通货膨胀环境下零售型企业盈利能力分析-外文资料翻译.docx

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译题 目: inflation accounting 附 件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语：高进同学的外文原文与毕业论文选题密切相关，译文准确，语句通顺，字数达到规定的要求，格式规范。成绩评定为良。 签名： 2011年1月10日附件1：外文资料翻译译文通货膨胀会计 自从我们开始认识我们周遭的事物, 我们常常从我们的祖父母那里听到关于他们那个时代的东西,尤其是黄金和酥油是非常便宜的.那时我们常常想为什么他们的那个时代的东西非常便宜,而我们的这个时代的东西开始变得昂贵. 因此, 这个问题使我们感到困惑.但是现在, 随着我们的知识的增加和认识, 我们已经知道了通货膨胀这中现象, 用一种外行的理解是国家定价的增长或货币的贬值是已知背后的最大的原因.现在出现的问题究竟是不是通货膨胀?在当今世界, 通货膨胀是一个全球性的现象. 在资本主义世界的今天,几乎没有任何国家不受通货膨胀幽灵般的困扰.不同的经济学家用不同的词语定义通货膨胀, prof.crowther 定义的通货膨胀是 “随着国家币值的下降, 或者是价格的上涨.” prof.paul einzig 说 “通货膨胀是一个不平衡的状态,总体表现是购买力扩张的原因或者是价格水平增长的影响.” 两个定义都强调了物价上涨.通货膨胀的最基本的因素不是需求的增加就是供应的减少.通货膨胀对企业的影响通货膨胀对企业的影响可以分为两部分理解1. 影响成本和收益2. 影响资产和负债至于通货膨胀对成本和收益的影响是忧虑的, 肯定的, 两者都将上升. 但是他们的结果是否表现出超常的利润是被公司旧的价格的可用的期初存货的多少和被公司受理的工资的需求的多少决定的.在货币资产和负债中, 一个公司将失去被债权人和取得在真实项目中的被债务人.如果我们说其他的资产如建筑物, 土地和其他证券, 则公司将在货币方面有持有收益,但是在实质情况中还是有一定的影响, 因此,在价格方面的增长是一方面, 货币币值的下降是另一方面.通货膨胀会计及其意义通货膨胀影响产出和资产价格上涨的形式. 因为财务会计通常是以历史成本为记帐原则, 因此他们不考虑资产和产出价格上涨的影响. 这样的结果很可能会导致利润上的虚增, 资产价格的低估以及误导企业的决策.因此, 在以历史成本为记帐原则编制的财务报表通常被证明是历史事实的一种陈述, 并不能反映企业当前的商业价值. 这就剥夺了如管理者, 股东以及债权人等的报表使用者去获取正确的财务信息从而做出正确的经营决策的权力.因此,这就导致了对通货膨胀会计的需要. 通货膨胀会计是一个会计制度范围的术语描述, 设计并去纠正当通货膨胀存在时历史成本会计产生的上升的问题.通货膨胀会计的意义是从固有的历史成本会计制度的限制中产生的.以下是历史成本会计的局限性:1. 历史成本会计不考虑, 因受通货膨胀影响, 从资产的货币价值上升产生的未实现的持有性收益.2. 折旧费用的目标是在资产的使用寿命期间摊销其成本, 并在将来为其更换储备. 但是, 他并没有考虑到受通货膨胀影响的结果可能导致折旧费用不足的替换成本.3. 根据历史成本会计, 以旧的价格获得的存货实现的收益是按当年的价格计算的. 在通货膨胀期间, 由于持有收益和经营收益的最大化, 可能导致利润上的虚增.4. 从历史收益上,不容易去预测未来盈利. 通货膨胀会计的历史在过去的几年中, 通货膨胀会计已经被作为一种补充运用在英国和美国的财务报表中, 关于在通货膨胀期间调整财务账目的方法已经争论了50多年的时间.早在1900年代初, 美国和英国的会计师就以经讨论过通货膨胀对财务报表的影响, 开始于指标的数据理论和购买力. irving fisher 在1911年出版的书the purchasing power of moneythe purchasing power of money the purchasing power of moneythe purchasing power of money the purchasing power of moneythe purchasing power of moneythe purchasing power of money被henry w.sweeney 在1936年出版的关于恒定购买力会计的书中stabilized accounting作为起源. sweeney的这一模型通过美国注册会计师协会为他们的研究性学习(ars6)报告the financial effects of price-level changes 所应用, 后来又被应用到会计准则委员会(美国), 金融标准委员会(美国),会计标准指导委员会(英国). sweeney主张用涵盖在国民生产总值之上的价格指标.在1979年3月,美国财务会计准则委员会(fasb)写了恒定美元会计, 当中主张使用消费价格指数为所有的城市消费者(cpi-u)去调整帐目, 因为其可在每月计算一次.在大萧条期间, 一些公司重述他们的财务报表, 以反映通货膨胀. 在过去50年的时间里, 标准制定组织应经鼓励企业用价格水平调整的方法去补充以成本为基础的财务报表. 在20世纪70年代的高通货膨胀时期, 当美国证券交易委员会(sec)发行asr190时, 财务会计准则委员会(fasb)正在审查关于价格水平调整报表的草案, 这需要美国大约1000家最大的公司提供基于替换成本的补充信息. 财务会计准则委员会撤回了草案.然而为了迎合通货膨胀会计的需要, 国际会计准则委员会(iasb)推出了世界闻名的会计准则ias29.通货膨胀会计的方法为了衡量通货膨胀对财务报表的影响,使用的技术如下:当前购买力法(cpp)根据这一价格变动调整帐目的方法, 在财务报表中所有的项目都被重述在一个固定的货币单位的项目里, 也即一般购买力.为了衡量价格水平的变化, 并用一般物价指数把这一变化纳入到财务报表当中去, 这就意味着我们的目标很可能是一个晴雨表. 该指数被用于转换在资产负债表和利润表中各个项目的价值. 这个方法考虑了账户一般货币购买力的变化以及忽略了给定项目价格的实际上升或下降. 在当前的购买力下, 购买力法(cpp)涉及了历史数据的翻新.为了这一目标, 在这一时期的最后时刻, 历史数据被转换成了购买力的价格. 被要求的两个指标数据: 一个显示在期末的一般价格水平上, 另一个反映相同的数据在交易日.这种方法下的利润一段时间内在净资产价值方面上是增长的, 在当前购买力的项目中所有的价格是被估计出来的.现行成本会计(cca)的方法现行成本会计是对当前购买力法的替代方法. 现行成本会计方法相当于在盈利中现行的收益与被消耗资源的现行成本.一般物价水平的变动通过指标数据去衡量. 具体价格发生变化, 如没有任何价格变动的特定资产的价格发生变化. 可以根据这一方法去解决, 资产按照当前的成本估价, 即资产被替换时的成本.通货膨胀会计的局限性虽然通货膨胀会计是一种更实际的做法,并能反映公司真实地财务情况, 但是有些限制不允许它成为一个普及的会计系统. 以下是他的限制:1. 价格水平的变化是一个持续的过程.2. 这个系统使计算变得乏味, 因为有太多的转换和计算.3. 该系统没有被税务机关给予优惠. 结论: 在地球上的每一个人都受到通货膨胀的影响, 一些人表现出积极,但是大部分人表现的消极, 因为通货膨胀导致了一般购买力的侵蚀. 历史成本会计没有考虑帐户中资产价值的变化, 由于通货膨胀影响的资产负债表和利润表, 不能真实的反映企业的价值及所需要的有效的决策信息.通货膨胀会计已经剔除了这个缺陷, 通过根据一般或具体价格水平的方法去调整数据.尽管对财务报表提出了正确的方法, 但是通货膨胀会计由于某些限制仍然没有得到广泛的普及. 但是随着在这一领域更多的研究和会计软件的开发, 毫无疑问, 调整后的通货膨胀会计就是财务会计的未来.