2014职称英语考试 理工A 完形填空字典版 终极版押题 综合孙、王、李等老师.pdf

composercomposercomposercomposergermson （理工（理工 a a 类）类）1414 年完形填空年完形填空 第十一篇 climateclimateclimateclimate changechangechangechange posesposesposesposes majormajormajormajor risksrisksrisksrisks forforforfor unpreparedunpreparedunpreparedunprepared citiescitiescitiescities （气候变化给气候变化给 不备城市带来重大风险）不备城市带来重大风险） a new examination of urban policies has been carriedcarriedcarriedcarried outoutoutout recently by patricia romero lankaoshe is a sociologist specializing in climate change and urbanurbanurbanurban developmentshe warns that many of the worlds fast-growing urbanareas ， especiallyindeveloping countries will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate her work also concludes that most cities are failing to reducereducereducereduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasesgasesgasesgases thesegasesareknowntoaffectthe atmosphere”climate change is a deeply local issueandposesprofoundthreatstothe growing cities of the world,” says romero lankao. ”but too few cities are developing effective strategies to protectprotectprotectprotect their residents.“ cities are majormajormajormajorsources of greenhouse gasesand urban populations are likelytobeamongthosemostseverely affected by future climate change. lankaos findingshighlightwaysinwhich city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term benefitsbenefitsbenefitsbenefits thelocations anddenseconstruction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. potential threatsthreatsthreatsthreats associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat heavilyheavilyheavilyheavily paved cities more than surrounding areasthe impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environmentfor example，a prolonged heat wavecanincreaseexistinglevelsofair pollution ， causingwidespreadhealth problemspoorer neighborhoods thatmay lacklacklacklack basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disastersmany residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing withoutwithoutwithoutwithoutaccess to reliable drinking water， roads and basic services. localgovernments, thereforethereforethereforetherefore ,should take measures to protect their residents.”unfortunately ， they tend to move towards rhetoricratherratherratherrather thanthanthanthan meaningfulresponses,romerolankao writes,” they dont impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. theydontemphasize mass transit and reduce automobileautomobileautomobileautomobile use. in fact, many localgovernmentsare taking a handsoffapproach.” thus, she urges them to change their idleidleidleidlepolicies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities 第十二篇 freefreefreefree statinsstatinsstatinsstatins withwithwithwith fastfastfastfast foodfoodfoodfood couldcouldcouldcould neutralizeneutralizeneutralizeneutralize heartheartheartheart riskriskriskrisk ( ( ( (快餐加免费降快餐加免费降 胆固醇药物可以降低罹患心脏病的风险胆固醇药物可以降低罹患心脏病的风险) ) ) ) fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of chargechargechargecharge so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchersatimperialcollegelondon suggestsuggestsuggestsuggest in a new study statinsreducetheamountamountamountamountof unhealthy ”ldl” cholesterol in the blood.a wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a persons heart attack riskriskriskrisk . in a paper published in the american journal of cardiology，dr darrel francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is enoughenoughenoughenough to offset the increase in heart attack risk from eatingeatingeatingeatingacheeseburgeranddrinkinga milkshake dr francis，from the national heart and lung institute at imperial college london， whoistheseniorauthorofthestudy, said:”statinsdontcutouta11ofthe unhealthyunhealthyunhealthyunhealthy effects of cheeseburgers and french friesits better to avoid fatty food altogether but weve worked out that in terms of your possibilitypossibilitypossibilitypossibility of having a heart attack. taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same degreedegreedegreedegree as a fast food meal increases it.” “its ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets as they likelikelikelike, , , , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. it makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are providedprovidedprovidedprovided free of chargeit would cost less than 5 pence per customercustomercustomercustomer一 not much different to a sachet of sugar.” dr francis said when people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, theyre encouraged to composercomposercomposercomposergermson take measuresmeasuresmeasuresmeasures that lower their risk, 1ike wearingwearingwearingwearing a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. taking a statin is a rational way of loweringloweringloweringlowering some of the risks of eating a fatty meal 第 十 四 篇 sharkssharkssharkssharks performperformperformperform a a a a serviceserviceserviceservice forforforfor earthsearthsearthsearths waterswaterswaterswaters（鲨鱼有益于地球水系（鲨鱼有益于地球水系） it is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy1. they are thought toattackattackattackattackpeople frequently. but these fish2 perform avaluablevaluablevaluablevaluableservice for earths waters and for human beings.yet business and sport fishing3 are threatening theirexistenceexistenceexistenceexistencesome sharks are at risk of disappearing fromearthearthearthearth warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. many fish swim near coastal areasbecausebecausebecausebecauseofofofoftheirwarmwaters. experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas,wherewherewherewherepeople also swim. in fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. they are thought to mistake a personforforforfora sea animal, such as a seal or sea lion. that is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up. those are thetimestimestimestimeswhen sharks are looking for food. experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack. a shark has an extremely good sense of smell4 it can find small amounts of substances in water, such as blood, body liquids and chemicalsproduced by animals.these powerfulsensessensessensessenseshelp sharks fred their food. sharks eat fish, anyotherotherotherothersharks, and plants that live in the ocean. medical researchers want to learn more about thesharksbodydefense,andimmune systemssystemssystemssystemsagainst disease. researchers know that sharksrecoverrecoverrecoverrecoverquickly from injuries. theystudy the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease. sharks are important for the worldsoceansoceansoceansoceans they eat injured and diseased fish. their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too greatgreatgreatgreatthis protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans. 第 十 一 篇 “ “ “ “liquefactionliquefactionliquefactionliquefaction” ” ” ” keykeykeykey totototo muchmuchmuchmuch ofofofof japanesejapanesejapanesejapanese earthquakeearthquakeearthquakeearthquake damagedamagedamagedamage （“ “ “ “液化液化” ” ” ”是是 日本地震破坏的关键）日本地震破坏的关键） the massive subduction zone1 earthquake in japan caused a significant level of soil “liquefaction“ that has surprised researchers with its widespreadwidespreadwidespreadwidespread severity, a new analysis shows. “weve seen localized3 examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and extentextentextentextent of damage in japan were unusuallysevere,“saidscottashford,a professorofgeotechnicalengineering4at oregon state university5. “entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments,“ ashford said. “the shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines6, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to functionfunctionfunctionfunction. we saw some places that sank as much as four feet.“ some degree of soil liquefaction7 is common in almost any major earthquake. its a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their strengthstrengthstrengthstrength and flow during an earthquake. this can allow structures to shift or sink or collapsecollapsecollapsecollapse . but most earthquakes are much shortershortershortershorter than the recent event in japan, ashford said. the length of the japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this. “with such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw howhowhowhow structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes,“ he said. “and it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on recentlyrecentlyrecentlyrecently filled ground, are much more vulnerable.“ the data provided by analyzing the japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil phenomenonphenomenonphenomenonphenomenon and better prepare for it in the future. ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, beforebeforebeforebefore damage was removed in the recovery efforts. “theres no doubt that well learn things from what happened in japan10 that11 will help us to reduce risks in other similar eventseventseventsevents ,“ ashford said. “future construction in some