《英语写作之句子》PPT课件.ppt

写作技能 如何写好简单句 当一个句子只包含一个主谓结构时称为简单句。句子的两个主 要组成部分是主语和谓语，而谓语都是由动词构成的。因此，动 词在句子中起着极其重要的作用，可以说是句子的核心。在英语 中，各类动词后有不同的结构，从而构成不同的句型，抓住动词 及它们引起的各种句型，就会对英语句子有一个总的概念。简单 句大体上可以分为下面五种类型： 1.主语+不及物动词（S+Vi.） The little baby smiled.婴儿笑了。 2.主语+及物动词+宾语（S+Vt.+O） Lily knows French.莉莉懂法语。 Everybody laughed at that ugly boy. 每个人都嘲笑那个丑陋的男孩。 3.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 （S+Vt.+IO+DO） My grandmother told me a story. 我的奶奶给我讲了一个故事。 My uncle bought a new computer for me. 我的叔叔给我买了一台新电脑。 4.主语+系动词+表语（S+V.+P） The food is (tastes) very delicious. 食物尝起来非常美味。 5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（S+Vt.+O+C） The news made us surprised. 这消息使我们很吃惊。 Miss Wang told me not to be discouraged. 王女士告诉我别气馁。 即时练习连词成句 1.at,red,face,news,her,turned,the 2.we,bus,catch,so as to,got,first,up,the,early 3.a,made,she,dress,beautiful,me 4.first,my,made,homework,me,do,my mother 5.found,with,family,to,it,your,very,I,pleasant,be Her face turned red at the news. We got up early so as to catch the first bus. She made me a beautiful dress. My mother made me do my homework first. I found it very pleasant to be with your family. 写作技能 简单句型的高级形式 简单句其实也可以不简单，若将简单句与非谓语动词短语、形容 词短语、同位语、独立主格结构等巧妙地合在一起，不但可以表达 更丰富的内容，而且可以使句子变得更精彩，充分显示你的英语表 达实力。高考写作范文高级简单句，请欣赏： 1.同位语：I want to have a penfriend, 我想有一个笔友，希望是一个二十出头且兴趣相 投的女孩子。（ 同位语中又有两个并列的介词短语修饰） 2.形容词短语： ,Thomas Edison was a great scientist and inventor. 出生于美国的托马斯爱迪生是一个伟大的科学家和发明家。 3.不定式短语： ， we need to do sports. 为了学习好，我们需要体育运 动 4.现在分词短语：In this picture,a mother bird stays in her nest in a big tree, . 在这幅图中，一个鸟妈妈呆在一棵大树的鸟巢里，观看她的鸟仔飞走。 hopefully a girl in her early twenties and with interests similar to mine. Born in America In order to study well watchingher babies flying away. 5.过去分词短语： ,mobile phones and the Internet are faster and much more convenient. 与信件和公用电话相比，手机和网络更快也更方便 6.介词短语： ，he encourages us to think by ourselves. 他鼓励我们独立思考，而不是马上告诉我们答案. Compared with letters and public phones Instead of giving us answers immediately 即时练习按括号中的提示翻译下列句子 1.我是李华，四川的一个学生。（同位语） 2.与其他老师相比，摩尔先生更注意教学方法。 （用过去分词短语） 3.北京动物园，建于1906年，有100多年的历史了。 （用过去分词短语） Im Li Hua,a student in Sichuan. Compared with other teachers,Mr. Moore pays more attention to his way of teaching. The Beijing Zoo,built in 1906,has a history of more than 100 years. 4.李华在公共汽车站等601路公交车去上学。（现在 分词短语） 5.我们学生应当通过努力学习而不是考试作弊来试 图获得好成绩。（介词短语） Li Hua was at the bus stop,waiting for Bus No.601 to go to school. We students should try to get good results by studying hard instead of cheating in examinations. 写作技能 简单句的扩展 句子的扩展，就是在名词前后加上前置或后置定 语，在动词、形容词或者副词前后加上适当的状 语，或增加修饰整个句子的状语，等等，其目的是 使结构形式更饱满、内容表达更加清楚、语言表达 更生动。我们练习句子的扩展，有助于循序渐进地 实现由句到段的过渡。 【例1】对The man was famous.（主语+系动词+表 语）一句进行扩展，可得到以下一些句子： a.The man was a famous artist. (划线部分为定语) named Mike b. ,the man was very famous .(划线部分为状语) 【例2】对The student jumped.（主语+谓语）一句 进行扩展，可得到以下一些句子： a.The student jumped.（划线部分为定语） b. ,the naughty student jumped .（划线部分为状语） At the age of seventeen because of being good at playing the piano naughtywith glasses on Hearing the good news with joy in class without any hesitation 【例3】Chinese are making China more powerful. （主语+谓语+宾语+宾补）一句进行扩展，可得到以 下一些句子： a. Chinese are making China more powerful.（划线部分为定语） b. ,hard-working and open-minded Chinese are making full of resources more powerful .（划线部分为状语） Hard-working and open-minded full of resources With time going on than before as expected 即时练习按要求对下列句子进行扩展 1.Students buy books.