SAT语法强化冲刺(第三版).docx

sat语法 阿杜 642241638录sat语法概述词法动词5代词21形容词和副词28名词31介词32连词35e选项.37句法句子构成错误40平行结构缺失.46逻辑主语（悬垂结构）53逻辑修饰语（定从，伴随，主语从句 doing/done定语）57having和being.63简洁原则.65其余考点67修改段落.69sat语法冲刺总结材料the future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams! 与大家共勉！课程名称：语法 法部分属于sat reasoning test中的写作(writing)板块，与essay writing分值一起组成写作板块的总分。整个语法部分包括三种题型： ise(identifying sentence errors，即挑错题)18小题is(improving sentences，即句子改进题)25小题ip(improving paragraphs，即段落改进题)6小题，所有题目均为五选一。 1、ie题侧重于词法的考察；is题侧重于句法的考察；ip题基于词法和句法考察小篇章的阅读理解。 2、三类考题的相互关系 （一）难度 is题型 ip题型 ie题型 （二）评分方法 1、与写作结合进行评分 2、正确题数错误题数/4 实际正确题数总体来说：完成一个题目经过：读题 解答 检查 过程 读题：题干：读含义（总体意思和划线部分与整句的关系） 读结构（抛出非中心部分，找出svo）注意动词代词 选项：找出一些常见的差异部分（比如动词三单？逗号分号？代词单复？时态差异？）。差异即考点解答：运用考点，直接秒杀最“正确”的选项。讲究快。先看最有可能的选项。同时注意自杀词的出现。检查: 就看你所选的svo结构是否完整和“，”和“；”是否有问题。总而言之： hold住结构（svo，宾语从句，定语从句，伴随状语等等） hold住语义：语法服务于语气 逻辑分析练习：判断下列句子结构 及符号问题（1）that the ancient egyptians actually sailed to south america remains uncertain, but heyerdahls ra ii expedition demonstrated that they could have done so.（2）the famous battle depicted in the film braveheart took place in northern england, not, as many people assume, in the scottish highlands. （3）through his novels thomas wolfe reveals to us both the pain and the beauty of his boyhood in the american south.（4）along the curve of islands known as the florida keys lies a reef of living coral, the only one of a kind in the continental united states. no error（5）.the labor union is negotiating a contract with the hospital that will satisfy the demands of the workers and be acceptable to all levels of management. no error（6）.the problem of water pollution, frequently compounded in certain areas because the treatment and release of industrial wastes are not adequately regulated. （7）. although several groups strongly opposed the new hiring policies of the city council, other groups being enthusiastic in their support of the new rules. （8）in the wild, pygmy chimpanzees are found only in an inaccessible region south of the zaire river, since such is the case. very few are in captivity.（9）legend has it that medieval chinese warriors using manned kites to survey enemy troops anticipating modern aerial surveillance. （10）c.g.jung, a swiss psychologist. whose renown as apioneer in the field of psychoanalysis almost equals that of sigmund freud 一、 常考语法体系(挑错题 identifying sentence errors)题目特点：看似容易，实在容易丢分。技巧：找线索 看到什么想到什么对于这部分的考查，主要是词的考查，换句话说，也就是在句子中的词汇是否使用错用。在做这一部分的试题的时候，首先第一次看过去（结构清楚？含义清楚？），能够秒杀的题目直接干掉，否则就从出词考点作为切入点。找线索，对划线部分的词进行剖析，在词法上面使用是否错误。按照历届考题来看，出现频率从高到低依次是：动词 代词 形容词和副词 名词 介词 连词例题：1 .no matter where they came from or what their previous lifestyle is , the refugees a b cwere grateful for having been granted political asylum in the united states. dno error e2.susan and peter were inspired to become a professional writer after hearing a a b cfamous journalist speak about the challenges of investigative reporting. no error d e3.cocoa was popular with europeans before either tea and coffee, its consumption a bgradually spreading from spain and portugal to italy, austria, france, and then across c dthe channel to the british isles. no error e4.the scientific writings of edward 0. wilson, stephen jay gould, and richard dawkins, which has continued the discussion of genetic issues raised by charles a b c darwin, are familiar to many high school and college students. no error d e(一) 动词方面：(时态和主谓)1.时态(tense)常考考点：过去与现在的冲突。 思考：英语中有多少种时态？ 一般 进行完成完成进行过去将来时将来时现在时过去时较困难有：需要参照点使用：一般现在时：着重理解语义判断一般现在时表示“客观存在”，“真理”等概念，尤其在表明统计资料和某种理论的结果时，一般都用现在时态。例1：although the precise date and place of the origin of baseball are hotly debated, it a is beyond dispute that the new york city boroughs of manhattan and brooklyn play b c an important role in its early development. no error d e例2：of ancient origin, the game of checkers was played in egypt during the time of a b cthe pharaohs and is mentioned in the writings of homer and plato. no error d e70例3：. the remains of the apatosaurus provide evidence of there being giants existing on earth during the late jurassic period.(a) of there being giants existing(b) of there having been giants existing(c) of there existing giants(d) that giants have existed(e) that giants existed完成时态（引起充分注意）(1) 现在完成时：现在完成时表示从过去某时开始的一个动作或状态，一直持续到现在，并且有可能持续到将来，它常与状语，just ，already，yet，ever，never，for two years，since 1973，in the last decade，in the past ten years，until recently等连用。也可以从含义上去把握。(2) 过去完成时含义： 结构：过去完成时一定要与一个确切的过去时间的某一点并用（参照点）。 having done 放在句首举例： no soonerthan. hardlywhen例1：no sooner had tom stolen the purse than he was caught in red hand by the police.