2014年12月大学英语四级 新题型四级匹配练习题题.pdf

练习2 part reading comprehension (40 minutes) section b(原快速阅读理解调整为长篇阅读理解，篇章长度和难度不变。篇章后附有10 个句子，每句一题。每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相 匹配的段落。有的段落可能对应两题，有的段落可能不对应任何一题。) directions: in this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. you may choose a paragraph more than once. each paragraph is marked with a letter. answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on answer sheet 2. beauty and body image in the media a images of female bodies are everywhere. womenand their body partssell everything from food to cars. popular film and television actresses are becoming younger, taller and thinner. some have even been known to faint on the set from lack of food. womens magazines are full of articles urging that if they can just lose those last twenty pounds, they ll have it allthe perfect marriage, loving children, great sex, and a rewarding career. b why are standards of beauty being imposed on women, the majority of whom are naturally larger and more mature than any of the models? the roots, some analysts say, are economic. by presenting an ideal difficult to achieve and maintain, the cosmetic and diet product industries are assured of growth and profits. and it s 6 no accident that youth is increasingly promoted, along with thinness, as an essential criterion of beauty. if not all women need to lose weight, for sure they re all aging, says the quebec action network for womens health in its 2001 report. and, according to the industry, age is a disaster that needs to be dealt with. c the stakes are huge. on the one hand, women who are insecure about their bodies are more likely to buy beauty products, new clothes, and diet aids. it is estimated that the diet industry alone is worth anywhere between 40 to 100 billion (u.s.) a year selling temporary weight loss (90% to 95% of dieters regain the lost weight). on the other hand, research indicates that exposure to images of thin, young, air-brushed female bodies is linked to depression, loss of self-esteem and the development of unhealthy eating habits in women and girls. d the american research group anorexia nervosa two to three at most. you may use one color for all the titles and another for the text body. be consistent from slide to slide. choose a font color that contrasts well with the background. f) capitalizing the first letter of each word is good for the title of slides and suggests a more formal situation than having just the first letter of the first word capitalized. in bullet point lines, capitalize the first word and no other words unless they normally appear capped. upper and lower case lettering is more readable than all capital letters. moreover, current styles indicate that using all capital letters means you are shouting. if you have text that is in the wrong case, select the text, and then click shift+f3 until it changes to the case style that you like. clicking shift+f3 toggles the text case between all caps, lower case, and initial capital styles. g) use bold or italic typeface for emphasis. avoid underlining, it clutters up the presentation.dont center bulleted lists or text. it is confusing to read. left align unless you have a good reason not to. run “spell check” on your show when finished. the backgroundthe background h) keep the background consistent. simple, light textured backgrounds work well. complicated textures make the content hard to read. if you are planning to use many clips in your slides, select a white background. if the venue of your presentation is not adequately light-proof, select a dark-colored background and use any light color for text. minimize the use of “bells and whistles” such as sound effects, “flying words”and multiple transitions. don t use red in any fonts or backgrounds. it is an emotionally overwhelming color that is difficult to see and read. the clipsthe clips i) animations are best used subtly; too much flash and motion can distract and annoy viewers. do not rely too heavily on those images that were originally loaded on your computer with the rest of office. you can easily find appropriate clips on any topic through google images. while searching for images, do not use long search phrases as is usually done while searching the web-use specific words. j) when importing pictures, make sure that they are smaller than two megabytes and are in a .jpg format. larger files can slow down your show. keep graphs, charts and diagrams simple, if possible. use bar graphs and pie charts instead of tables of data. the audience can then immediately pick up the relationships. the presentationthe presentation k) if you want your presentation to directly open in the slide show view, save it as a slide show file using the following steps. open the presentation you want to save as a slide show. on the file menu, click save as. in the save as type list, click powerpoint show. your slide show file will be saved with a ppt file extension. when you double-click on this file, it will automatically start your presentation in slide show view. when youre done, powerpoint automatically closes and you return to the desktop. if you want to edit the slide show file, you can always open it from powerpoint by clicking open on the file menu. l) look