2014年全国职称英语考试 通关必备利器 卫生类C级教材 牛津英语同义词字典版 保30分.doc

microscopicmess349better control of tb seen if a faster cure is foundthe world health organization estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis. most times, the infection remains inactive. but each year about eight million people develop active cases of tb, usually in their lungs. two million people die of it. the disease has increased with the spread of aids and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.current treatments take at least six months. patients have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. but many people stop as soon as they feel better. doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment. public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. now a study estimates just how effective it might be. a professor of international health at harvard university led the study. joshua salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. it would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.the researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. they tested the model with current tb conditions in southeast asia. the scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. and it might prevent about twenty-five percent of tb deaths. the model shows that these reduction would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. that is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.the world health organization developed the dots program in nineteen ninety. dots is directly observed treatment, short-course. health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment.earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the dots program. the ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new tb drugs. the four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old.the global alliance for tb drug development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.a biological clockevery living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. the biological clock tells plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. it tells insects_ when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake. events outside the plant and animal affected the actions of some biological clocks. scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur because of the number of hours of daylight. in the short days of winter, its fur becomes white. the fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer. inner signals control other biological clocks. german scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration flight twice each year. birds prevented from_ flying become restless when it is time for the trip，but they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended. scientists say they are beginning to learn which parts of the brain contain biological clocks. an american researcher, martin moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain seems to control the timing of some of our actions. these cells tell a person when to awaken，when to sleep and when to seek food . scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities. dr. moorhead is studying how our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. for example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours. it can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. dr. moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. he said such understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factorys productionone good reason to let smallpox liveits now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. the idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it one in the us and one in russia. if smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in-keeping these reserves ?in reality, of course, it was nave to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potent potential weapon.1 undoubtedly several nations still have a few vials.and the last “official” stocks of live virus bred mistrust of the us and russia,for no obvious gain.now american researchers have found an