例2although the coach had predicted that the team would have a winning season, the fans were surprised by the success of the young, inexperienced players. 例3 （3）将来完成时：will have done(参照点)结构：pk：将来完成时vs 过去将来完成时需要参照点？（需要）结构？would have done（1） 到明年二月，这个专家将会在这里从事这个研究项目5年了。（2）我们boss告诉我，到明年二月，这个专家将会在这里从事这个研究项目5年了。（3）我猜海伦会告诉她一些情况的。完成时态其余考点: have(has) been doing have(has) been done have(has) done had been doing had been done had donewill have been doing will have been done will have done注意不规则变化：（技巧：见完成时，就考虑后面的动词）rise/ rose/ risenarise/ arose/ arisenswim/ swam/ swumwrite/ wrote/ writtenrun/ran/runchoose/chose/chosen例1：only after the water in the river had rose to dangerous levels did the governor a b c order the evacuation of the city. no error d e 例2：after gertrude ederle had swam the english channel, she was celebrated as a b cthe first woman ever to accomplish the feat. d过去式时态(1)一般过去时态：in 1947，over 2000 years ago, from 500 ad to 706ad(2)过去将来时态：含义 结构时态的衍生品：虚拟语气 虚拟语气在sat注意三句话：1，注意if 和as if 出现，思考是否是虚拟语气？2，如果是，注意虚拟语气的时态一致（过去，现在，将来）3，学会识别虚拟语气的省略倒装（改头换面，还原面目）假设类型假设条件从句主句与现在事实相反if+主语+ed/were主语+would+v原形与过去事实相反if+主语+had done主语+would have done与将来事实相反 were toif+主语+ ed should+v原形主语+would+v原形在表虚拟语气的if从句中，如果were，had，should这三个词作谓语时，可以省去if，把主谓语到装过来表示虚拟语气条件：如：were i in your office，i wouldnt do that（=if i were in your office-） had i known about it，i would have told you（=if i had known about it-）should they come to us, i should ask them some questions. were she to be here next monday, i would tell her about the matter.造句：(熟记)如果当初你听我的，你就不会犯这种愚蠢的错误了。如果我是一只鸟儿，我就能在空中自由飞翔。如果明天下雨，我们就会取消比赛。（确定明天不下雨）sat真题：1，the bus would not have had to take the long detour instead of the main highway if a bthe bridge did not become treacherous in the aftermath of an ice storm. c d2，some of the workers who resent the supervisors authority would probably feel uncomfortable a b if they were to acquire the independence that they demand . no error c d e3，if you can acquire the necessary calories by drinking gasoline instead of by eating a b food, you would be able to run 26 miles on about one-twelfth of a gallon of gas. c d no error e(1) were i to be granted a whole month in which to do whatever i wanted, i would travel throughout africa and see as much of that continent as i could.(a) were i to be granted(b) if i would have been granted(c) with me being granted(d) granting me(e ) by being granted(2) by painting them this afternoon, the walls would be completely dry by tomorrow evening.(a) by painting them.(b) if they would have been painted.(c) were they to be painted.(d) after painting them.(e) they would be painted3. the mayor claimed that a majority of the property owners would have favored her proposal if put to the vote.(a) would have favored her proposal if put(b) would have favored her proposal if it had been put(c) favored her proposal if it would have been put(d) favored her proposal if put(e) favored her proposal if they were put4. if more young people voted, politicians would pay more attention to what young people thought.(a) would pay more attention to what young people thought(b) will pay more attention to what young people think(c) would pay more attention to what young people think(d) would pay attention to what young people thought more(e) will pay more attention to those thoughts of young people虚拟语气其余考点：1，错综虚拟语气：结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。if i had worked hard at school,i would be an engineer,too.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。if he knew her,he would have greeted her.2，非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without，but for，if not for等without your instruction,i would not have made such great progress.3, insistorder , command advise , suggest , demand , require ,无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用：should + do。should可以省略。is ise专题练习1rilke, the great german poet, could not continue his search for angelic spirits until he can rely on a strength greater than his own. (a) can rely on a strength greater than his own (b) could rely on a strength greater than his own (c) would be able to rely on a strength greater than his own (d) can rely on a strength greater than his strength (e) could rely on a strength greater than his strength2. after marching for four hours in temperatures exceeding ninety degrees, the band members were as soaked as if marching through a rainstorm (a) if marching (b) having marched (c) if from marching (d) if they had marched (e) if they would have marched3. at versailles after the first world war, the allies believed they had drafted a treaty that would have ensured permanent peace. (a) would have ensured permanent peace (b) would ensure permanent peace (c) had ensured