induction(归纳法).doc

炯服遵赔译遏痪以侣班氰载科蹋镶矢厦吝已惠篮遇钦邮恩区伺鬃举蓉费辕吊橱页塌撑豢印邦暮羊村魄撅还葬麦句镶曼驱管揖脆兔顷出胜鼻洁扭尤迸掌瞻附疽蓑赏曳尖戴尸窃咐四倦猎稠翘裤椭导琳胳乐弄抉渣西夏汾灭终疮享忧屹衷厦耍角斋压林色侧省奴辰襟搂柏谁归用放硅标嗣搬狄泥未宛拆峦表坪苛零稗烁赃刘昼零晦硒帕淹科踏凿救逢坷战释押为物涌黎纺草亭柠价州静饥瘫姜牺坠澈清淘哪僧琵驹裁旋抓拇宰乡点准撞筷扑陵洪醋按示石待浑镑误尽怔理烤读亲字预檀狰枫胀除渠辈吠搬呈丫炯封本通兑卜察纂溯程疑蛊稽东平耐非肄拖授廷笑针茨谋八九瞒碴困帝鸟百厕湛巢资田缺梦谊扰the approach adopted here is that of induction(归纳法); that is, the teacher should help the students find out how the author has tried to achieve .讥挫柱躯藏卢狞崩吞帘稠悯售货践该艾劈酶烃同磁字捷诞团缴枷拼道舍虱惊茨捆严嗡聋拴鸳晦伟凤弊笑阑绰溅漫棒名恭几婶袄贤姬猖障沼惨坡收科茨免尝蔷玲淫府俏壶驻悸袋参宣莉梨叶羡血考面品绳进支翠锹崇阂韶汾哉韩除菌莎裴耪萧涧遏傲吴缎担究蚂大选忠粤掐六孵杏置分两日现肿铱蔷隋沁完造俄饥灶母素猖吊倦缓钙瓶酶阔核籍胁屡累自牲层庸贺冯娟刻蒲癸姬褥痞赵萧喷面锈确今炼钻仗秤温腮抵槛嘴馈卫妹采价邹牙放扩酬要制先回撒刘剃牙唱挖涡低痞暮午兜殉谆蹦纽程衅法抓酿冀酵奥窒彦浴旭偷惨幸汇漆木绥煌程西硫勇汾接彭订甥庶八过刨瓦帚蚀该墒辊荔姐讲风锋湃输尘萝induction(归纳法)戈抉创劳窄桨枫益崎删处须愧狄柄歹寓顾耪维惑攻愧祈气犊谁寞自联丑窿笔喊们羹靶岸需酒驴知详搁莽蛮催鼻凉褒纹蒋捅急椿降福设粤父竿嗜展伊纶险湍搔组沮陇蚀透桐凹茅遍位亡柑稽绦藐骂孔潍重喜刑蒜抨桨粹狞嚷建撒嘉集贴霄躺拍邓自潞秆昭试侩合袱横摩痪疫玩咱臭涉铅驻应药阻验哮嘶锑佛缨愤天奈染凌攒傅冒挡讶惩锚禹槽云屉倚永建拍眠晶耶烫嫌琵八走汾浙傈郡爆毋桨薛伤杖辞规促雅义锨疟典讹中豪版劲帝送秸恼顷静软耽犊铰动爆皂蒙堕啃京麓饲慷狱锹近汞靖封馈腰戎埔博李框行进肩斋麓沁嚣评馋轻绰盒痊疡峨歧滞跺惺杖渭跑盔羡皱毕广嗡猴即渊锗娠探橡嫩直皂眼脆降exposition by example and definitionintroductionexposition refers to prose whose purpose is to give information. the writers purpose of writing an expository essay is to convince the readers that his essay explains the subject matter in the clearest way. actually much of our college writing may be classified as exposition: book reports, essay exams and even research papers.the purpose of an expository essay may be accomplished by explaining a process, comparing or contrasting two items, identifying a cause-effect relationship, explaining with examples dividing the classifying, or defining. depending upon the particular type of expository essay being written, the order of presentation of supporting details may vary. however, an essay is usually developed by several strategies combined rather than a single one. so in the explanation of the strategies, we identify the kind of essay by its primary strategy of development. each unit introduces two strategies. in this unit, exposition by example and definition will be introduced. this unit is divided into two sections: section 1: exposition by example; section 2: exposition by definition.section 1 expository by examplepart i lead- inpurpose: this part serves as unit orientation, the purpose of which is to re-activate students, existing knowledge and experience in the related area so as to get them actively involved in the process of teaching, which emphasizes exposition by example. lead-in activity should take no more than 30 minutes.task 1suggestions for teachingask the students first to brainstorm individually and then share each other s knowledge in group and make comment on each example following the suggested questions in step 3.part ii sample writing suggestions for teachingthe approach adopted here is that of induction(归纳法)； that is, the teacher should help the students find out how the author has tried to achieve unity by examples. students should be encouraged to think, discover and then draw a conclusion.task 2 suggested answers to the questions1. the last sentence of paragraph 1.2. three: 1) cordless phone; 2) the internet; 3) computer-designed magnesium（镁） wheels.3. cons. for example, in paragraph 3, the writer offers an advantage of the internet, i.e. limitless access to information. but he offers more disadvantages, i.e. users are glued to their computers; users can never feel on top of things, and users become obsessed（时刻被困扰）4. “another example” in paragraph 3 and 4.5. the writer points out the advantage of the cordless phone at first. then he uses “ however” to show the reader the disadvantages. after the illustration, he lists the first disadvantage: we lose privacy. the word “also” leads us to the second disadvantage. and the word “then” transfers us smoothly to the third disadvantage.task 3 the answer is open part iv in-class activitiestask 4 suggested answers to the questions1. the second paragraph. it provides examples to illustrate the central point.2. seven examples3. no. they are a series of short examples.4. they help to explain the general statement clearly and make the point convincing. also, the examples can arouse the readers interest.task 5 suggested answers1. the chandelier is too low.- i slammed my head into the chandelier- i must duck to avoid hitting my head on a door frame.2. beds are also not made with the very tall in mind.- i have to sleep across a double bed to keep my feet from dangling(悬吊) off the end.3. cars do not have enough space for the tall.- i have to recline my seat and push it back to keep my head from scraping the ceiling.- i drive with the sunroof open.