animal model of the human disease, opening the way for tests on new treatments and vaccines. so once again theres a good reason to keep the virus just in case the disease puts in a reappearance.how do we deal with the mistrust of the us and russia? simple keep the virus under international auspices in a well-guarded un laboratory thats open to all countries, the us will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. but it doesnt mean the idea is wrong. if the virus is useful, then lets make it the servant of all humanity not just a part of it.diet, alcohol linked to nearly one third of cancersdiet is second only to1 tobacco as a leading cause of cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease in developed countries, a leading researcher said on tuesday.dr. tim key, of the university of oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to cancer, but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity play a major role.“five percent of cancers could be avoided if nobody was obese,” he said.while tobacco is linked to about 30 percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol in about six percent.obesity raises the risk of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver. its dangerous impact is increased when combined with smoking.key told the meeting of the charity cancer research uk that other elements of diet linked to cancer are still unknown but scientists are hoping that the epic study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some answersearly results of the study have revealed that norway, sweden and denmark have the lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among european countries while italy and spain have the highest. eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.key, principal scientist on the epic study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers including colorectal, breast and prostate.men too may suffer from domestic violencenearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of1 an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to look at domestic violence and health among men.many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we dont hear about it often,” dr. robert j. reid of the university of washington in seattle, one of the studys authors, told reuters health. “they often dont tell and we dont ask. we want to get the message out to men who do experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to them.”the researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical abuse, such as threats that made them fear for their safety, controlling behavior ( for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go) , and constant name-calling.among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner violence in the past five years, while 6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous yearrates were lower for men 55 and older, with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of domestic violence at some point in their lives. about half of the violence the men experienced was physical.however, the physical violence men reported wasnt as harsh as that suffered by women in a previous study; 20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of women.men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems than those who had not, especially older men, the researchers found.bringing nanotechnology to health care for the poor纳米保健技术走向贫困国家nanotechnology uses matter at the level 纳米技术的应用对象都是分子级和原子级的物质。如今，长度为一纳米，即十亿分之一米的粒子已被开发出多种用途，如制造美容产品和抗污型服装等。但其中一个领域科学家认为潜力尤为巨大，那就是医药领域。在上周于华盛顿woodrow wilson国际中心召开的一个项目会议上，科学家们探讨了如何将纳米技术应用于贫困国家人口保健的事宜。来自多伦多大学的peter singer声称一项名为量子点的纳米技术可被应用于疟疾的诊断。相对于传统的仅用显微镜观察血液样本的方法，此技术要先进得多。由于贫困国家往往没有条件应用此项新技术，许多健康人被误诊为疟疾患者，而药物的滥用又导致了抗药性的产生。所谓量子点是指一些被激活后会发光的粒子，如今科学家正在研究为它们编程的方法，以便当靶分子存在的时候就能够通过发光来诊断疾病。纳米技术的优越性不光体现在疾病的诊断，还包括疾病的治疗。国立卫生研究所的piotr grodzinski与大家共同探讨了如何运用纳米技术来增强药效。以一些已经使用了纳米技术的抗癌药物为例，他指出，如果药物可以针对癌症病灶而不是整个人体，治疗所需药量就会大大减少，副作用也会降低。andrew maynard是woodrow wilson中心新兴的纳米技术工程部骨干科学家，他注意到巴西、印度、中国及南非正在开发可被贫困园家所应用的纳米技术。与此同时他指出，与较大分子不同，纳米材料的颗粒在人体内和体外环境中的作用可能有所不同，因此纳米技术的应用存在一定风险，若要深入研究这些风险则需要更大的资金投人。