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383 h,h h 【阅读判断阅读判断】 inventor of led-led的发明者 近义词when nick holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor alloys, his colleagues thought he was unrealistic. today, his discovery of light-emitting diodes or1 leds, are used in everything from dvds to alarm clocks to airports. dozens of his students have continued his work, developing lighting used in traffic lights and other everyday technology. 反义词on april 23, 2004, holonyak received the $500,000 lemelson-mit prize at a ceremony in washington. this marks the 10th year that the lemelson-mit program at the massachusetts institute of technology (mit) has given the award to prominent inventors. 近义词“anytime you get an award, big or little2, its always a surprise,“ holonyak said. 派生词holonyak, 75, was a student of john bardeen, an inventor of the transistor, in the early 1950s. after graduate school3, holonyak worked at bell labs. he later went to general electric4, where he invented a switch now widely used in house dimmer switches5. 近义词later, holonyak started looking into how semiconductors could be used to generate light. but while his colleagues were looking at how to generate invisible light, be wanted to generate visible light. the leds he invented in 1962 now last about 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, and are more environmentally friendly and cost effective. 相关短语holonyak, now a professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at the university of illinois, said he suspected that leds would become as commonplace as they are today. but didnt realize how many uses they would have. 近义词“you dont know in the beginning. you think youre doing something important, you think its worth doing, but you really cant tell what the big payoff is going to be, and when, and how. you just dont know,“ he said. 反义词the lemelson-mit program also recognized edith flanigen, 75, with the $100,000 lemelson- mit lifetime achievement award for her work on a new generation of “molecular sieves“ that can separate molecules by size. 词源解析 当nick holonyak着手用半导 体含金创造一种新的可视照明设备的时 候,同事们都认为他不现实。今天,他发 现的发光二极管,或叫 led,使用范围覆 appeared盖从 dvd到机场警钟的一切 东西。他的许多学生继续着他的工作,发 明了交通灯中使用的照明设备和其他的日 用技术。 近义词2004年 4月 23号,holoyak在华 盛顿的一次典礼上被授予 lemelson-mit项 目的 50万美元的奖金。这是麻省理工的 lemelson-mit项目第十年颁奖给杰出的发 明人。 词源解析“任何时候你得了奖,不论是 大是小,总是一分惊喜。” holonyad说。 相关短语holonyak, 75岁,是 20世纪 50 年代初期晶体管的发明者 john bardeen的 strangers学生。从研究生院毕业之后, holonyak在 bell实验室工作。之后去了通 用电器公司,在那里他发明了一种开关, 现在家用减光开关中普遍使用。 词源解析后来, holonyak开始研究如何 应用半导体发电。当他的同事们正在研究 如何发出看不见的光时,他却想要看得见 的光。 1962年他发明的 led,现在的使用 寿命可以比白炽灯泡长十倍,而且更环保、 更经济。 相关短语holonyak现在是伊利诺斯大学 电子、计算机工程和物理专业的教授,他 dorothy说他预料到 led的使用有可能 像今天这样普遍,但没有意识到它会有多 少用途。 近义词“开始的时候你并不知道,你认 为你在做一件很重要的事情,你认为它值 得做,但是你不能说出要付出多大的代价, 什么时候付出,怎样付出。你并不知道。” 他说。 384 英语多功能词典 h 相关短语lemelson-mit项目同样授予 75岁的 edith flanigen 10万美元的终身成就 奖,她的成就是创造新一代的“分子筛” , 也就是可以通过大小来分离分子。 1.holonyaks colleagues thought he would fail in his research on leds at the time when he started it.