2014年职称英语考试理工类A级过关宝典.docx

第十篇 chicken soup for the soul:comfort food fights loneliness心灵鸡汤：爽心食品排解孤独感mashed potatoes , macaroni and chesese , may be bad for your arteries ,（1）but according to a study in psychological science , theyre good for your heart and （2）emotions .the study focuses on “comfort food” and how it makes people feel.“for me （3）personally ，food has always played a big role in my family,”says jordon troisi , a graduate student at the university of buffalo , and lead author on the study . and lead author on the study . it has(4) looked at non-human things that may affect human emotions . some people reduce loneliness by bonding with their (5) favorite tv show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved ones . troisi and gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect (6) by making people think of their nearest and dearest.in one experiment, in order to make (7) participants feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to themothers were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment. then, some people in each (8) group wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food(9)finally ,the researchers had participants (10)complete questions about their levels of lonelinesswriting about a fight with a close person made people feel lonelybut people who were generally (11) secure in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort foodwe have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to ussays troisithinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close othersin (12) their essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the (13) experience of eating food with family and friends. in another experiment, (14) eating chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort foodthis was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldnt remember it.“throughout everyones daily lives they experience stress , often associated with ouer (15)connections with others , ”troisi says . “comfort food can be an easy remedy for loneliness .”第十二篇 free statins with fast food could neutralize heart risk 快餐加免费降固醇药物可以降低罹患心脏病的风险first food outlets could provide statin drugs free of (1)charge so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food , researchers at imperial college london (2)suggest in a new study . statins reduce the (3) amount of unhealthy “ldl” cholesterol in the blood. a wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a persons heart attack (4) risk .in a paper published in the american journal of cardiology，dr darrel francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is(5)enough to offset the increase in heart attack risk from(6) eating a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshakedr francis，from the national heart and lung institute at imperial college london，who is the senior author of the study, said:“statins dont cut out a11 of the (7)unhealthy effects of cheeseburgers and french friesits better to avoid fatty food altogetherbut weve worked out that in terms of your (8)possobility of having a heart attack. taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less thesame (9)degree as a fast food meal increases it.”“its ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets as they (10)like , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. it makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are (11)provided free of chargeit would cost less than 5 pence per (12)customer not much different to a sachet of sugar.” dr francis said.when people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, theyre encouraged to take (13) measures that lower their risk, 1ike (14) wearing a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. taking a statin is a rational way of (15) lowering some of the risks of eating a fatty meal第十四篇 sharks perform a service for earths waters 鲨鱼有益于地球水系it is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy . they are thought to(1)1attack people frequently. but these fish perform a （2）valuable service for earths waters and for human beings. yet business and sport fishing are threatening their（3）existence . some sharks are at risk of disappearing from（4）earth .warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. many fish swim near coastal areas (5) because of their warm waters. experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas, (6)where people also swim. in fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. they are thought to mistake a person (7) for a sea animal, such as a seal or sea lion. that is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up. those are the (8) times when sharks are looking for food. experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack .a shark has an extremely good sense of smell. it can find small amounts of substances in water, such as blood, body liquids and (9) chemicals produced by animals. these powerful (10) senses help sharks find their food. sharks eat fish, any (11) other sharks, and plants that live in the ocean. medical researchers want to learn more about the sharks body defense, and immune (12) systems against disease. researchers know that sharks (13) recover quickly from injuries. they study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease.sharks are important for the worlds (14) oceans . they eat injured and diseased fish. their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too (15) great . this protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans . 第十五篇 “liquefaction” key to much of japanese earthquake damage “液化“是日本地震破坏的关键 the massive subduction zone earthquake in japan caused a significant level of soil liquefaction that has surprised researchers with its （1）widespread severity, a new analysis shows.weve seen localized examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and （2）extent of damage in japan were unusually severe, said scott ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering at oregon state university. entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments, ashford said. the shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to （3）function. we saw some places that sank as much as four feet. some degree of soil liquefaction is common in almost any major earthquake. its a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their （4）strength and flow during an earthquake. this can allow structures to shift or sink or （5）collapse . but most earthquakes are much (6) shorter than the recent event in japan, ashford said. the length of the japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this.with such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw (7)how structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes, he said. and it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on (8) recently filled ground, are much more vulnerable.the data provided by analyzing the japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil (9) phenomenon and better prepare for it in the future. ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly,(10) before damage was removed in the recovery efforts. theres no doubt that well learn things from what happened in japan that will help us to reduce risks in other similar (11)events , ashford said. future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns. ashford pointed out that northern california have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction -on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. the young sediments, in geologic terms, may be those (12)deposited within the past 10,000 years or more. in oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown portland , the portland international airport and other cities . anything (13) near a river and old flood plains is a suspect , and the oregon department of transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake . fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to (14)prevent collapse . japan has suffered tremendous losses in the march 11 earthquake , but japanese construction (15)standards helped prevent many buildings from collapse even as they tilted and sank into the ground . 阅读理解 第二十五篇 eat to live1. according to the passage, which of the following is not true? we have to begin dieting from childhood.童年时代就开始减肥是不正确的2. why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2? to illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.作者提到老老鼠的目的是证明节食对老鼠的影响.3. what can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage? theyaremorelikelytosufferfrominflammation. 从正常喂养的老鼠中可以看出它们更可能得炎症4. according to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers? the mice that started dieting in old age.研究者最感兴趣的是老年开始节食的老鼠5. according to the last two paragraphs, spindler believes that dieting is not a go0d method to give us health and a long life.s同志认为节食并不是带来健康与长寿的方法第二十九篇 i will be bach1. the music composed by david cope is about classical music. david cope发明了一个可以编写出古典音乐的电脑软件.2. by developing a computer software，david cope aimed to write an opera. david编写电脑软件的目的是写歌剧.3.what did cope realize about a great composers brain? it creates an accurate database. 通过对数据进行准确的构建、记忆而后创作出新的音乐形式。4. who is emmy? a computer softwareemmy是一计算机软件5. we can infer from the passage that emmy did much more work than a composer.大部分困难的工作都由emmy来做，所以作曲家只干一小部分工作。第三十四篇batteries built by viruses病毒电池1.according to the first paragraph , people try to stay away from viruses because they are cause of various dieeases. 许多疾病都由病毒引起，诸如水痘、感冒和艾滋病，所以人们想尽办法躲避病毒。2.what is belchers team doing at present ? it is making batteries with viruses.用病毒制造电池。3. shrink（缩小）的反义词expand(扩展)4.which of the following ie true of belchers battery mentioned in paragraph 6 ? it is a metallic disk with viruses inside it .它是微型电池的外形，其内部是由病毒构成的电池部件。5.how tiny is one battery part ? its width is one tenth of a hair.只有头发宽度的1/10.第三十五篇 putting plants to work植物效能1. what does the writer say about plants concerning solar energy? plants have been using solar energy for billions of years.关于植物涉及太阳能，作者说植物数十亿年来一直利用太阳能2. why do some scientists study how plants convert sunlight carbon dioxide, and water into sugars and starches? because they want green plants to become a new source of energy.一些科学家研究植物如何把阳光、二氧化碳、水转化成糖和淀粉的原因是因为他们想让绿色植物变成新的能源3. according to the fifth paragraph, under what conditions are algae able to use solar energy to make hydrogen? when there is no oxygen in the air. 根据第五段，当空气中没有氧气时，海藻能用太阳能制造氢气。4. researchers have met with difficulties when trying to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently. which one of the following is one such difficulty？it is too slow for algae to produce hydrogen when the sulfate is removed. 研究员们发现在努力使海藻有效产生氢气时存在困难，这样的困难是硫酸盐被清除后，海藻太慢而不能产生（更多）的氢气.5. what is not true of algae? they are cheap to eat. 于海藻的说法，错误的是作为食物，它们很便宜.第三十六listening device provides landslide early warning 听觉仪器提供早期山崩预警1. what does such natural disasters in the first paragraph refer to? landslides. 