（至少要含非谓语、介词短 语和从句等作定语） 2.Students work.（至少要含非谓语、介词短语和 从句等作状语） The diligent students in our class often buy some books written in English on science, which are really well worth buying. In order to improve their school subjects, students work hard in the classroom so that they forget to go out after class. 3.The man gave me a pen.（至少含一个不定式短 语，一个现在分词短语） In order to help me,the old man standing over there gave me a red pen to write with the day before yesterday. 写作技能 简单句合并成并列句或复合句 有时为了使句子的连贯性更强，表达更为贴切、自然，我们在两 个或者多个简单句之间加上and,but,or（或者，否则），for（因为 ），while（而，却），when（就在这个时候）等并列连词，就成为 并列复合句。如： 1.They were happy.They deserved their happiness. They were happy and they deserved their happiness. 2.You must hurry.Youll miss the plane. You must hurry or youll miss the plane. 3.Honey is sweet.The bee stings. Honey is sweet,but the bee stings. 在两个或者多个简单句之间加上when, after, as, because, where,which,who等从属连词，可以使简单句变成复合句，从而扩展 成高级句子。如： 1.I forgot to post the letter.I wrote it yesterday. （改为含定语从句的复合句） I forgot to post the letter which I wrote yesterday. 2.He missed the first bus.He came to school late. （改为含状语从句的复合句） Because he missed the first bus,he came to school late. He missed the first bus,so he came to school late. 即时练习按要求对下列句子进行扩展 1.He was tired.He went to bed.（合并成一个并列句） He was tired;so he went to bed. 2.Our teacher must be at home.The door is open. （合并成一个并列句） Our teacher must be at home for the door is open. 3.They were in truth sisters.It was clear. （改为含名词性从句的复合句） It was clear that they were in truth sisters. 写作技能 如何写好并列句（一） 并列连词的意义与作用 由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子叫并列句。 并列句的基本句型是：“简单句+并列连词（或连接副词）+简 单句”。不同的并列连词或连接副词表示不同的关系。所以， 要写好并列句，首先必须了解每个并列连词的意义和功能。下 表是对所有并列连词（或连接副词）的归类与功能的概括。 并列连词连词 其他意思相似的并列连词连词 在句子中表示的意思 andfurthermore,besides,in addition,moreover,also, likewise,not only.but (also). 并列或递进递进 （此外 ， 而且） but,yet however,nevertheless, still,in contrast,while 对对比（但是；然而） for 原因（因为为） or otherwise,not.but., either.or. 选择选择 （或者，否则则 ， 不然的话话） so consequently,therefore, thus,accordingly,then 结结果（因此，所以） nor neither 否定选择选择 （也不） 即时练习请选择用的并列连词填空 1.I dont agree with you, does my partner. 2.Find out where they are going this evening ask if we may join them. 3.He was very seriously ill; doctors have almost given up hope of his recovery. 4.They go to concerts of pop music they really like it. 5.She cant hope to pass the exam in December,_ shell have to wait till June. 6.He broke the rules of the school;_ he had to leave. nor/neither and therefore for so therefore 7.I dont know anything against the man; ，I dont trust him. 8.Ill buy a new suit when I get the cheque for the work I did; ,Im afraid this old one will have to do a bit longer. 9. is your answer wrong mine is. 10.You must work harder; you will be put into another class. 11. you come to my place or I go to yours. 12.Id love to, I have lots of homework to do. 13.Tom was rich his brother was very poor. however nevertheless Not only otherwise Either but while but also 有同学认为,并列句十分简单,就是将两个简单 句用并列连词连接起来。其实不然,在写作中,我们 必须认真分析两个被连接起来的简单句之间内在的 逻辑关系,然后选择恰当的并列连词,才能真正写出 质量好的并列句。请认真研读以下并列句,分析其逻 辑关系。试试看,如果用别的功能的并列连词替换, 逻辑关系是否仍然成立？ 写作技能 如何写好并列句(二) 辨清不同功能的并列连词 1.He works hard,and he plays hard too. 分析：在前一个分句的意思的基础上有递进。其 含义相当于： He not only works hard,but also plays hard. 或： He plays hard as well as works hard. 2.I was tired, but I felt happy. 分析：后一个分句的意思不是前一个分句意思的 顺接，而是出现转折的结果。 