-right 2.holonyak believed that his students that were working with him on the project would get the lemelson-mit prize sooner or later-not mentioned 3.holonyak was the inventor of the transistor in the early 1950s-wrong 4.holonyak believed that leds would become very popular in the future-right 5.holonyak said that you should not do anything you are not interested in-not mentioned 6.edith flanigen is the only co-inventor of leds-not mentioned 7.the lemelson-mit prize has a history of over 100 yearswrong el nino-厄尔尼诺 近义词while some forecasting methods had limited success predicting the 1997 el nino a few months in advance1, the columbia university researchers say their method can predict large el nino events up to two years in advance. that would be good news for governments, farmers and others seeking to plan for the droughts and heavy rainfall that el nino can produce in various parts of the world. 反义词using a computer, the researchers matched sea-surface temperatures to later el nino occurrences between 1980 and 2000 and were then able to anticipate el nino events dating back to 1857, using prior sea-surface temperatures. the results were reported in the latest issue of the journal nature. 近义词the researchers say their method is not perfect, but bryan c weare, a meteorologist at the university of california, davis, who was not involved in the work, said it “suggests2 el nino is indeed predictable.” 反义词 “this will probably convince others to search around more for even better methods,” said weare. he added that the new method “makes it possible to predict el nino at long lead times3.” other models also use sea-surface temperatures, but they have not looked as far back because they need other data, which is only available for recent decades, weare said. 派生词the ability to predict the wanning and cooling of the pacific is of immense importance4. the 1997 el nino, for example, caused an estimated $20 billion in damage worldwide, offset by beneficial effects in other areas, said david anderson of the european centre for medium-range weather forecasts in reading, england. the 1877 el nino, meanwhile, coincided with a failure of the indian monsoon and a famine that killed perhaps 40 million in india and china, prompting the development of seasonal forecasting, anderson said. 反义词when el nino hit in 1991 and 1997, 200 million people were affected by flooding in china alone, according to a 2002 united nations report. 近义词while predicting smaller el nino events remains tricky, the ability to predict larger ones should be increased to at least a year if the new method is confirmed. 反义词el nino tends to develop between april and june and reaches its peak between december and february. the warming tends to last between 9 and 12 months and occurs every two to seven years. 近义词the new forecasting method does not predict any major el nino events in the next two years, although a weak warming toward the end of this year is possible. 词源解析当某些预报方法不能提前几 个月成功预测 1997年厄尔尼诺现象的时 候,哥伦比亚大学的研究人员说他们的方 important法可以提前两年预测厄尔尼诺 现象。这对全世界各地的政府、农民和其 他寻求为厄尔尼诺带来的干旱和大雨做准 385 h,h h 备的人来说是一条好消息。 相关短语研究人员使用计算机把 1980 年初 2000年之间的海面温度和后来的厄 cites尔尼诺的发生联系起来,进而能够用 之前的海面温度预测远至 1857年的厄尔 尼诺现象。研究结果刊登在最新的自然 杂志上。 近义词研究人员说他们的方法并不完 美,但加利福尼亚大学的气象学家 bryan c.weare说这种方法显示出厄尔尼诺是可以 预测的,尽管他们已并没有参加研究工作。 相关短语weare说:“这会促使其他人去 寻找里好的办法。”他还补充说,新的方法 “使在提前很长的一段时间里预测厄尔尼 continued诺现象成为可能。 ”其他的方 法也使用海面温度,但他们没能回顾得那 么久远是因为缺少其他的资料,而这些资 料在近几十年才能够获得。 词源解析预测太平洋的升温和降温有 极其重要的意义。 英国 reading的欧洲中级 天气预报中心的 david anderson说:以 1997 年的厄尔尼诺为例,它导致了全球范围内 约 200亿美元的损失,抵消了在其他一些 地区的良性影响; 1877年的厄尔尼诺与印 friendly度遭受的季风和饥荒同时发生, 导致了印度和中国约四千万人丧生,结果 剌激了季节性预报的发展。 近义词根据 2002年的联合国报道, 1991年初和 1997年厄尔尼诺爆发的时候, 仅中国就有 2亿人受到洪水的侵害。 词源解析然而小的厄尔尼诺预测还是 难以捉摸的,如果新的方法被认可的话, 对大型厄尔尼诺现象的预测至少应该被提 前一年。 相关短语厄尔尼诺总是在 4月和 6月 期间发展,在 12月和翌年2月之间达到高 through峰。气候总是在 9月初 12月之 间变暖,并且每 2年到 7年出现一次。 