计算机系统外文翻译.docx

外 文 文 献 翻 译院 系 机电与自动化学院 专 业 班 级 电气 0801 姓 名 原 文 出 处 ieee的论文 评 分 指 导 教 师 20 12 年 2 月 18 日大多数计算机系统嵌入在今天使用其他设备,包括电话、钟表、电器、车辆和基础设施。嵌入式系统通常很少有要求长度和记忆和程序可能需要简单但不寻常的输入/输出系统。例如,大多数嵌入式系统中缺乏键盘,屏幕磁盘,打印机,或其他可辨认的i / o设备一台个人电脑。他们可能控制电机、继电器或母线电压、读到的开关、可变电阻或其他电子设备与通用cpu、微控制器没有地址总线或数据总线,因为他们整合与非挥发性内存为主的公绵羊在同一芯片cpu。因为他们需要更少的针、芯片可以放置在一个更小的、廉价的包裹 记忆和其他外围设备集成在一个芯片上,作为一个单元测试的成本的增加的芯片,但是经常导致净成本降低了嵌入式系统作为一个整体。(即使cpu,它的成本还集成外设略多于成本是一个cpu +外部外设,几乎没有芯片通常允许一个小、更便宜,降低电路板的劳动要求的电路板组装和测试)。 窗体顶端单片机是一个单一集成电路,通常与以下特点:中央处理器从小、简单到复杂的32 - 4比特处理器或64位处理器输入/输出接口,如串行端口(uarts)其他系列通信接口就像我c、串行外设接口和控制器局域网系统互连外设(如定时器和监督来存储数据存储器,可擦可编程只读存储器,eeprom或者闪存程序存储器通常一个时钟生成器的石英晶体振荡器的时机,谐振器或rc电路包括类比数位转换器许多。 这种整合的数量大幅度降低芯片和数量的接线、pcb空间生产需要用分开的等价系统芯片和证明了是在嵌入式系统中非常流行,因为他们的介绍在1970年代。单片机结构可以从许多不同的供应商在那么多品种,每个指令集建筑可以理所当然地应属于他们自己的一个范畴。最首要的是8051,z80和手臂的衍生物。引用需要单片机(mcu或者c)是计算机system-on-a-chip功能。它包含了处理器核、记忆、以及可编程输入/输出系统。微控制器包括一个完整的cpu,内存(少量的ram,程序存储器,或两者)和外围设备能够输入和输出。 它强调的集成化程度高,相对的微处理器只包含一个cpu(二手电脑)。除了通常的算术和逻辑单元的通用微处理器,在单片机集成额外的元素如读写内存数据存储、只读存储器程序存储器,快闪记忆体为永久性的数据存储,外设,和输入/输出接口。在时钟速度只要32 khz,微控制器通常操作以非常低的速度比微处理器,但这是足够的典型应用。他们所消费的相对小的力量(毫瓦的功率甚至microwatts),通常会有能力保持功能,同时等待某一事件如一个按钮按下或中断。功率消耗在睡觉的时候(cpu时钟和外设的障碍可能只是nanowatts,使他们理想的低功率、持久电池的应用。 大多数计算机系统嵌入在今天使用其他机械产品,如汽车、电话、电器、及外围设备的计算机系统。这些被称为嵌入式系统中使用。虽然有些嵌入式系统是非常复杂的,许多有轻微的记忆和程序要求的长度,用没有操作系统,和低软件复杂性。典型的输入和输出设备包括开关、继电器、电磁阀、led、小的或自定义的液晶显示器、射频设备,以及传感器数据如温度、湿度、光照度水平等。嵌入式系统通常没有键盘,屏幕,磁盘,打印机,或其他可辨认的i / o设备一台个人电脑,可能没有任何形式的人类互动装置。这是强制性的,微控制器提供实时响应事件在嵌入式系统是控制。某些事件发生时,中断信号处理器系统可以中止处理当前的指令序列和开始一个中断服务程序(isr)。isr将执行任何的基础上加工要求的来源,然后回到原来的中断指令序列。可能中断源设备依赖,通常包括事件,如一个内部定时器溢出,完成了模拟到数字转换、逻辑电平变化对输入如一个按钮被按之后,和接收数据通信链路上。在权力消费是很重要的,因为在电池操纵装置,中断也可以唤醒一个单片机从一个低功率的睡眠状态下,处理器直到需要停止被一个周边的事件。 自从嵌入式处理器通常用来控制装置,他们有时需要接受他们的输入控制装置。这个目标的模拟/数字转换器。从处理器是用来解释和工艺数据,即1和0,他们也不会做任何事,与模拟信号可能被派到这一装置。所以模拟/数字转换器是用来转换成一种输入数据处理器可识别。也有一个数字模拟转换器允许处理器将数据传送到该装置是控制the majority of computer systems in use today are embedded in other machinery, such as telephones, clocks, appliances, vehicles, and infrastructure. an embedded system usually has minimal requirements for memory and program length and may require simple but unusual input/output systems. for example, most embedded systems lack keyboards, screens, disks, printers, or other recognizable i/o devices of a personal computer. they may control electric motors, relays or voltages, and read switches, variable resistors or other electronic devicesin contrast to general-purpose cpus, microcontrollers do not have an address bus or a data bus, because they integrate all the ram and non-volatile memory on the same chip as the cpu. because they need fewer pins, the chip can be placed in a much smaller, cheaper package. integrating the memory and other peripherals on a single chip and testing them as a unit increases the cost of that chip, but often results in decreased net cost of the embedded system as a whole. (even if the cost of a cpu that has integrated peripherals is slightly more than the cost of a cpu + external peripherals, having fewer chips typically allows a smaller and cheaper circuit board, and reduces the labor required to assemble and test the circuit board). a microcontroller is a single integrated circuit, commonly with the following features: central processing unit - ranging from small and simple 4-bit processors to sophisticated 32- or 64-bit processors input/output interfaces such as serial ports (uarts) other serial communications interfaces like ic, serial peripheral interface and controller area network for