3.We stayed at home,for it was raining. 分析：后一个分句是对前一个分句的原因的补充。 4.It was cold,so we decided to stay at home. 分析：后一个分句是前一个分句的结果。 5.Hurry up,or youll be late for class. 分析：后一个分句是与前一个分句的结果相反的 结果。 由以上分析可见，并列连词的选择也是要遵循句 子间的逻辑关系的，如果不小心，同样会犯逻辑 错误。 即时练习 请根据所给的句子的信息及所提供的并列连词完成 句子 1.You have to learn English,and. You have to learn English,and you must/ should learn it well. 2.You should read some English every day,or. You should read some English every day,or you cant make much progress. 3.Many students do quite well in the recitation,but. Many students do quite well in the recitation, but they dont know how to use them properly in their writing. 4.Most of the students are afraid of speaking English in class,so. Most of the students are afraid of speaking English in class,so it is a good way to speak with your classmates after class. 5.Some students cant tell the difference between “thirteen” and “thirty”,for. Some students cant tell the difference between “thirteen” and “thirty”,for the two numbers sound alike. 写作技能 如何写好并列句(三) 运用不同功能的并列连词写并列句 在高考评卷时，阅卷的老师常常会读到这样的 文章，文章将内容要点都覆盖了，但通篇都是简单 句，结果得分不高。因此，如能适当地使用并列 句，当可提高文章的可读性与质量。其实，方法很 简单，可根据各要点形成几个简单句，再将简单句 中有内在逻辑联系的句子用适当的并列连词合并 为并列句。 即时练习 .请根据并列句的逻辑关系加上恰当的并列连词， 将两个句子合并为一个并列句 1.This will cost quite some money.Its worthwhile in a long run. 2.He would have won the game easily.He fell and broke his leg. This will cost quite some money; nevertheless, its worthwhile in a long run. He would have won the game easily; however, he fell and broke his leg. 3.Shakespeare was a writer.Shakespeare was also an actor. 4.He had failed many times.He was confident 5.Donna was not satisfied with her own achievement.Donna was not satisfied with the teams performance. Shakespeare was not only a writer but also an actor. that he would succeed in the end. He had failed many times,but/yet he was confident that he would succeed in the end. Donna was neither satisfied with her own achievement nor with the teams performance. .翻译句子 1.昨天我生日。很多同学送给我礼物。 2.书籍增长了我们的见识，开拓了我们的视野。 3.地震中有10人死亡，3 000多人无家可归。 It was my birthday yesterday,so many classmates gave me presents. Books not only enrich our knowledge but (also) widen our vision. Ten people were killed in the earthquake, and more than 3,000 people were left homeless. 4.兄弟俩很不同。一个喜欢看书，另一个热衷运动。 5.宠物通常很脏，甚至有的会伤人。 The brothers are very different:one likes reading while the other is crazy about sports. Pets are usually dirty and some might even hurt people. 写作技能 简单句合并成并列句或复合句 有时为了使句子的连贯性更强，表达更为贴切 、自然，我们在两个或者多个简单句之间加上 and,but,or（或者，否则）,for（因为）,while（ 而，却）,when（就在这个时候）等并列连词，就 成为并列复合句。如： 1.They were happy.They deserved their happiness.They were happy and they deserved their happiness. 2.You must hurry.Youll miss the plane. You must hurry or youll miss the plane. 3.Honey is sweet.The bee stings.Honey is sweet,but the bee stings. 在两个或者多个简单句之间加上when,after, as,because,where,which,who等从属连词,可以使 简单句变成复合句，从而扩展成高级句子。如： 1.I forgot to post the letter.I wrote it yesterday.（改为含定语从句的复合句）I forgot to post the letter which I wrote yesterday. 2.He missed the first bus.He came to school late.（改为含状语从句的复合句） Because he missed the first bus,he came to school late.He missed the first bus,so he came to school late. 即时练习按要求对下列句子进行扩展 1.He was tired.He went to bed.（合并成一个 并列句） 2.Our teacher must be at home.The door is open.