词源解析尽管气温在年底的时候有可 能微弱上升,新的预测方法预计未来两年 不会出现大的厄尔尼诺现象。 1.the method used by the columbia university researchers can predict el nino a few months in advance-wrong 2.the columbia university researchers studied the relationship between the past el nino occurrences and sea-surface temperatures-right 3.the columbia university researchers are the first to use sea-surface temperatures to match the past el nino occurrences-not mentioned 4.weares contribution in predicting el nino was highly praised by other meteorologists-not mentioned 5.according to a chinese report, the flooding in china caused by el nino in 1991 and 1997 affected 200 million chinese people-wrong 6.it takes about eight months for el nino to reach its peak-right 7.a special institute has been set up in america to study el nino-not mentioned smoking-吸烟 近义词since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. the trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy1. 反义词cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply. 近义词apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco does to the human body. smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. there is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. as smoke is breathed in, all those components form 386 英语多功能词典 h deposits on the membranes of the lungs. one point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. most lung cancer begins at this point. 反义词filters and low tar tobacco2 are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards. 近义词自1939年以来,人们进行了无数 次研究,以确定吸烟是否危害健康。证据 的趋向是一致的, 并且显示出吸烟对健康 有严重危害。研究组进行的研究超出了所 有合理的怀疑,表明吸烟与人的 预期寿命 的缩短有关。 词源解析这个领域的大部分研究人员 friendly都认为吸烟是肺癌和喉癌产生的 重要原因,并且和人体其他某些 器官的癌 症有关。吸烟的男性因心脏病的死亡率禽 于不吸烟的男性。女性吸烟者被认为受的 影响 较小,因为她们不深吸烟。 相关短语除了统计之外,看一看吸烟对 人体的作用也可能会有帮助。烟是各种气 体、蒸发的化学物、 微小的灰和其他固体 颗粒的混合物。里面还有很强的毒素尼古 ethics丁和黑焦油。当烟被玻入时,所有 这些成分形成肺膜上的沉淀物。集中的一 点是气管和支气管分叉的地方。大部分肺 癌开始于这 一点。 词源解析滤嘴和焦油含量低的烟草被 宣称使抽烟在某种程度上安全一些,但是 它们只能稍微降低危 害而不是消除危害。 1.it is easy to determine whether smoking is hazardous.- wrong 2.smoking reduces ones life expectancy-right 3.smoking may induce lung cancer- right 4.there is evidence that smoking is responsible for breast cancer-not mentioned 5.male smokers have a lower death rate from heart disease than female smokers- wrong 6.nicotine is poisonous- right 7.filters and low tar tobacco make smoking safe-wrong engineering ethics-工程道德 近 义 词engineering ethics is attracting increasing interest in engineering universities throughout the nation. at texas a而对于恋人们来说, 它则象 征着浪漫。 相关短语 “这座塔将在我们所有的人 离去后长久存在。”埃菲尔铁塔管理公司 404 英语多功能词典 h 的伊莎贝尔说。 1.why does the author think the eiffel tower is transformed into symbol of a world on the move? -tourists of all nationalities come to scribble on the cold iron of the tower. 2.what seems strange to the author?-visitors prefer wasting time scribbling to enjoying the view. 3.which statements is not true of hugues richard?- he climbed 747 steps up the tower in 19 minutes and 4 seconds. 4.what did the builder use the eiffel tower for? -conducting research in various fields. 5.which of the following is nearest in meaning to “(the eiffel tower is like) a blank canvas for visitors to make of it what they will”?