总结的很好的argument模板_(1).docx

opening: in this argument, the author draws the conclusion that. to justify the claim, the author cites that., the author also point out that. however, close scrutiny of the argument reveals that it relies on several unsubstantiated assumptions which render it unconvincing.development: first and foremost, the author fails to point out further, even if , the authors assumption that is unwarranted in addition,end: in summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and unjustified. before i can accept the conclusion, the author must substantiate that. and that, also, i would suspend my credibility of the argument until the author could provide more evidence about, finally, the author provides no evidence whatsoever to support his recommendation for, to justify this claim the author must provide supporting evidence. first and foremost, we dont know how many and what kind of citizens responded to survey, thus the representativeness of the result is open to doubt. the author does not analyze the author fails to consider , e.g if the respondents were forthright, or if they correctly understood the surveys question. the author unfairly attribute the .to doing ,granted that . , no evidence could ensure the same effect that.,the author over optimistically assumes that will continue in the follow years.论证谬误(a) false analogy and comparison错误类比天时地利人和even if .are necessary to achieve ., it is entirely possible that . would not suffice to ensure that , - due to sort of factors mentioned above that might have contribution to the result in a but would not come to play in other cities.even assuming that , the argument unfairly assumes that similarly at b. perhaps .for the matter perhaps. in short, without accounting for possible difference between a and b the director cannot convince me that b is sound. the argument relies on what might be a false analogy between a and b. in order for the cityb to serve as models that citya should emulate, the author must assume that all relevant circumstance involving in the business are essentially the same. however, the argument is unwarranted. for example, the argument overlook the possibility that the &*%m. perhaps the )(*&%$, . or perhaps, (b) incomplete comparison and selective comparisonthe memo fails to indicate whether it is possible for instance, that. if so the would make little sense., on the other hand, if ., this fact would lend considerable support to.the incomplete comparison that . is a misleading assertion that could not be the best explanationc) therefore, providing merely the incomplete information without an all-round comparison showing the similarities, the author cannot convince me.(c) confusing comparison and variationa的现象 does not necessarily means. first, secondly, for . thus, the mere fact that lend scant support to the recommendation.急于概括(a) different conceptsstrong sales of a doesnt necessarily indicate that # would (*&, or that *(&. perhaps, happened to be fashionable at the moment, or *(&. for that matter. in short, without ruling out other possible reasons for the &*, cannot convince me on the basis of them that , let alone.the author assume that *(& result in *(& , however, this is not necessarily the case. it is entirely possible that the cost associated with producing and delivering has increased as well over the last ten years. thus, the strength of the authors claim of &*( depends on a cost benefit analysis that the author does not provide.to the extend that this is the case, then the authors supply-and-demand argument &* is unconvincing. (递进式)even assuming &( will cause*(&, it is nevertheless impossible to assess the authors broader contention that (& will result in (&, at least without an agreed-upon definition of the term. if by “*（” the author simply means (*&*, then the claim would have merit; otherwise, it would not. absent either a clear definition of the term or ()*& , the authors contention that (*& is simply unjustified. / it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument. (b) different scope以偏概全/ (以全盖偏) the argument assumes that the demographic trend in the specific region where &*, reflect the general trend upon which the argument relies. yet the author fails to offer any evidence to substantiate this crucial assumption. absent such evidence, it is entirely possible that in the region where *(& are not moving from the *(&, for that matter, perhaps in this region the demographic trend is in the opposite direction, in which event the authors recommendation would amount to especially poor advice. the national study showing clear trends among *(& doesnt necessarily apply to *(&. it is quite possible that )( doesnt follow these general trend, or might be just the opposite. thus, the nationwide trends that the argument cites amount scant evidence that ()*%&.lacking evidence that citya reflect this general tendency, it is entirely possible that (*&. for that matter, it is possible that (*& , in which case the authors claim that would more flagrantly fly in the face of the election result. (c) 以全盖片even assuming that ()*&, the authors claim that the success can be repeated elsewhere might nevertheless be unwarranted. citya might not be representative of most cities. even if i were to concede that *(& is the case, this single sample is insufficient to draw any general conclusion about the reason for the worldwide *(&. it is entirely possible that the cause-and-effect relationship in &* is not typical of the world in general. without additional samples from ()*, i cannot accept the authors sweeping generalization about (*&.the author assumes that since (a) it will also be the case in (b). however, (), vary from country to country. (d) 刻舟求剑even assuming that , the recommendation rested on two additional assumptions that this interest will continue in the foreseeable future. the authors inference that incentive which were effective in the past will also be effective in the future rests on the poor assumption that during the *(& years all the conditions upon which their effectiveness depend have remained unchanged. perhaps,.in other words, the longer the time, the less reliable the conclusion. 