) in a lift the bubble of personal space breaks.第1段提到的“以往关注的那些城市”是_。在19世纪建造高楼的困难在于_。当otis 提出电梯想法_。最能描述乘坐现在电梯的一句话是_。心理学家发现电梯是一个能够研究人们举止行为的好地方原因是_。答案：1)want to maintain their traditional image. 想保持他们传统形象