-visitors can imagine freely what the tower represents. an essential scientific process- 一个至关重要的科学过程 近义词all life on the earth depends upon green plants.using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. then animals feed upon theplants. they take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. but thatsnot all. sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. some of the oxygen is usedby the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. the excess oxygen is necessary for animalsand other organisms to live. 反义词the process of changing light into food and oxygenis called photosynthesis. besides light energy from the sun, plants also usewater and carbon dioxide. the water gets to the plant through its roots. the carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. the carbon dioxide travels to chlorop lasts, special cells in the bodies of greenplants. this is where photosynthesis takes place. chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. the chlorophylls are themolecules that trap light energy. the trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose. 近义词carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. water vapor also moves out of the stomata. more than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. during the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. this allows carbon dioxide toenter the leaves for photosynthesis. as night falls, carbon dioxide is notneeded. the stomata of most plants close. water loss stops. 反义词if photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. most organisms would disappear. theearths atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet. 相关短语地球上所有的生命都依靠绿 色植物生存。植物利用阳光制造自己的食 物,而动物则以植物为食,它们吸收植物 制造和储存的营养物质。但是植物能做的 honorary还不仅仅这些,它们还能利用 阳光产生氧气,这些氧气的一部分被植物 自身消耗了,但植物消耗的氧气量远小于 它们产生的氧气,这些多余的氧气对于动 物以及其他生物体的生存是至关重要的。 词源解析植物将光转化为营养物质和 氧气的这个过程叫作光合作用,在这一过 程中,植物不仅吸收阳光中的能量,还吸 收水和二氧化碳。水通过根系进入植物体 内,而二氧化碳则通过叶片上的小孔进入 million植物体,这些小孔叫作气孔。二氧 化碳进入植物体内后,到达叶绿体,叶绿 体是绿色植物体内的一种特殊细胞。叶绿 体是光合作用发生的地方。叶绿体内包含 叶绿素,这种物质使得叶子呈现绿色,它 是一种吸收光能的分子,吸收进来的光能 将水和二氧化碳转化,产生氧气和一种结 构简单的糖葡萄糖。 相关短语二氧化碳和氧气通过气孔进 出。水蒸气也是从气孔逸出。植物体通过 predicted根系吸收的水分中的 90%。白 天,大多数植物的气孔都是张开的,使得 二氧化碳能进入植物体参与光合作用。到 了夜晚,植物不再需要二氧化碳,于是大 多数植物的气孔就关闭了,水分散失也停 止了。 405 h,h h 词源解析如果光合作用停止的话, 地球 上将不会再有食物或其他有机物质,大多 patients数生物体都会消失,地球的大气 中的氧气也将消失。光合作用对于地球上 的生命来说是至关重要的。 1.in the first paragraph,the word “excess” means extra. 2.which of the following does notmove through a plants stomata?food. 3.in the title, the term essential scientific process refers tophotosynthesis. 4.this passage is primarily developed by explaining a process. 5.another good title for this passage would be how photosynthesis works. young female chimps outlearn their brothers-年轻雌星星学习优于他们的 兄弟 近义词young female chimps are faster and better learners than young male chimps, suggests a new study, echoing learning differences seen in human girls and boys. 反义词while young male chimps pass their time playing. young female chimps carefully study their mothers. as a result, they learn how to fish for tasty termite snacks over two years before the boys. 近义词elizabeth lonsdorf, now at lincoln park zoo in chicago, us, and colleagues at the university of minnesota, saint paul spent four years watching how young chimpanzees in the gombe national park in tanzania learned “cultural behavior”. 相关短语the sex differences in learning behavior were “ consistent and strikingly apparent” , says the team. the researchers point out that similar differences are seen in human children with regard to skills such as writing. “a sex-based learning differences may therefore date back at least to the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans.” they write in the journal nature. 