（合并成一个并列句） 3.They were in truth sisters.It was clear. （改为含名词性从句的复合句） He was tired;so he went to bed. Our teacher must be at home for the door is open. It was clear that they were in truth sisters. 写作技能 利用复合句提高句子档次 复合句是使结构复杂化的一个方法，我们可以 借助于它表达比较复杂的内容。在应试写作时，考 生应尽可能地运用复合句以使文章更有逻辑性，同 时也提高了文章的档次。要写好复合句就需要注意： 千万不要将汉语一一对译成英语，一定要注意所写 复合句符合英语句子结构的特点及复合句中句子成 分的完整。如“到车站时，他发现火车已经走 了”，如果一一对译，则容易误译为： When arrived at the station,he found the train had already left. 从句与简单句一样，需讲究句子结构的完整 性，只不过从句前有一个引导从句的连词而已。在 when arrived at.中，很明显，缺少主语，需在 when后加上he。 即时练习把下列每组句子转换成复合句 1.In the town there was only one school.I studied there for six years. 2.I have spare time.I will go to see you. 3.He got up very early this morning.He could catch the first bus. In the town there was only one school where I studied for six years. If I have spare time,I will go to see you. He got up very early this morning so that he could catch the first bus. 4.You study hard.You will pass the exam.(only if) 5.Stop blowing.The glass will become clear again. Only if you study hard will you pass the exam. Stop blowing and the glass will become clear again. 一）、怎样运用复杂结构： 1. 改变时态 The bell is ringing now. (一般) 2. 改变语态 People suggest that the conference be put off. (一般) There goes the bell. (高级) It is suggested that the conference be put off. (高级) 3. 使用不定式 4. 使用过去分词 He is so kind that he can help me. (一般) He is so kind as to help me. (高级) She walked out of the room and many students followed her. (一般) Followed by many students, she . (高级) Once it is seen, it can never be forgotten . (一般) Once seen, it can . (高级) 5. 使用v-ing形式 When he arrives please give me an e-mail. (一般) If the weather permits, Ill come tomorrow. (一般) On his arriving/ arrival, please give. (高级) Weather permitting, Ill come tomorrow. (高级) Now our school has three teachers. They teach 48 pupils. (一般) Now our School has three teachers, teaching 48 pupils. (高级) It disappointed everybody that he didnt turn up. (一般) I happened to have met him. (一般) 6. 使用名词性从句 The fact that he didnt turn up disappointed everybody. (高级) It happened that I had met him. (高级) To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things. (一般) What surprised him is that the girl. (高级) 7. 使用状语从句 I wont believe what he says. (一般) If you come back before six oclock, you can go out. (一般) The meal was very nice. We all enjoyed it very much. (一般) No matter what he says, I wont believe. (高级) You can go out on condition that you come back before. (高级) The meal was so nice that we all. (高级) 8. 使用定语从句 The girl is spoken highly of. Her composition was well written. (一般) The girl whose composition was well written was spoken highly of. (高级) I studied Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry and computer at school. (一般) The subjects I studied at school included Chinese, maths, English. (高级) 9. 使用虚拟语气 The ship didnt sink because there were the efforts of the captain. (一般) I wasnt invited to the party, so I didnt attend it. (一般) If I had been invited to the party, I would have attended it. (高级) But for the efforts of the captain, the ship would have sunk. (高级) 10. 使用强调句、倒装句、感叹句 Regular radio broadcasts began in 1920. (一般) It was not until 1920 that regular radio. (高级) Weak as I am, Ill make the effort. (高级) Though Im weak, I will make the effort. (一般 ) How glad we were to see the crops and.! (高级) We were glad to see the crops and vegetables growing very well. (一般) 11. 