附件2：外文原文inflation accounting/faculty_column/fc1103/fc1103.htmlsince we started understanding things around us, we all used to listen from our grandparents about the things and articles especially gold & ghee being cheaper in their times.that time we used to think that why the things were cheaper in our grandparent time and why had they started becoming costlier. so this question would keep us puzzled.but now as we have grown in our knowledge and understanding, we have come to know about the phenomenon of inflation which in laymans language is known as the state of rising pricing or the falling value of maney was the greatest reason behind this.now emerges the question that what exactly is the inflation?inflation is a global phenomenon in present day times. there is hardly any country in the capitalist world today which is not afficted by spectre of inflation.different economists have defined inflation in different words like prof.crowther has defined inflation “as a state in which the value of money is falling, ie, prices are tising.” in the words of prof.paul einzig, “inflation is that state of disequilibrium in which an expansion of purchasing power tends to cause or is the effect of an increase of price level.” both the definition have emphasized on the rising prices of the goods.the basic factors behind the inflation are either the rising demand or the shortening of supply due to any reason.effect of inflation on businessthe impact of inflation on business can be bifurcated into two parts like1. impact on costs and revenue2. impact on assets and liabilitiesas far as impact of inflation on costs and revenues is concerned, definitely both will rise but whether they result into extraordinary profits will be determined by that how much opening stock was available at old prices with the company and how much later the demand for increasing wages is entertained by the company.in case of monetary assets and liabilities, accompany will lose of being creditor and gain in case of being debtor in real terms.if we talk about other assets like building, land and other securities, the company will be having holding gains in monetary terms but may have neutral impact in real terms due to the rise in prices on the one hand but fall in value of money on the other.inflation accounting and its significancethe impact of inflation comes in the form of rising prices of output and assets. as the financial accounts are kept on historical cost basis, so they dont take into consideration the impact of rise in the prices of assets and output. this may sometimes result into the overstated profits, under priced assets and misleading picture of business etc.so, the financial statements prepared under historical accounting are generally proved to be statements of historical facts and do not reflect the current worth of business. this deprives the users of accounts like management, shareholders, and creditors etc. to have a right picture of business to make appropriate decisions.hence, this leads towards the need for inflation accounting. inflation accounting is a term describing a range of accounting systems designed to correct problems arising from historical cost accounting in the presence of inflation.the significance of inflation accounting emerges from the inherent limitations of the historical cost accounting system.following are the limitations of historical accounting:1. historical accounts do not consider the unrealized holding gains arising from the rise in the monetary value of the assets due to inflation.2. the objective of charging depreciation is to spread the cost of the asset over its useful life and make reserve for its replacement in the future. but it does not take into account the impact of inflation over the replacement cost which may result into the inadequate charge of depreciation.3. under historical accounting, inventories acquired at old prices are marched against revenues expressed at current prices. in the period of inflation, this may lead to the overstatement of profits due mixing up of holding gains and operating gains.4. future earnings are not easily projected from historical earnings.history of inflation accountingin the last few years, inflation accounting has been adopted as a supplementary financial statement in the united states and the united kingdom. this comes after more than 50 years of debate about methods of adjusting financial accounts for inflation.accountants in the united kingdom and the united states have discussed the effect