system interconnect peripherals such as timers and watchdog ram for data storage rom, eprom, eeprom or flash memory for program storage clock generator - often an oscillator for a quartz timing crystal, resonator or rc circuit many include analog-to-digital converters . this integration drastically reduces the number of chips and the amount of wiring and pcb space that would be needed to produce equivalent systems using separate chips and have proved to be highly popular in embedded systems since their introduction in the 1970s. microcontroller architectures are available from many different vendors in so many varieties that each instruction set architecture could rightly belong to a category of their own. chief among these are the 8051, z80 and arm derivatives.citation needed a microcontroller (also mcu or c) is a functional computer system-on-a-chip. it contains a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.microcontrollers include an integrated cpu, memory (a small amount of ram, program memory, or both) and peripherals capable of input and output. it emphasizes high integration, in contrast to a microprocessor which only contains a cpu (the kind used in a pc). in addition to the usual arithmetic and logic elements of a general purpose microprocessor, the microcontroller integrates additional elements such as read-write memory for data storage, read-only memory for program storage, flash memory for permanent data storage, peripherals, and input/output interfaces. at clock speeds of as little as 32khz, microcontrollers often operate at very low speed compared to microprocessors, but this is adequate for typical applications. they consume relatively little power (milliwatts or even microwatts), and will generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or interrupt. power consumption while sleeping (cpu clock and peripherals disabled) may be just nanowatts, making them ideal for low power and long lasting battery applications. the majority of computer systems in use today are embedded in other machinery, such as automobiles, telephones, appliances, and peripherals for computer systems. these are called embedded systems. while some embedded systems are very sophisticated, many have minimal requirements for memory and program length, with no operating system, and low software complexity. typical input and output devices include switches, relays, solenoids, leds, small or custom lcd displays, radio frequency devices, and sensors for data such as temperature, humidity, light level etc. embedded systems usually have no keyboard, screen, disks, printers, or other recognizable i/o devices of a personal computer, and may lack human interaction devices of any kind.it is mandatory that microcontrollers provide real time response to events in the embedded system they are controlling. when certain events occur, an interrupt system can signal the processor to suspend processing the current instruction sequence and to begin an interrupt service routine (isr). the isr will perform any processing required based on the source of the interrupt before returning to the original instruction sequence. possible interrupt sources are device dependent, and often include events such as an internal timer overflow, completing an analog to digital conversion, a logic level change on an input such as from a button being pressed, and data received on a communication link. where power consumption is important as in battery operat