使用并列句 If you go through the gate, youll find the entrance to Bear Country. (一般) Go through the gate, and youll find. (高级) I got up late this morning, otherwise I could have caught the early bus. (高级) I got up late this morning. I didnt catch the early bus. (一般) The more he spoke, the more excited he felt. (高级) When he spoke, he felt more and more excited. (一般) At the news of her death, he went. (高级) She has trouble in pronouncing the word. (高级) Whose turn is it to be on duty today? (高级) When he heard she had died, he went pale with sorrow. (一般) She cant correctly pronounce the word. (一般) Who will be on duty today? (一般) 怎样运用高级词汇： 二）、怎样运用高级词汇： As a result, the plan was a failure. (一般) She went to Austria in order to study music. (一般) Because the weather was good, our journey was comfortable. (一般) The plan turned out to be a failure. (高级) She went to Austria for the purpose of studying music. (高级) Thanks to the good weather, our journey. (高级) She doesnt like sports. She cares nothing for sports. We had to go home. What we had to do was go home. 写作技能 高考书面表达中常见的错误分析(一) 1.关系不一致 英语语法要求意义一致。所谓意义一致，不仅指谓语 要与主语在人称和数上保持一致，还指谓语要与主语所表 达的实际意义一致。 2.词性混淆 词汇对于写作相当重要，词汇量越大越有利于写作。 但是，有的学生平时在记单词时，只记拼写、读音和词义 而忽略词性，这是不对的。因为英语句子的各个成分都是 由一定词性的词来充当的。 3.用词累赘 “累赘”现象普遍存在于习作之中，要避免这一现象的 发生，必须加强语言基本功训练，学习中要勤思多练。 4.无连接词错误 汉语句子是重“意合”，句子前后连接主要 通过上下文的逻辑意义来实现，连接词的使用远 少于英语；而英语句子的特点之一是重“形 合”，句子的各个部分要由各种连词、关系代词 等连接起来，由于这一特点，很多学生在写作时 往往忘了使用连接词，造成诸多病句。 5.非完整句错误 一个句子至少包括主语和谓语两部分(祈使句除外)，如 果将句子的某一部分当作一个完整的句子，就会导致非完整 句错误。写作中，很多学生会犯此错误，对此应特别注意。 6.选词或搭配不当 对英语词汇的理解，不能只停留在了解其表面意义上， 而应掌握内在含义，同时要熟悉它们的习惯搭配。平时学习 词汇时，要勤于思考，勤查词典，尤其要多记英语解释，弄 清它们的确切意思和用法，以免造成错误。 写作常见错误分析： 1. 句子缺谓语 1) The building like a match box. 2) He told me that all my classmates sitting in the classroom. 1) A worker of the farm lead us to the field. 2) All the students like books that was written by Lu Xun. 2.主谓不一致，尤其是单数第三人称作主 语时，谓语的单复数形式出现错误。 3.时态错误 4.词性混用 1) When he came back, he found that his wife has gone to bed. 2) What are you doing this time yesterday? 1) She enjoys study English. 2) If anyone against the plan, please let me know. 5.介词误用 6.冠词误用 1) In my surprise, he has got the first prize. 2) He came here to attend the meeting by a new car. 3) Dont read under the sun. 1) We elected Li Hua the monitor of the Class Five. 2) Once upon a time, there was an one-eyed lion. 3) The history is actually a very interesting subject. 7.名词的数混淆 8.动词用法错误 1) It is rare to see such a nice weather in Beijing. 2) There is always traffic jam. 1) Where are you come from? 2) When I arrived Hong Kong, my mother was there waiting for me. 3) He didnt notice the teacher to come into the classroom. 4) The accident was happened in 1999. 9.习惯用法错误 1) The actor in this movie is very beautiful. 2) I and My parents were working in the fields at that time. 3) The reason is because he does not know what to do next. 10. 句子之间的逻辑关系不清 误：It hit the old man down but the driver, a woman, didnt stop her car. Finding she had caused an accident, the woman sped her car to flee away. The old man and I saw the cars number. Its AC864. The old man couldnt move , I decided to help him. 正：It hit the old man down but the driver, who was a woman, didnt stop her car. Finding she had caused an accident, the woman sped her car to flee away. Fortunately, I saw the cars number. Its AC864. Noticing the old man couldnt move, I decided to help him. 11.画蛇添足 、过多的长句使句子复杂化 （语言不简洁） 修改前： A famous sportsman was giving a speech which was rather inter