因果谬误(a)a推不出bthe () is not necessarily due to ().,. it is entirely possible that , since the article fails to account for this alternative explanation for(), the author cannot make any sound recommendations to laws firms based on that()assuming that () was in fact due to the (), the manager overlooks the possibility that() has nothing to do with the (). perhaps , or perhaps, ,. either scenario, if true, would serve to undermine the authors claim that .颠倒因果成立时间先后/同时混淆因果the argument concludes based on a known correlation between , at least partly, to the former. yet the correlation alone amounts to scant evidence of the claimed cause-and-effect relationship. perhaps these phenomenon can be caused by other factors as well, which is absent in these states but present in all others. moreover, the argument overlook the fact that it is the () , not )( that determines its effectiveness. the author has not accounted for the possibility that (). if this is the case, then the conclusion that () would lack any merit whatsoever. the editorial observes a correlation between a and b, then conclude that the former cause the latter. however, the editorial fails to rules out other possible explanation for , for example, , any of these factors, or other social, political or economic factors, might lead to., without ruling out other such factors it is unfair to conclude that are responsible for the .the editor conclude that . is responsible for the , based on the fact that the () occurred after the however, the sequence of these events, in itself, does not suffice to prove that the former cause the latter one. ,() might has result from other event, such as without ruling out such scenarios, the editor cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship upon which the editors recommendation depends. the survey fails to covered all the possibilities of the samples, which result in an undue emphasis on . the number of the participants, 100, might constitute an insufficiently small sample to draw any reliable conclusion about, 调查样本大小，代表性the author provides no evidence that the surveys results are reliable. in order to establish a strong correlation between a and b, the sample of the survey must be sufficient in size and representative of all the overall population of ()lacking evidence of a sufficiently representative sample, the author cannot justifiably rely on the study to draw any conclusion whatsoever.the author provides no evidence that the respondents are representative of entire population of . moreover, we are not informed about the size of the sample; the smaller the sample, the greater possibility for the biased result, and the less reliable the studys conclusion. 调查者the conductor of the survey should possess a neutral attitude, at least having nothing to do with the interest of any side.调查时间fail to indicate the exact time when the statistics were collected and time period, during which time all condition may vary drastically. the greater the possibilities that the tendency has changed over this time span, the less justifiable the conclusion are. 回应者， 被调查者a threshold problem with the argument involves the statistical reliability of the survey. the author provide no evidence that number of the survey is significant or the respondents of the survey is representative of the overall population of () in general. lacking information the randomness and size of the surveys sample, the director cannot make a convincing argument based on the survey. even if the respondents are representative of the entire population of . the argument relies on the assumption that the responses themselves are reliable. lacking the evidence that the responses were both truthful and meaningful, the director cannot draw any conclusion confidently . it is entire possible that the respondents would not be inclined to provide authentic and believable answer out of the consideration for their privacy and personal affairs. 充分必要条件 in conclusion that () , the author assumes that () are both necessarily and sufficient for this purpose. yet the author provides no evidence to substantiate either assumption. lacking such evidence, it is just likely that .some other agency would equally or more effective. even if () are necessary to achieve the success, it is entirely possible that ., thus, other measures might also be required for.它因法the argument overlooks the strong possibility that the () is not the only factor affecting how (). other such factors might include,. thus, even if i concede that () is the reason that cause the decline of () , the author provides no evidence that () was cause by ()-rather than some other phenomenon. perhaps some other environmental factor was instead the cause. the argument assume that () is the only possible explanation for () , . yet the argument fails to substantiate this assumption. common sense informs me that any of a myriad of other differences environmental, dietary, and geneticmight explain why . without considering and ruling out alternative reasons for this disparity, the arguments conclusion that . is indefensible.without ruling out alternative非此即彼的错误the argument suffered from a “either-or ” reasoning. based on the fact that() , the author conclude that they must favor of , however, the author overlooks the possibility that the residents are not in favor either proposal.