research is needed to better understand these risks.1.which of the following uses of nanotechnology is not mentioned in the passage?-to produce better and lighter building materials.2.how can quantum dots be used to confirm diseases?-by lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule.3.how can nanotechnology be used to make a drug more effective?-by making a drug target the focus of a disease4.the following developing countries are doing very well scientific research on nanotechnology except -iran5.which of the following is the possible risk in using nano-materials mentioned in the passage?-they may behave differently in the body and the environment.medical journals医学杂志medical journals are publications that report 医学杂志是向医生和其他医务人员提供医学信息的出版物。在过去，这些杂志只有印刷版。随着电子出版的发展，许多医学杂志现在都有网站了，有些杂志只有网络版。少数的医学杂志，如美国医学会杂志，被看做是普通医学杂志，因为它们涵盖了医学的许多领域。大部分医学杂志都是针对特定医疗领域的专业杂志。医学杂志登载很多类型的文章。科研论文报告调查研究的结果，内容涵盖基础疾病机理和比较不同疗法产生的结果的临床试验。综述文章在细致研究医学文献的基础上，总结和分析与某个特定话题相关的信息。由于个体研究之结果可能受很多因素的影响，因此将有关同一题目的不同研究之结果汇总起来，可能有助于得出有关预防、诊断或是治疗某一疾病所需的科学证据的结论。病例会诊和病例报告可能会登载在医学杂志上，告知医生特定的疾病和如何治疗。医学杂志上的社论是表达作者观点的短文章，它们经常是针对同一期杂志上登载的一篇科研论文或综述文章的。社论提供了一个整体看法，阐述这篇文章是怎样和同一话题的其他信息联系在一起的。读者来信为医学杂志的读者提供了发表评论、提问或批评杂志上登载的文章的途径。criticisms about articles published in that journal.1.the main readers of medical journals are -health professionals.2.which of the following statements is not true?-most medical journals publish only online.3.how many major types of articles are mentioned in the passage?-five4.an article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called -a review article.5.letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on -articles published in that journal.cooking on fumes cause tumor厨房油烟可致癌the leading cause of lung cancer among 医学专家们经过5年的研究调研后指出，城市人群中，男性患肺癌的首要原因是吸烟，而女性患此绝症的罪魁祸首是厨房油烟。医生们昨天宣布这一结果，并对肺癌患病的一些新趋势做出分析。他们认为病人越来越年轻化，尤其是女性。君上海肿瘤研究所统计显示，本市死于肺癌的居民多于死于其他疾病的人。肺癌成为继乳腺癌之后的第二大高发病率肿瘤。海民生中医肿瘤诊疗中心何裕民医生指出：“不健康的生活习惯是致癌的一个重要原因。”他对2，276名肺癌患者进行了长达5年的追踪调研。这些患者中有1，483名是男性。报告显示，案例中男性患者中70qo是由吸烟诱发癌症的，而只有18%的女性患者是由于吸烟或被迫吸人二手烟才诱发癌症的。然而，60%以上患肺癌的女性都长期接触厨房油烟并主诉眼睛和喉咙疼痛难受。大约32%的女性在滚开的油里煎炸食物而厨房却密不透风。而大约25%的女性居住的卧室紧邻厨房。但是，妇女们知道厨房油烟可以致癌时都很惊讶。其中一些人表示要改变准备饮食的方式。“我每天都得下厨做饭，除非我和家人都不在家用餐”，李旭，一名45岁的妇女说，“我知道油烟对皮肤不好，但是还是第一次听说油烟竟能致癌。我以后要少煎炸食物。”医生们认为，女性患肺癌和个人健康及身体状况联系极少，但和肿瘤家族病史、不健康的饮食习惯和脆弱的免疫系统联系紧密。其他专家同意何医生的意见。吸烟已经成为诱发男性肺癌最最大的因素，“上海复旦大学医学院呼吸道疾病研究所名誉主席谭彬用指出，“二手烟和厨房油烟的确是诱发女性肺癌的主要原因。”他的研究同时也警告人们不要站在卖油炸食品的摊点旁，因为他们使用的油都是劣质的。专家称，如果长时间接受油烟，患肺癌的几率有常人的3倍那么高。the fume for a long time, experts said1.what a new tendency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers?-patients with lung cancer become younger, especially females.2.which of the following diseases is the most common among the local residents in shanghai?-breast cancer.3.what symptoms may be complained of by most women with lung cancer after long term, close contact with cooking oil fumes?-irritated eyes and throat.4.what was the local womens reaction when they learned that cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer?-surprised.5.which of the following has relatively little connection with womens lung cancer?-personal health and physical condition.multivitamins urged for all pregnant women孕期妇女宜多补充多维制剂a recent study in tanzania found that when pregnant 近日，来自坦桑尼亚的研究显示，孕期妇女若每日补充适量多种维生素制剂，则新生儿体重过轻（即少于2. 5kg）的几率将明显减少。专家指出，体重过轻的新生儿死亡的风险要大大高于正常体重的新生儿，且即使幸存下来，其成年后患很多疾病如心脏病和糖尿病的几率也会高于常人。世界卫生组织估算，每年全世界有2，000万体重过轻的婴儿诞生，其中有90%出生在发展中国家。此次研究试验在坦桑尼亚首都达累斯萨拉姆举行，共有4，200名怀孕妇女参加了实验她们服用的多维制剂包括所有b族维生素、维生素c和维生素e，同时还包括剂量超出发达国家给妇女的建议服用量数倍的铁和叶酸盐。因为孕期妇女较常人更容易发生维生素和矿物质摄人不足的现象，尤其是在发展中国家。作为对照组，研究者给另外4，000名孕妇服用了不含有维生素的安慰剂。来自美国和坦桑尼亚的科学家们共同撰写了实验报告，并刊登在新英格兰医学杂志上，其中来自哈佛大学公共卫生学院的wafaie fawzi为此次研究的组织者。参加实验的所有怀孕妇女均非艾滋病病毒携带者。而在更早的来自坦桑尼亚的研究报告中科学家曾指出，每日补充多维制剂对于已感染艾滋病的孕妇来说是一种减少胎儿死亡几率的成本较低的方式。研究同时检测到，孕妇在服用多维制剂后其血液中的淋巴细胞水平将会上升，而淋巴细胞可以增强人体免疫系统抵御传染病的功能。此次新的研究试验表明，补充多维制剂可以显著降低新生儿体重过轻的概率。服用维生素的孕妇组中，过轻婴儿的比重为总数的8%，而服用安慰剂的对照组中，过轻婴儿的-比重接近9.5%。虽然对于降低孕妇早产率和死胎率方面，维生素的作用并不明显。最后，科学家呼吁，发展中国家应努力为所有孕期妇女及时补充多种维生素。for all pregnant women in developing countries1.how many babies are born with low birth weight in the developed countries every year according to who?