at the audience, not at the slides, whenever possible. if using a laser pointer, dont move it too fast. for example, if circling a number on the slide, do it slowly. never point the laser at the audience. black out the screen (use “b” on the keyboard) after the point has been made, to put the focus on you. press the key again to continue your presentation. m) you can use the shortcut command ctrlp to access the pen tool during a slide show. click with your mouse and drag to use the pen tool to draw during your slide show. to erase everything youve drawn, press the e key. to turn off the pen tool, press esc once. miscellaneousmiscellaneous n) master slide set-up: the “master slide” will allow you to make changes that are reflected on every slide in your presentation. you can change fonts, colors, backgrounds, headers, and footers at the “master slide” level. first, go to the “view” menu. pull down the “master” menu. select the “slide master” menu. you may now make changes at this level that meet your presentation needs. 1. the ways in which academic and business presentations are made have been changed by microsoft powerpoint. 2. when making the powerpoint, the wording of the text should not be complicated. 3. in each slide, the font styles for the title and the text should contrast with each other. 4. a more formal situation is capitalizing the first letter of the first word. 5. centering bulleted lists or text can not help to read. 6. sound effects should be used as less frequently as possible. 7. when importing pictures, make sure that they are smaller than two megabytes. 8. when making the presentation, you should look at the audience as possible as you can. 9. pressing the e key can help you to erase everything youve drawn. 10. in order to meet your presentation needs, you can make changes at the “slide master” level. 答案： 1.a a 段讲到了微软的 powerpoint 对学术及商业陈述形式的改变， 可以直接定位到文章的首段。 2.b 根据题干中的信息词 wording of the text 定位到第一个小标题下的第一段。 3.c 根据题干中的信息词 the font styles for the title and the text 定位到 c 段。 4.f 根据题干中的信息词 more formal situation 和 capitalizing 定位到第一个小标题下的 f 段。 5.g 根据题干中的信息词 centering bulleted lists or text 定位到第一个小标题下的 g 段。 6.h 根据题干中的信息词 sound effects 定位到第二个小标题下的 h 段，minimize the use of “bells and whistles” such as sound effects。 7.j 根据题干中的信息词 importing 和 two megabytes 定位到第三个小标题下的 j 段。 8.l 根据题干中的信息词 look at the audience 定位到第四个小标题下的 l 段。 9.m 根据题干中的信息词 pressing the e key 定位到第四个小标题下的 m 段。 10.n 根据题干中的信息词 make changes at the “slide master” level 定位到文章的最后一 段可得答案。 paper-more than meets the eyepaper-more than meets the eye a) we are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. there are many varieties and grades of paper materials, and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades. b) it needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives. it is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. it is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card. c) paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word “paper“. many of these are very specialized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based. paper from woodpaper from wood d) in order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. it is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. that, in a very small nutshell, is the essence of paper making from wood. however, the reality is rather more complicated. in order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals. e) a further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. something called lignin. this is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. this will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. we have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. it has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years. not what we need for our archives. f) since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is “why is it left in the paper?“ the answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. by leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. removing it means a yield of only 35%. it is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications. g) it also means, of course, that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive, but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. there is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish! h) so, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? you cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. “acid-free“ might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. but lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously. i) added to this, as i have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. this looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. if you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on, the correct material then this is probably the only way. j) incidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. the acid will get there in the end. paper from ragpaper from rag k) paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. this has the advantage of being lignin-free, but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper. you will still need to purchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives. l) a reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board. m) the main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. the only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. it may cost rather more, but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possible. 