近义词chimps make flexible tools from vegetation and then insert them into termite mounds, extract them and then munch the termites clinging onto the tool. the researchers used video cameras to record this feeding behavior and found that each chimp mother had her own technique, such as how she used tools of different lengths. 反义词analysis of the six infants whose ages were known showed that girl chimps were an average of 31 months old when they succeeded in fishing out their termites, where the boy chimps were aged 58 months on average. females were also more skillful at getting out more termites with every dip and used techniques similar to their mothers while males did not. 派生词instead of studying their mothers, the boy chimps spent a significantly greater amount of time frolicking around the termite mound. behaviors such as playing or swinging might help the male infants later in life when typically male activities like hunting or fighting for dominance become important, suggest the researchers. 反义词lonsdorf adds that there just two main sources of animal protein for chimps the termites or colobus monkeys. “mature males often hunt monkeys up trees, but females are almost always either pregnant or burdened with a clinging infant. this makes hunting difficult,” she says .“adult females spend more time fishing for termites than males.” so becoming proficient at termite fishing could mean adult females eat better, “they can watch their offspring at the same time. the young of both sexes seen to pursue activities related to their adult sex roles10 at a very young age.” 相关短语一项新的研究显示,与年轻雄 returning性相比,年轻雌黑猩猩是更快 更好的学习者,这与人类的两性学习差异 相仿。 近义词在小雄猩猩玩乐嬉闹时候,雌猩 猩却在悉心向母亲学习。结果她们比“男 孩们”提早两年学会捕获美味小吃白 蚁。 相关短语美国芝加哥林肯公司动物园 406 英语多功能词典 h 的lonsdorf 和她在圣保罗市明尼苏达大学 的同事们用了4年时间观察坦桑尼亚gombe 自然公园的年轻黑猩猩学习它们的“文化 行为”。 词源解析学习行为的性别差异是“一贯 和惊人显著的” ,观察小组报告说。研究人 prostate员指出,类似的差别也存在于人 类儿童写作等技巧的学习过程。 他们在 自 然杂志中写道, “基于性别的学习差异因 而可以上溯到人类和黑猩猩最近的共同始 祖。” 相关短语黑猩猩用植物制造灵巧的工 具,将它们插入蚁丘把白蚁驱赶出来,再 津津有味地享用粘在工具上的白蚁。研究 position人员用摄像机记录下这种捕食行 为,发现每位猩猩母亲在诸如怎样使用不 同长度的工具等方面都有她们自己的诀 窍。 近义词分析研究六只已知年龄的幼猩 猩显示,雌猩猩在平均31个月大时就能成 功捕获白蚁,而雄猩猩则需要到58个月时 才能学会。雌性每次都能熟练地收获更多 的白蚁,并能采用与母亲相似的技巧,而 雄性却做不到。 相关短语“男孩们”不向母亲学习,却 花费大量时间在蚁丘周围嬉戏。研究人员 认为玩耍、摇荡等活动或许对公幼兽后来 的诸如捕猎、争夺领导权等典型的雄性活 动大有裨益。 词源解析lonsdorf 补充说,黑猩猩食物 中动物蛋白的主要来源有两个白蚁和 疣猴。“成熟雄性常在树间抓捕疣猴,而雌 cancers性则总是因为怀孕或身上吊着小 猩猩而难以捕猎, ”她说, “成年雌性比雄性 花更多的时间捕食白蚁。”因此娴熟地捕获 白蚁意味着雌性比雄性吃得更好, “并且可 以同时看护后代。雌雄两性似乎都是在十 分年幼的时候就开始了与成年后性别角色 有关的活动。” 1.why do young female chimps learn faster than young male chimps at fishing for termites? -because young female chimps begin to study their mothers earlier. 2.what are the tools with which chimps fish for termites?- vegetation. 3.which of the following is true about chimps fishing for termites according to paragraph 6? -females could get out more termites with every dip. 4.how did the researchers explain the fact that boy chimps spent more time on playing?- it will make them good fighters and hunters in the future. 5.according to the last paragraph, which of the following is not true?-adult chimps hunt monkeys while young chimps fish for termites. when our eyes serve our stomach- 我们的视觉服务于我们的胃口 近义词our senses arent just delivering a strict view of what s going on in the world; they re affected by whats going on in our heads. a new study finds th
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