of inflation on financial statements since the early 1900s, beginning with index number theory and purchasing power. irving fishers 1911 book the purchasing power accounting. this model by sweeney was used by the american institute of certified public accountants for their 1936 research study (ars6) reporting the financial effects of price-level changes, and later used by the accounting principles board (usa), the financial standards board (usa), and the accounting standards steering committee (uk). sweeney advocated using a price index that covers everything in the gross national product. in march 1979, the financial accounting standards board (fasb) wrote constant dollar accounting, which advocated using the consumer price index for al urban consumers (cpi-u) to adjust accounts because it is calculate every month.during the great depression, some corporations restated their financial statements to reflect inflation. at times during the past 50 years standard-setting organizations have encouraged companies to supplement cost-based financial statements with price-level adjusted statements. during a period of high inflation in the 1970s, the fasb was reviewing a draft proposal for price-level adjusted statements when the securities and exchange commission (sec) issued asr 190, which required approximately 1,000 of the largest us corporations to provide supplemental information based on replacement cost. the fasb withdrew the draft proposal.still to cater to the needs of an inflation accounting, the iasb came out with accounting standard known as ias29.techniques of inflation accountingto measure the impact of inflation on financial statements, following are the techniques used:current purchasing power (cpp) methodunder this method of adjusting accounts to price changes, all items in the financial statements are restated in terms of a constant unit of money ie in terms of general purchasing power. for measuring changes in the price level and incorporating the changes in the financial statements we use general price index, which may be considered to be a barometer meant for the purpose. the index is used to convert the values of various items in the balance sheet and profit and loss account. this method takes into account the changes in the general purchasing power of money and ignores the actual rise or fall in the price of the given item. cpp method involves the refurnishing of historical figures at current purchasing power. for this purpose, historical figures are converted into value of purchasing power at the end of the period. two index numbers are required: one showing the general price level at the end of the period and the other reflecting the same at the date of the transaction.profit under this method is an increase in the value of the net asset over a period, all valuations being made in terms of current purchasing power.current cost accounting (cca) method the current cost accounting is an alternative to the current purchasing power method. the cca method matches current revenues with the current cost of the resources which are consumed in earning them.changes in the general price level are measured by index numbers. specific price change occurs if price of a particular asset change without any general price change. under this method, asset are valued at current cost which is the cost at which asset can be replaced as on a date.while the current purchasing power (cpp) method is known as the general price level approach, the current cost accounting (cca) method is known as specific price level approach or replacement cost accounting.limitations of inflation accountingthough inflation accounting is more practical approach for the true reflection of financial status of the company, there are certain limitations which are not allowing this to be a popular system of accounting. following are the limitations:1. change in the price level is a continuous process.2. this system makes