-2,000,000.2.a pill of multivitamins may contain all of the following substances except -antiviral substances.3.which of the following is not one of the effects of multivitamins mentioned in the passage?-to reduce the rate of babies born too early.4.what a role do lymphocytes play in the human body?-to raise the bodys immunity against infection.5.how many percent of babies were born with low birth weight to women who were not infected with the aids virus and took the multivitamins according to a new study?-less than 8%.u.s.eats too much salt美国人吃盐过量people in the united states consume more than美国人的食盐量比推荐食用量的两倍还多，这增加了他们罹患高血压、心脏病以及中风的危险，政府部门的健康专家周二表示。健康专家发现近七成的美国成年人属于高危人群，如果他们的日食盐量降至1，500毫克，则会从中受益，然而大多数美国成年人的日食盐量接近3，500毫克。“少吃盐对人们很重要。采用低钠并富含钾、钙的饮食方式有助于维持心脏健康、改善血压”，疾病预防控制中心的达尔文拉巴德博土在一份声明中谈到。“人们需要了解推荐日食钠量的限制并采取措施减少钠的摄人量”，拉巴德说。疾病预防控制中心每周公布的有关死亡和疾病的研究报告采用了全国普查的数据，结果显示三分之二的成年人的日食钠量均不应超过1500毫克，因为他们是被视为高：危人群的黑人或者年龄超过40岁的人。然而根据疾病预防控制中心2005-2006年的估计，美国大多数人的日食钠量为3436毫克。大多数食用钠都来自于袋装的、加工过的和餐厅食品。疾病预防控制中心称其将和美国卫生与公共服务部的其他部门一道联手主要食品生产商和连锁餐厅，降低食品供应中的钠含量。全国已有1600万人罹患心脏病，估计还有580万人已患中风。减少食盐量可以使患这些疾病的风险降低，疾病预防控制中心称can reduce these risks, the cdc said.1.too much salt raises ones risk for -all of the above.2.how much salt do most american adults eat per day?-closer to 3,500 mg.3.to improve their blood pressure, people should have a diet -rich in potassium and calcium.4.the high-risk groups include those -both a and b(a-who are black.b-who are over the age of 40.)5.packaged, processed and restaurant foods are known to be -rich in salt.pushbike peril自行车的危险low speed bicycle crashes can badly injure 儿童骑慢车跌倒时，如果撞在车把两端，会受重伤甚至丧命。因此，一些工程师正在重新设计这种欠合理的车把，以使其更安全。宾夕法尼亚州费城的儿童医院的生物工程师kristy arbogast和她的同事开始，做这个项目是在一项研究有了结果之后，这项研究的结果表明在过去的30年里，超过1/3的儿童腹部受重伤的情况起因于自行车事故。她说：“要做的工作就是找出受伤的原因及其对策。”通过访问这些孩子和他们的家长，arbogast和她的同事得以推想其中的许多事故，并且确认一个共同的机械装置造成了这些严重伤害。他们发现大部分伤害发生在孩子慢速撞到某种使他们跌倒的障碍物的时候。为了保持平衡，他们把车把转过90度但是他们的冲力使他们压进车把一端中。然后车子摔倒，车把的另一头碰到地面，把它压人他们的腹部。这个团队得出的解决方法是装有弹簧和减幅系统的手柄。在撞击过程中，握柄上的弹簧会吸收掉50%沿车把传递的冲撞力。这个团队希望能够使这种装置商业化，这只需要自行车的价格提高几美元。arbogast说：“但是我们的任务是教育，因为迄今为止，自行车制造商还没有意识到这个问题。”这个团队还通过美国消费产品安全委员会努力说服制造商采纳新设计。今年晚些时候可望有所决定。design. a decision is expected later this year.1.according to the passage, some engineers are trying to improve the handlebars because -they may kill children.2.in paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal injuries -to tell us why kristy arbogast began the project.3.paragraph 3 mainly discusses -how serious injuries occur.4.the passage implies that -it is not easy to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new design.5.in which of the following ways the handgrip work?-it reduces the dangerous forces in bicycle accidents.late-night drinking在深夜饮咖啡coffee lovers beware咖啡爱好者注意了。在深夜喝一杯快速提神的咖啡会严重影响你的睡眠，跟兴奋剂一样，咖啡因会扰乱褪黑激素的自由流动，这种褪黑激素是大脑里促人睡眠的一种荷尔蒙。在上床睡觉前约2小时的时候褪黑激素含量开始上升，在凌晨2点到4点达到最高值，然后再次下降。加州斯坦福大学斯坦福睡眠流行病学研究中心的maurice ohayon说：“控制我们睡眠的是神经激素，它告诉我们的身体什么时候睡觉，什么时候醒来。”而以色列的研究人员们发现含咖啡因的咖啡使这种睡眠荷尔蒙浓度降至一半。lotan shilo和tel aviv大学“sapir医学中心”的一组人员，在给六位志愿者做试验时发现，他们在饮了咖啡因的咖啡后比饮了脱咖啡因的咖啡后睡眠质量要差。平均来说，在喝了含咖啡因的咖啡后每晚睡眠时间为336分钟，而喝了脱咖啡因的咖啡后则睡415分钟。同时他们得花半个小时入睡，是通常情况的两倍，另外，他们在床上辗转次数也要长一倍。在实验的第二阶段，研究人员每三个小时便叫醒一次志愿者，并叫他们提供尿样。shilo检验了他们褪黑激素分解产物的浓度，结果显示，咖啡因摄入者体内的褪黑激素是非咖啡因摄入者的一半。在睡眠医学刊物上发表的文章中，研究人员暗示说，褪黑激素的生成由酶来促成，而咖啡因阻止了酶的生成。因为要花许多小时的时间才能将身体中的咖啡因除去，ohayon建议咖啡爱好者应在午后换喝脱咖啡因的咖啡。that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch1.the author mentions “pick-me-up” to indicate that -coffee is a stimulant.2.which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep?-caffeine halves the bodys levels of sleep hormone.3.what does paragraph 3 mainly discuss?-different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep.4.what does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove?-caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone.5.the author of this passage probably agrees that -we should not drink coffee after supper.eat healthy健康饮食clean your plate! and be a member of the “把盘子里的东西吃完了！”“要成为一名清盘俱乐部的成员！”，几乎每一个美国小孩都会听到父母亲或祖父母这样的唠叨。父母亲或祖父母们还经常会加上一句恳求的话： “捐捐那些饥饿的非洲孤儿吧，多可怜啊！我们的确应该为每一口食物充满感激。但不幸的是，很多美国人吃得太多了。也许我们应该