1. the corn-flake packet is cheaper than high grade card. 2. there are a lot of materials which can be used for making paper, but the superiority ones are soft wood, cotton and rags. 3. during the whole manufacturing process, the final product is made from a pulp of cellulose fibres. 4. in order to make white paper and card, the makers will add bleach. 5. liguin is essential for the tree but it will make paper easy to break. 6. many paper producers will preserve lignin during manufacture, because leaving the lignin will make more paper from a tree. 7. acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials. 8. if the lignin is removed from the paper, the paper will be more expensive. 9. although free of lignin, paper made from cotton and rag waste can also cost more money than wood pulp paper because there is much less cotton and rag than trees. 10. what we can learn from “paper from rag“ is that you had better buy archival materials from specialist suppliers. 答案： 文章精要 本文主要介绍了我们平常所见所用的纸的复杂性，通过介绍用木头和破布料造纸的过 程，使我们对纸的类别、属性有了更深入的了解。 1.b 根据题干中的信息提示词 cornflake packet,high grade card,可定位到文章第二段，该 部分最后提到 corn-flake packet 在制造过程中比高等级的纸(high grade card)便宜. 2.c 根据题干中的信息提示词 soft wood，cotton and rags，可定位到文章第三段最后一句。 3.d 根据题干中的信息提示词 final product，可将答案定位到 d 段，第二、三句提到最后的产 品来源于纤维素纸浆。 4.d 根据题干中的信息提示词 white paper and card，可将答案定位到 d 段，该部分最后提到 为了得到白纸，纸张生产者在制造过程中添加了漂白粉和其他化学物质。 5.e 根据题干中的信息提示词 essential for the tree，可将答案定位到 e 段，该部分提到木 质素是木头的主要组成物，其作用是凝聚纤维素，但它会使纸张变得易碎。 6.f 根据题干中的信息提示词 lignin，可将答案定位到 f 段，该部分最后提到许多纸张生产者 在生产过程中会保留木质素，主要是因为它会增加树木的造纸产量。 7.g 根据题干中的信息提示词 acid，可将答案定位到 g 段，该部分最后提到酸对相纸的原料尤 其不利。 8.f 根据题干中的信息提示词 lignin 和 paper 可定位到文章的 f 段，因为该段提到，如果在纸 张的生产中去除木质素，将会降低树木出产纸张的量，由此可以知道，去除了木质素的纸张 价格必定会更加昂贵。 9.k 根据题干中的信息提示词 cotton and rag waste 可定位到文章的 k 段，该部分告诉我们， 尽管用棉花和破布料造的纸里没有木质素， 但它们要比木制的纸贵很多， 这是因为棉花和破 布料的数量比树木少得多，由此可以得出答案。 10.m 根据题干中的信息提示词 paper from ra9 可定位到文章的最后一段，该部分提出最好到专 业的供应商那里去买档案材料，由此可以得出答案。 a:what do we mean by being talented or gifted? the most obvious way is to look at the work someone does and if they are capable of significant success, label them as talented. the purely quantitative route percentage definition looks not at individuals, but at simple percentages, such as the top five percent of the population, and labels them by definition as gifted. this definition has fallen from favor, eclipsed by the advent of iq tests, favored by luminaries such as professor hans eysenck, where a series of written or verbal tests of general intelligence leads to a score of intelligence. b:the iq test has been eclipsed in turn. most people studying intelligence and creativity in the new millennium now prefer a broader definition, using a multifaceted approach where talents in many areas are recognized rather than purely concentrating on academic achievement. if we are therefore assuming that talented, creative or gifted individuals may need to be assessed across a range of abilities, does this mean intelligence can run in families as genetic or inherited tendency? mental dysfunction such as schizophrenia can, so is an efficient mental capacity passed on from parent to child? c:animal experiments throw some light on this question, and on the whole area of whether it is genetics, the environment or a combination of the two that allows for intelligence and creative ability. different strains of rats show great differences in intelligence or rat reasoning. if these are brought up in normal conditions and then run through a maze to reach a food goal, the bright-strain make far fewer wrong turns that the dull-ones. but if the environment is made dull and boring the number of errors becomes equal. return the rats to an exciting maze and the discrepancy returns as before but is much smaller. in other words, a dull rat in a stimulating environment will almost do as well as bright rat who is bored in a normal one. this principle applies to humans too someone may be born with innate intelligence, but their environment probably has the final say over whether they become creative or even a genius. d:evidence now exists that most young children, if given enough opportunities and encouragement, are able to achieve significant and sustainable levels of academic or sporting prowess. bright or creative children are often physically very active at the same time, and so many receive more parental attention as a result almost by default in order to ensure their safety. they may also talk earlier, and this, in turn, breeds parental interest. this can sometimes cause problems with other siblings who may feel jealous even though they themselves may be bright. their creative talents may be undervalued and so never come to fruition. two themes seem to run through famously creative families as a result. the first is that the parents were able to identify the talents of each child, and nurture and encourage these accordingly but in an even handed manner. individual differences were encouraged, and friendly sibling rivalry was not seen as particular proble