翻译常用的八种技巧5-6节(中).doc

第三章 翻译常用的八种技巧（中）第五节 词序调整法 Inversion 词序调整法的英语inversion一词，不能译成“倒译”、“倒译法”或“颠倒词序”之类，否则容易和语法中的“倒装”概念相混淆。Inversion作为一种翻译技巧，其意思为，翻译时对词序作必要或必不可少的改变，并不只是纯粹的颠倒词序或倒装。某些语言学家所说的九种倒装，是语法概念，是指同一种语言内的倒装情况，有其各自独特的语言构成方式。这些情况与方式和它们被译成另一种语言后的语言构成形式并非完全相同。试对照每种倒装例句的英文及其译文：lInterrogative inversion (疑问倒装)：What did you do yesterday? (你昨天干什么?)2Imperative inversion (命令倒装)：“Speak you,” said MrBlack, “speak you，good fellow!” (布莱克先生命令道：“说，说吧！伙计!”)3Exclamatory inversion (惊叹倒装)：How dreadful is this place! (这地方好可怕啊！)4Hypothetical inversion (假设倒装)：Had you come yesterday，you could have seen him here(要是你昨天来了，你就会在这里看到他的。)5Balance inversion (平衡倒装)：Through a gap came an elaborately described ray(从一个空洞透出一束精心描绘的光线。)6Link inversion (衔接倒装)：On this depends the whole argument. (整个争论都以此为论据。)7Signpost inversion (点题倒装)By strategy is meant some thing wider. (战略的意义比较广。)8Negative inversion (否定倒装)：Not a word did he say(他只字未说。)9Metrical inversion (韵律倒装)：在诗行中常用此倒装。如：As pants the hart for cooling streams(在一般散文或小说中的正常语序中这行诗应为：As the hart pants for cooling streams意思为：因为公鹿渴望清凉的小溪。)上述九条可说明：语法倒装一般是指主语与谓语或与谓语的一部分颠倒位置，而翻译中的Inversion是指译文与原文相比，词序发生了变化，故名“词序调整法”。词序调整在英汉互译中运用是非常普遍的，不管是短语的翻译，或是句子的翻译，都是如此。一、短语翻译1Professor Wang 王教授2MrStevenson史蒂文森先生3Room 101 101房间4Page 15第15页5March the first，1941 1941年3月1日6The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 中国共产党中央委员会7toughminded意志坚强的8heartwarming 暖人心的9well-conducted行为端正的10illtempered脾气不好的11East China 华东12northeast 东北13southwest 西南14north，south，east and west 东西南北Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance，North and South，East and West，that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? Will you join in that historic effort?我们能不能在东西南北各地建立起一个对付这些敌人的全球联盟，以保证全人类享有更为丰裕的生活你们是否愿意参与这一历史的努力?15Comrade Zhang，Protocol Department，Ministryof Foreign Affairs 外交部礼宾司张同志16Major-General Mohammed Khan, The First Brigade，The Sixth Division，Pakistan Army巴基斯坦陆军第六师第一旅穆罕默德汗少将。17(The teaparty was given by) MrSmith, senior correspondent of The Times, London(这个茶会是由)伦敦泰晤士报的高级记者史密斯先生(举行的。)18every student of the class班上每一个学生(不能译成 “每个学生的班”或“每个班上的学生”)19all Party resolutions党的一切决议(绝对不能译成：一切党的决议)二、句子翻译1They were sons of the men who had left their homes and taken to the mountains with their broad swords by their sides他们都是那些抛妻别子、身带大刀进入深山的好汉们的后代。2Accounts are given of huge mountains sinking，of former plains seen heaved aloft，of fires flashing out amid the ruin大山沉陷，平原隆起，火焰喷射，周围是一片废墟，这些都有记载。3He came yesterday他昨天来的 (或：昨天他来了)。4He drinks half a bottle of beer with each of his meals每餐他都要喝半瓶啤酒。5He is not happy，though he is rich他虽富有，但不幸福。6Will you kindly express through your column my keen appreciation of the action of the British Government in effecting my release from the Chinese Legation?本人(指孙中山编者)承蒙贵国政府之援助，得自中国公使馆获释，拟借贵报一角，敬伸感激之情，不知可邀俞允否?7“What does MrDarcy mean，”said she to Charlotte，“by listening to my conversation with Colonel Forster?” “戴锡先生听我跟福斯塔上校谈话，” 她对查乐蒂说，“这究竟是什么意思?”8The ladies encouraged the combatants not only by clapping their hands and waving their veils and kerchiefs，but even by exclaiming “Brave lance! Good sword!” when any successful thrust or blow took place under their observation贵妇们看见刺中或打中时，不只是鼓掌，挥动头纱和手帕，甚至高声喊叫：“好枪法！好刀法!”这样地来鼓舞比武的英雄。9Draw，if you be man，Gregory，remember thy smashing blow 是汉子就拔出剑来，葛雷古利，别忘了你的杀手剑。10The day was just breaking when we were about to start；as I sat thinking of her，came struggling up the coach side，through the mingled day and night Uriahs head.天将破晓，我们就要动身了，我坐在车上正想着她，忽然当昼夜混沌未分之际，从马车的旁边钻进尤莉亚的头来。 (仍有词序调整)11There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met. 我们访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事可多着哩。12Today has seen the practical fulfilment of the historic decision taken on 25 October 1971, when the General Assembly voted to restore to the Peoples Republic of China its lawful rights in this organization1971年10月25日联合国大会投票恢复中华人民共和国在这一组织中的合法权时所作出的历史性决定，今天已经付诸实施了。13We ate to our heartscontent at her home last Sunday我们上星期天在她家尽情地吃了一顿。14Professor Tong is working with two of his new assistants in the laboratory at the moment 童教授正在实验室和他的两个新助手一道工作。15Never have we seen so bright a future before us! 我们从来都没看见过这样光明的前途。