山崩2. which of the following statements is true of landslides? all of the above.3. why do researchers develop a new device to monitor signs of landsides? because the common methods .can cause false alarms.为什么科学家们研制一种新的仪器来监控山崩征兆？因为普通方法可能导致假的预警4. which of the following statements is not true of the device, according to paragraph 4? it is filled in with gravel. 根据第4段，关于这个设备不正确的一句是它添满了沙粒 5. positives=evidences=证据第三十七篇dont drink alonegets new meaning不要在就餐时间外饮酒有了新含义1. researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with people who drink alcohol outside of meals.口腔颈椎癌症的高危人群是就餐时间外饮酒2. which of the following is not the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”? it increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites. 不是就餐饮酒的情况：癌症几率增加20%3. approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day? 3 drinks每天酒精最低摄入量是三杯4. which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage? laryngeal cancer 患喉癌的几率最低5. according to the last paragraph, tissues lower exposure to alcoholreduces the risk of laryngeal cancer. 组织酒精的降低会低喉癌的机率第三十八篇“life form found” on saturns titan 土卫六上发现生命迹象1. what have scientists found about saturn? they have found methane-based life on titan在土星上科学家发现了什么？他们在土卫六上发现以甲烷为基础的生命迹象2. what do scientists say about titan? there are life clues there. 关于土卫六科学家说了什么？有生命在那。3. to date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life.(paragraph 5)whadoesthis form of life” refer to ? methane-based life.艾伦说了什么，从中能得到推论出什么? 以甲烷为基础的生命迹象。4. what can be inferred from what allen said?scientists have different arguments over whether there is life on titan.在土卫六上是否存在生命科学家们有不同的争论5. which of the following can replace the title of this passage? a different life form, a possibilit可能存在与地球不同的生命形式第三十九篇 clone farm 克隆农场1. which statement is the best description of the new era of factory farming according to the first paragraph? cloned chickens are bulk-produced with the same growth rate, weight and taste. 克隆出来的小鸡在成长速度、体重和口味上一样2. which institution has offered $4.7 million to fund the research? the uss national institute of science and technology. 美国国家科学技术研究院提供了470万美元资助克隆研究。3. in the third paragraph, by saying “producers would like the same meat quantity but to use reduced inputs to get there.” mike fitzgerald means that he wishes chickens could grow to the same weight but with less feed. 养殖者的希望是投入减少但是产量不变4. which of the following statements about origen and embrex is correct according to the fifth paragraph? origen has joined hands with embrex in producing cell-injecting machine.两大公司联手生产细胞注射机器5. the technology of freezing stem cells from different strains of chicken can do all the following except that farmers can order certain strains of chicken only.冷冻干细胞技术的作用不可能是农民只能订购某些品种的小鸡第四十篇 teaching math, teaching anxiety1. what is the result of the research at the university of chicago,according to the first paragraph? female teachers confidence in their math skills is related to girls math skills.第一段提到的在芝加哥大学研究的结果是女性教师信任她们的数学能力和女学生的数学能力有关。2. what is implied in the third paragraph?a difficult subject like math may affect teachers confidence in teaching the subject.第三段落的含义是一个困难的科目像数学可能影响教师的教学主题的信心3. according to the experiment, those teachers were probably anxious about math when they felt uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt. 根据实验,这些教师可能是担心时,他们的数学成绩的感受看到很多的销售数据就会感到不自在4. the sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings prove a strong link between female teachers math anxiety and their female students math achievements.第六段落告诉我们研究发现女性教师的数学焦虑和她们的女学生的数学成绩有很有力的联系5. david geary thinks that the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample.david geary 认为实验结果还是初步的，需要更大的样本对其进行重复验证第四十一篇 too little for global warming1.what do the authors of the new analysis presented at the university of uppsala intend to say? oil and gas will run out so fast that earths doomsday will never materialize.根据乌普萨拉大学发表的新论文，作者试图说明石油和天然气将耗尽如此之快，地球的末日将永远不会实现2. nations that signed the kyoto protocol agree to cut co2 emissions.国家签署了京都议定书，同意减少二氧化碳的排放3. what are the estimates of the worlds oil and gas reserves? 3,500 billion by a growing number of scientists.世界石油和天然气储量估计有3,500亿桶4. which of the following about nebojsa nakicenovic is true? he thinks that ipccs estimates are more optimistic than the swedes.nebojsa nakicenovic的观点是ipcc过于乐观5. which of the following is the near explanation of nakicenovics assertion that . such a switch would be disastrous .? a switch to burning coal would produce disastrous environmental problems. 对nakicenovic的观点，正确的解释是改用燃煤会导致灾难性的环境问题。第四十二篇 renewable energy sources可再生能源1. what are the energy resources that are not renewable according to the article ? petroleum and coal & natural gas可再生能源不包括石油、煤与天然气2. chinas three gorges dam is the largest of all the hydroelectric dams in the world.中国三峡大坝是世界上规模最大的水坝3. which is the country with the first commercial power station that makes use of ocean currents produced by tides. norway.第一个利用海上的潮汐能发电的商业电站在挪威建成4. which of the following statements is true of wind power? all of the above.关于风力发电，正确的是全部正确5. according to the article, resources such as wind are renewable so sustainable.根据文章，风能等能源是可再生，可持续的第四十三篇forecasting methods天气预报的方法 1. what factor is not mentioned in choosing a forecasting method?imagination of the forecaster. 作为预测方法，预测者的想象力没有提到。2. persistence method will work well if weather conditions do not change much.如果气候条件不发生变化，持续性方法就会起作用。3. the limitation of the trends method is the same as the persistence method in that the weather features need to be constant for a long period of time.趋向性方法与持续性方法的缺陷是一样的，那