2014年职称英语考试 综合类B级C级 完形填空与阅读理解 字典版 重点预测标注版 正反打印.pdf

composercomposergermson 1 6once-daily pill could simplify hiv treatment bristol-myers myers squibb and gilead sciences have combined many hiv drugs intoasinglepillsometimesthebest medicine is more than one kind of medicine. malaria, tuberculosis and hiv/aids,2for example, are all treated with combinations of drugs. but that can mean a lot of pills to take. it would be simpler if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a day. now, two companies say they have done that for people just starting treatment for hiv, the virus that causes aids. the companies are bristol-myers squibb and gilead sciences. they have developed a singlepillthatcombinesthreedrugs currentlyonthemarket.3bristol-myers squibb sells one of them under the name of sustiva.4gileadcombinedtheothers, emtriva and viread, into a single pill in two thousand four. combiningdrugsinvolvesmorethan technicalissues. it also involves issues of competitionifthedrugsare made by different companies. the new once-daily pill is the result of what is described as the first joint venture agreement of its kind in the treatment of hiv in january the new england journal of medicine5published a study of the new pill. researchers compared its effectiveness to6 that of the widely used combination of sustiva and combivir. combivir contains two drugs, azt7and 3tc.8the researchers say that after one year of treatment, the new pill suppressed hiv levels in more patients and with fewerside effects.9gilead paid for the study. professor joel gallant at the johnshopkinsschoolofmedicinein baltimore, maryland, led the research. he is a paid adviser to gilead and bristol-meyers squibb as well as the maker of combivir, glaxosmithkline. glaxo smith kline reacted tothe findings by saying that a single study is of limited value. it says the effectiveness of combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studies. the price of the new once-daily pill has not beenannounced.butgileadand bristol-myers squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries. they plan in the next few months to ask the unitedstatesfoodanddrug administration10to approve the new pill. there are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains. for example, pregnant women are told not to take sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders.11experts say more than forty million people around the world are living with hiv 7 7 exerciseexercise whether or not exercise addsto the length of life, it is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the healthandcontributesafeelingof well-being.furthermore,exerisewhich involves play and recreation, and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial. how much and what kind of exercise one should take merits careful consideration.the growing child and the normal young man andyoungwomanthrillwiththe exhilarationofstrenuoussports.they fatigue to the point of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest. but not so with those _of middle age and beyond. for them moderation is of vital importance.justhowmuchexercisea person of a given age can safely take is composercomposergermson 2 questionhard_toanswer.individual variabilityistoogreattopermitof generalization. a game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another. the sage limit for exercise depends on the condition of the heart, the conditionofthemuscles,thetypeof exercise, and the regularity with which it is taken. two general suggestions, however, will serve as sound advice for anyone. the first is that the condition of the heart and generalhealthshouldbedetermined periodically by careful, thorough physical examinations. the other is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion. what type of exercise one should choose _depensupononesphysicalcondition. young people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports, but most older persons dobettertolimitthemselvestoless strenuous activities. walking, swimming, skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate in throughout life. regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise. 9thecaseofthedisappearing fingerprints one useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. losing them could become troublesome. a case released online in a letter by annals of oncology indicates how big a problem of losing fingerprints is. eng-huat tan, a singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has usedcapecitabinetotreathis nasopharyngeal cancer. after three years on the drug ，the patient decided to visit u. s. relatives last december. but he was stopped by u. s. customs officials for 4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldnt get fingerprints from the man. there were no distinctive swirly marks appearing from his index finger. u.s.customshasbeenfingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, tan says. their index fingers are printed and screenedagainstdigitalfilesofthe fingerprints of bad guys terrorists and potentialcriminalsthatourfederal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. unfortunately, for the singaporean traveler ， one potential side effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. hence ，no fingerprints. “it is uncertain when fingerprint loss will begin to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine，” tan points out. so he cautions any physicians who prescribe the drugtoprovidetheirpatientswith.a doctorsnotepointingoutthattheir medicinemaycausefingerprintsto disappear. eventually, the singapore traveler made it into the united states. i guess the name on his passport didnt raise any red flags. but he，s also now got the explanatory doctors note and wont leave home prescribe it. by the way, maybe the food and drug administration, which approved use of the drug 11 years ago, should consider updating its list of side effects associated with this medicine. the current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. but no where does it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints. 10hospital mistreatment composercomposergermson 3 according to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliationbyseniordoctors,being threatened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school. the findings come from analysis of the responses to a 13-page survey mailed in january1991to1,733second-year residents. the survey and analysis appear in the april 15th issue of the journal of the american medical association. overall, out of the 1,277 residents who completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experiencedatleastoneincidentof mistreatment in their intern year. in addition to reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons had made false medical records. moreover, nearly three quarters of theresidentssaidtheyhadwitnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses. almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent event. more than 10% of the residents said they were not allowed to have enough sleep, and the average number of hours without _ sleep was 37.6. the average on-call hours during a _ typical week was 56.9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks. although 30% of the residents said theyexperiencedsometypeofsexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. when abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they were belittled or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someone taking credit for their work. being “given tasksforpunishment,”“beingpushed, kickedorhit,”andhavingsomeone “threateningyourreputationorcareer,” were reported as a more frequent occurrence by over 10% of the responding residents. 