16It was a keen disappointment that I had t0 postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January我原打算在今年一月访问中国，后来又不得不予以推迟，这使得我深感失望。171 was all the more delighted when，as a result of the initiative of your Government，it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重新实现访问，这使我特别感到高兴。18只有听党中央指挥，调动一切积极因素，才能胜利实现四个现代化。Only by following the instructions of the Party Central Committee, and mobilizing all positive factors, can we successfully realize the four modernizations 19这所大学现有计算机科学、高能物理、激光、地球物理、遥感技术、遗传工程等六个新建的专业。This university has six newly-established faculties，namely，Computer Science，High Energy Physics，Laser，Geo-physics，Remote Sensing，and Genetic Engineering第六节 正说反译，反说正译法 NegationNegation在语法与翻译两个不同学科中含义不尽相同。Negation作为一种翻译技巧，它主要指在翻译实践中，为了使译文忠实而合乎语言习惯地传达原文的意思，有时必须把原文中的肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法，或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。因此，翻译技巧中的Negation译成“正说反译，反说正译法”是较为合适的。而语法中的Negation则译成“否定”，因为它主要是指下面四种语言现象：1Full negative (完全否定)； 2Absolute negative (绝对否定)；3Semi negative (部分否定)；4Words，or phrases，with negative implication (含否定意义的词或短语)。前两种否定，除少数情况外，英语汉语中差别不大；而后两种否定，在英汉两种语言的运用中则差别较大，需要加倍注意。从下面的例句中，可以体会“正说反译，反说正译”在翻译中使用的一些情况。1I dont think Tom is correct我认为汤姆不对。(不译成：我不认为汤姆是对的。)2我想小李明天不会来了。I dont think Xiao Li will come tomorrow (不译成：I think Xiao Li wont come tomorrow)3A：Are you not going tomorrow? 甲：你明天不去吗?B：No，lm not going 乙：是的，我不去。4 Africa is not kicking out Western imperialismin order to invite other new masters.非洲踢出西方帝国主义并不是为了请进其他新的主子。(假如不运用“正说反译，反说正译”这一技巧，译文就会成为：“非洲不踢出西方帝国主义为了请进其它新的主子。”其义则大相径庭。)5The world today is far from peaceful. 今天的世界还很不安宁。(far from是一个形式上肯定而含否定意义的短语或词组，所以要“正说反译”。)6我们的人民解放军无愧于伟大的人民军队的称号。Our PLA is worthy of being called a great army of the people7他尽力克服技术资料的不足。He tries his best to overcome the lack of technical data8窗户打不开。The window refuses to open9昨天他没准时到校。Yesterday he failed to get to school on time10他们不准小孩人内。They excluded children(from)getting in11那座大楼处于无人管理的状态。That building is in a state of neglect12他常常心不在焉。Hes often absent-minded13干这事我力不胜任。To do this is beyond my ability14雷锋的高尚行为是赞扬不尽的。Lei Fengs noble deeds are above all praise15该做这工作的是我，而不是你。I，rather than you，should do the work16事实真相同你想的完全不同。The truth is quite other than what you think17She refrained from laughing她忍住了，没有发笑。18She was refused admittance by them他们不许她进去。19An opportunity is not likely to repeat itself良机难再。20不辜负全国人民和全世界人民对我们的期望。Live up to the expectations of our own people and the people throughout the world21工作没有经验，出点差错，在所难免。Slips are scarcely avoidable when youre new to your work22任何事物都有两点，说只有一点叫知其一不知其二。There are two aspects to everything; to say there is only one is to be aware of one aspect and to be ignorant of the other23在技术方面，我看大部分首先要照办，因为那些我们现在还没有，还不懂，学了比较有利。In technology，I think first we have to follow others in most casesand it is better for us to do so，since that is what we are lacking at present and know little about24会议开得冷冷清清，有时甚至开不下去了。The meetings were marked by such an absence of lively discussions that at times they were almost on the point of breaking up25使用按键，勿用力过猛。avoid operating the keys roughly26科学家们在会上庄严地保证说：“我们决不辜负党对我们的期望。”The scientists made a solemn pledge at the conference，saying，“Well for ever live up to what our Party expects of us. ”27The evidence is conclusive，excluding all possibilities of doubt证据确凿，毋庸置疑。28那里的县委不了解下情。The County Party Committee there is ignorant of conditions at the lower levels29那家伙很不老实。That fellow is far from being honest30那城市及其周围的地方是不冻港和无核区。That city and the areas around it are an ice-free port and nuclear-weapon-free zone31栾平呆立着，回答不出杨子荣的一系列问题。Luan Ping stood still，trying vainly(in vain)to answer the battery of questions Yang Zirong raised32MrWhite has refrained from making any official cornment on the coup in that country怀特先生并没有对该国的政变发表正式评论。33That served to strengthen instead of weaken our determination.(or：That strengthened，rather than weakened，our determination)那件事没有减弱我们的决心，反倒增加了我们的决心。34But for the workers help，we should not have succeeded in this experiment没有工人们的帮助，我们这个实验便不会成功。35All that glitters is not gold(or：All is not gold that glitters)正译：闪闪发光者，未必皆黄金 (或：发光的并不都是金子)。 误译：发光的一切(一切发光的)不是金子。36“All is not lost”一John Milton (约翰密尔顿说过：)并非全失。(不能误译为“一切都没有失去。”)37George Bernard Shaw once said：“Al