盈利问题even if (), the restaurant would not necessarily be profitable as a result. profitability is a function of both revenue and expense. thus, it is entirely possible that the costs of ()., might render it unprofitable despite its popularity. without weighing revenue against expense the arguments conclusion is premature at best. the memo provides no evidence about the costs involved in the manufacturing and distributing. . if so the costs of () might prevent the company from earning a profit. in short, without ruling out more information about supply, demand, and production costs, it is impossible to determine whether the company will earn a profit from .revenue cost : raw material ; labor force, advertisement.outdated l: the trend of customers. the presidents fails to provide any information about the actual profit of , thus we cannot evaluate the authors conclusion. also the presidents fail to consider the negative of .many better ways might be available to improve the profit of the store. profitability is a function of both revenue and expense. thus, it is entirely possible that the restaurants costs of obtaintinghigh-quality, healthful seafood, or of promoting the new restaurant, might render it unprofitable despite its popularity. in short, without more information about supply, demand, productioncosts and revenue, it is impossible to determine whether thecompany can earn a profit from 比例与总量给了n%although a n% seems significant, the actual level of () might be very low. the scenario is quite possible, especially considering that )_/ the arguments conclusion that is unjustified.只给了nthe mere fact that (), proved nothing about., even though the number of () is smaller, the percentage of () might be high. it is the proportion data rather than the total amount that make greater contribution to account for the validity of survey.对比试验问题the result of the survey are reliable only if all other factors that might affect sleep patterns remained constant during the , without evidence of the experiments methodological and statistical reliability, the speakers conclusion is unjustifiable. the argument overlooks many other possible explanations for the ()/ for example, perhaps ., or perhaps., . any of these scenarios, if true, would undermine the conclusion that .procedure of a typical survey divide the general group into several sub-groups analyze the percentage of each sub-group in the general group randomly select sample 1) procedure of the survey a, selective sample选择性样本a 193 many teachers were actually excluded from the survey. the result of the survey lacks credibility because the arguer fails to include teachers in other subjects. the result of the survey lacks credibility and therefore could not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. cause-effect fallacy: the arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between a and b homework frequency and the students performance a 238 the survey does not include all the graduates in mvc, thus it is almost impossible to evaluate the employment result in mvc. the comparison between a and b is incomplete, hence we can hardly evaluate the employment results of the two colleges. the arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between the fact that a and the fact that b the arguer fails to convince us that a will contribute to b that offering more courses in computer technology will contribute to the employment of graduating seniors in mvc. b, quantity of the sample样本的数量a 180 the sample is too limited. the arguer commits a fallacy of false analogy. are these companies comparable? the assumption that $500 is a cheap tuition is open to doubt the arguer fails to convince us that all employees at apc need to improve their reading speed. c, do the statistics make any difference?调查是否有意义a 158 in the absence of /for lack of /lacking data concerning the total amount of garbage sites and people living near them in the state the argument treats a lack of proof that the current system of garbage sites will pose some extent of health hazard as constituting sufficient proof that it will not pose any significant health hazard. d, what question was asked in the survey?调查所问问题是否恰当a 147 other questions that directly related to the conclusion: how about the supply of such video games? can the players afford these games? how many players have access to such kind of computers? the arguer ignores (overlooks, neglects) other possible factors that may also lead to the decline in the sales of their video games. no evidence could indicate that players 10-25 years old will prefer such kind of games. the arguer does not consider other features that may also influence the overall quality of a game. e, who conducted the survey?调查的进行机构a 156 f, when was the survey conducted?调查的时效性 2) result of the surveya, vague data模糊数据a 144 the arguer fails to convince us that funding for education is not a priority for most people, because we do not know the base amount of donations each group received the year before last. maybe the educational institutions did not carry out effective fund raising campaign last year. granted thatwe cannot ensure that it is the peoples perce