11migrant workers in the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. while some newlyindependentcountrieshave understandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. this is particularly the case in the middle east,1where increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to call in outsiders to improve local facilities. thusthemiddleeasthasattracted oil-workers from the usa and europe. it has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries, including south korea and japan. in view of the difficult living and working conditions in the middle east, 2 it is not surprising that the pay is high to attract suitableworkers.manyengineersand technicians can earn at least twice as much money in the middle east as they can in their own country, and this is a major attraction. an allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it. 3 this increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them. sometimesadisadvantagehasa compensating advantage. for example, the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other for safety and comfort. in a similar way, many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly because of the lack of entertainment facilities. the work is often complex and full of problems composercomposergermson 4 but this merely presents greater challenge to engineers who prefer to find solutions to problems rather than do routine work in their home country. one major problem which affects migrant workers in the middle east is that their jobs are temporary ones. they are nearly always on contract, so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence. this is to be expected since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents. in any case , migrant workers accept this disadvantage, along with others, becauseoftheconsiderablefinancial benefits which they receive. 13 scientists develop ways of detecting heart attack german researchers have come up witha newgenerationofdefibrillatorsand early-warning software aimed at offering heartpatientsgreaterprotectionfrom sudden death from cardiac arrest. in germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and manyofthesecasesarecausedby disruption to the hearts rhythm. those most atriskarepatientswhohavealready suffered a heart attack, and for years the use ofdefibrillatorshasprovedusefulin diagnosinglife-threateningdisruptionto heartrnythmsandcorrectingthem automatically by intervening within seconds. these devicestake on a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker. heart specialists at freiburgs university clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillatorcapableof generating a six-channel electrocardiogram (ecg) within the body. this integrated system allowsearly diagnosis of acute blood-flow problems and a pending heart attack. it will be implanted in patients for thefirsttimethisyear.meanwhile, researchers at the fraunhofer institute for applied mathematics in kaiserslautern have developednewcomputersoftwarethat renders of ecg data more precise. the overwhelming majority of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this reason undergo regular ecgs. “many of the current programs only get into account a linear correlation of the data. we are, however, making use in a non-linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system,” hagen knaf says, “in this waychanges in the heart beats over time can be monitored and individual variations in patients taken into account.” an old study of ecg data, based upon 600 patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack, enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show that the new software evaluates the data considerably better. 14 young adults who exercise get higher iq scores young adults who are fit have a higher iq and are more likely to go on to university， reveals a major new study carried out at the sahlgrenskaacademyandsahlgrenska university hospital. the results were recently published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences (pnas). the study involved 1.2 million swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976. the research group analyzed the results of both physical and iq tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army. the study shows a clear link between good physical fitness and better results for the iq test. the strongest links are for logical thinking and verbal comprehension. but it is only fitness that plays a role in the results composercomposergermson 5 for the iq test，and not strength. “being fit means that you also have good heart and lung capacity and that your brain gets plenty of oxygen， ” says michael nilsson, professor at the sahlgrenska academy and chiefphysicianatthesahlgrenska university hospital. “this may be one of the reasons why we can see a clear link with fitness, but not with muscular strength. we are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important. ” by analyzing data for twins, the researchers have been able to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a higher iq. “we have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fitness between theagesof15and18increasetheir cognitive performance,” says maria aberg, researcher at the sahlgrenska academy and physician at aby health centre. “this being the case6, physical education is a subject that has an important place in schools, and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.” the researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests during national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in life. those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education, and many secured more qualified jobs. 15 life expectancy in the last hundred years a hundred years ago ， life expectancy in developed countries was about 47: in the early 21st century, men in the united states and the united kingdom can expect to live to about 74. women to about 80, and these agesare