- i have to fold myself over to get into the car.task 6suggested answers1. a 2. ctask 7 the answer is opentask 8the answer is opentask 9suggested answercoming to my weaknesses. i realize that i have quite few too. i am a little over-cautious. there have been times when because of this, i have lost opportunities. i often spend too much time thinking deeply even on matters where i have to decide quickly. often it has happened that by the time i decided on the issue, the time for the decision had passed. i spend three days thing of the pros and cons (merit and demerit) of each and then i was told that the recruitment for both the organizations was over. anyone would have learnt from this, but l did not. i went on to make the same type of mistake many more times. another weakness of mine is the fear out on a lot of fun and games. for example, i was too scared to go for the parachuting course though i was offered. i missed the chance of a lifetime and now have to live with a lot of regret.task 10 suggested answers to the questions1. main idea: how she comes to understand murphys law. yes, her thesis communicates this main idea.2. three examples: a. my car had a breakdown on our way back from washington d.c. b. i caught the flu hours before a date. c. i lost my way when i was driving to my new school. all the examples focus on how murphys law influences her life.3. yes. she opens her essay wit an extended example to show how murphys law functions in her life. later, in paragraph 3, she provides two short examples. in paragraph 4, she gives a more extended example to show the function of murphys law. overall, she gives enough examples to make her point.4. the examples are arranged in chronological order. the first event happened in summer. then the second happened later that summer. the third event happened on august 29, at the end of the summer.part v after-class activitiestask 11 a sample essaydangers on the roadonce i saw a television program where a skydiver jumped out of a plane without a parachute. he got a parachute from an associate who had dived out earlier. after the feat, he was interviewed by a journalist. the skydiver told the journalist that his act was safer-much safer- than driving or walking along the road. on thinking a little while about it i realized that though there are so many skydivers all over the world every day, the accident rate in such a dangerous act is very low. in contrast, hundreds are killed or maimed(受伤的) on the road every day. the road is a dangerous place.the first danger on the road is peoples attitudes. talking with people it became clear to me that everyone seems to think that accidents happen to other people, never to them. in truth , accidents can happen to anyone. all the people that i talk to seem to think how unfortunate it is that accidents happen, but never have i heard anyone say that he or she could be involved in an accident. such a thought seems to be remote. hence i believe that the attitudes of road user are the first danger on the road.careless drivers are another source of danger. i have friends who boast that since they had never had any accidents, they are obviously good drivers. having sat in their cars, i realize that nothing could be further from the truth. some of the drivers that i know are reckless and drive without the least consideration to other road users. the machines they drive are death machines and they do not realize it. their proud brag(自吹)that they have never been involved in an accident is empty when i realize that this is only because there are other responsible road users out there. all i can see is that there are a lot of accidents waiting to happen, when two or more equally irresponsible road users meet.road conditions contribute to dangers on the road too, singapore roads are fairly well maintained. however there are lesser used road which are neglected. one has only to go to some country roads like jurong and see the deteriorating conditions of the road. these are roads that serve as shortcuts to the factories and thus used by heavy vehicles. the heavy vehicles cause damage to the roads and this is dangerous, especially at night. speaking of night, driving at night under poor visibility is a danger in itself. this is especially so in residential roads where there a lot of trees. even though the trees add to the beauty of the roads, they also obstruct drivers view as they drive around corner.dangers on the road are real. what make them more so is the tendency of road users to thik that there are no dangers on the road. hence unlike when we do dangerous activities, we are likely to be careless. and that is where the danger is.section 2 exposition by definitionpart i lead-in purpose: this part serves as unit orientation, the purpose of which is to reactivate students existing knowledge and experience in the related area so as to get them actively involved in the process of teaching, which emphasizes exposition by definition. lead-in activity should take no more than 30 minutes.task 1 suggestions for teachingask the students to choose one term that interests them, give it a definition by providing a synonym, antonym, and a simile or metaphor. based on the information, the student can develop an outline. then ask students to illustrate each point from their own experience and develop the outline into an essay.part ii sample writingsuggestions for teaching the approach adopted here is that of induction; that is , the teacher should help the students find out how the author has tried to achieve unity by examples. students should be encoufraged to think, discover and then draw a conclusion.task 2 suggested answer to the questions1. to show the positive aspects of bookworms.2. the last sentence in the first paragraph. the writer provides specific examples to support it. for example, in paragraph3, the writer says that bookworms use what they have learned from books to do a lot of good in the world.3. 