permanent peace (d) will ensure permanent peace (e) ensures permanent peace4. isolated by the sea, the aboriginal peoples of australia had developed a unique culture long before the arrival of europeans. (a) had developed a unique culture (b) had a unique culture and it developed (c) having developed a unique culture (d) have a unique culture, it developed (e) have a unique culture; development was5. in the belief that crossword puzzles stimulated her mind, dolores will spend hours on them every week. (a) dolores will spend hours on them every week (b) dolores would spend hours on them every week (c) hours of every week are spent on them by dolores (d) they occupied hours of every week for dolores (e) every week will find dolores spending hours on them6. the delegates coming this far, thev did not want to return without accomplishing something. (a) the delegates coming this far, they (b) coming this far, the delegates felt they (c) having come this far, the delegates (d) to come this far, the delegates (e) the delegates came this far, so that they7the issue the council debated, which was whether repeal of rent control will improve housing or just increase profits for landlords. (a) debated, which was whether repeal of rent control will improve (b) debated was if they would repeal rent control would this improve (c) debated was that repeal of rent control would result in improved (d) debated was will repealing rent control mean improvement in (e) debated was whether repeal of rent control would improve8. no sooner had andrea del sarto traveled to france to work for the french king but his wife persuaded him to return to italy. (a) but his wife persuaded him to return (b) but his wife had him persuaded into returning (c) than he was persuaded by his wife that he will return (d) but he was persuaded by his wife into returning (e) than his wife persuaded him to return9. giraffes born with very long necks were able to stay alive when food was scarce and were therefore ablew pass this desirable trait on to their offspring. (a)and were therefore able to pass this desirable trait on to their offspring (b)and this desirable unit was passed on as a result to its offspring (c)so that their offspring could have this desirable trait passed to them. (d)so, therefore, this desirable trait would be inherited by their offspring (e)and therefore have this desirable trait inherited in their offspring 10. if every nation were completely self-sufficient and operated under a free-market economy, the worlds food supply will be governed solely by the economics of supply and demand.(a) will be(b) would have been (c) was to be (d) was(e) would be11，i wanted to and would have gone to the play if i had the money.a. i wanted to and would have goneb. having wanted to, i would have gonec. i wanted to go and would have goned. although i wanted to go and would have gonee. i wanted and would have goneise专题：1. surely one of the most far-reaching changes in the nineteenth century will be the change from a bworking at home to working in the factory. no error c d e2. conflicts between land developers and conserva- tionists have repeatedly arose, causing a bcongress to reconsider legislation that prohibits building within habitats of endangered species. c dno error e3,the sun was shining for nearly five billion years and is thought to have sufficient a b c thermonuclear fuel in its core to shine for about another five billion. no error d e4. because he is absent when his rivals voted against his proposal, selby is worried about a b c dmissing future meetings of the board of directors. no error e5. fourteen years after the galileo space probe was launched from the space shuttle atlantis, the amission was purposely ended when the galileo disintegrates in the dense atmosphere of the b c d planet jupiter no errore6. the thoughtful student wonders what patrick henry meant when he talked about liberty a b because most of the members of the house of burgesses then having been slaveholders.c d no error e 7after gertrude ederle had swam the english channel she was celebrated as the first woman a bever to accomplish the feat. no error c d e 8， because the flood has made the bridge inaccessible to automobiles and pedestrians alike,a bwe had rented a small boat to reach the island. no error c d e9. set in south carolina in 1964, the novel the secret life of bees is not about bees but about a b clily, a fourteen year old who runs away from home. no error d e10. unfortunately, the opening of the new library complex, previously scheduled for next a bseptember, would be delayed for several months because of co