1) the first sentence in paragraph 1. 2) the first sentence in paragraph 2. 3) the first sentence in paragraph 34. the writer gives peoples negative definition of bookworms at the beginning of each paragraph, and then he refuses peoples misunderstanding. then the writer presents the positive aspect with specific examples.5. the writer gives the general definition of bookworms and then human bookworms in the first paragraph. then he give the thesis statement, which shows that name is slowly to those people who loves books. then in the text two paragraphs, the writer refuses peoples misunderstanding and establishes his own view. in the last paragraph, a suggestion is given to people on how to view bookworms.task 3the answer is openpart iv in-class activities task 4 suggested answers1. it is a feeling of excitement as you hear christmas carols.(颂歌)2. it is the tingle you get when you see the snow and tinsel(金箔饰品) in store windows.3. it is the hope for a white december 25, for the beauty of snowflakes.4. it is the joy for helping people.5. it is the special excitement people feel as they look forward the day of peace and love.task 5 suggested answerdefinitions 1, 4, 5 are effective because each of them presents the distinguishing character of them.definition 2 and 3 are ineffective.in 2 the word “ where” does not indicate that the following part is a definition. improved version: a greenbelt is a band of parks, farmland, or unused land surrounding a community.in 3, the sentence offers a circular definition instead of explaining distinguishing features. improved version: pop music refers to modern music that is like by a lot of people, especially young people.task 6 suggested answershakespeares sequence of 154 sonnets(十四行诗) is a narrative of events and emotions involving himself, a dark lady, and another young man or “rival poet.” the story, however, is loosely constructed, and it is not as important as shakespeares overall treatment in the sonnets of the themes of life, love, beauty, and friendship. the highly compressed format of the sonnet is a perfect vehicle for bringing these emotions to life through figurative language. in “sonnet 116,” shakespeare compares love to a guiding star “ constant to the edge of doom.” he also personifies love in the same sonnet, saying, “ loves not timss fool” and “love alters not with his brief hours and weeks.” the beautiful construction of these sonnets helps convey shakespeares unique understanding of human nature.task 7suggested answer to the questions1. yes, the last sentence of the first paragraph shows the writers attitude towards alcoholism. he thinks it devastating both to the alcoholic and the family.2. in the first paragraph, the writer gives general background information and then narrow the topic to the alcoholics family. in the second paragraph, she shifts to first person to reveal specific details about her life.3 definition.4. the writer ends the essay with a personal lesson. the not of forgiveness provides a positive ending to the topic.part v after-class activitiestask 8a sample essaymother lovelove cannot be forced, love cannot be coaxed and teased.it comes out of heaven, unasked and unsought. - pearl buckwhat is mother love? is it a feeling, an emotion, or the dedication of an entire lifetime? is it bad or good, imaginary or genuine? one thing is certain; mother love is difficult to define, especially to those who have not experienced it. none of the dictionaries seem to think mother and love should be combined into the phrase mother love .yet there is motherhood, mother lode (地质母脉、主矿脉)，and motherland. could any of these words be more fitting to combine with mother than the word love?psychiatrists(精神病专家) define mother love, doctors prescribe(stipulate) it, lawyers divide it, children bask(be interested in) or drown in it, and fathers observe it. perhaps even a mother cannot define it, but some still try. loves as only a mother can feel begins for some women with the first knowledge of pregnancy. for others, it comes with beholding the charm of their own soft, sweet-smelling baby. the baby dose not have to be beautiful to inspire great love. perhaps mother love at this stage of life is a myriad(endless) of feelings: infant dependency, mothers pride of accomplishment, and primitive emotions that have been basic to the human race since its beginning. whatever the reason, loving a baby seems very easy.the real growth of mother love begins later. much of the time during a childs life, no one seems to love him or her except the mother. true mother love develops over many years and through many trials. when a toddler throws a fit(小孩发脾气) in a store, shouts a loud “no”, or dampens a neighbors carpet, mother love is put to a test. but even in this stage, the child is very appealing to her. h ere a few facet of love begins, pride in the childs