从合作原则分析戏剧对白翻译的语用等效——以英若诚译《推销员之死》为例.pdf

硕士学位论文硕士学位论文 从合作原则分析戏剧对白翻译的语用等效从合作原则分析戏剧对白翻译的语用等效 以英若诚译推销员之死为例以英若诚译推销员之死为例 学位类型学位类型 ： 学术型学位 学科学科 （专业学位类别）（专业学位类别） ： 英语语言文学 作者姓名作者姓名 ： 周湘婷 导 师 姓 名 及 职 称导 师 姓 名 及 职 称 ： 王静教授 实践导师姓名及职称实践导师姓名及职称 ： 学院名称学院名称 ： 外国语学院 论 文 提 交 日 期论 文 提 交 日 期 ： 2012 年 5 月 20 日 密密 级：级： 公开公开 中图分类号：中图分类号： h08h08 从合作原则分析戏剧对白翻译的语用等效从合作原则分析戏剧对白翻译的语用等效 以英若诚译推销员之死为例以英若诚译推销员之死为例 学位类型学位类型 ： 学术型学位 学科学科 （专业学位类别）（专业学位类别） ： 英语语言文学 作者姓名作者姓名 ： 周湘婷 作者学号作者学号 ： 09011201003 导 师 姓 名 及 职 称导 师 姓 名 及 职 称 ： 王静教授 实践导师姓名及职称实践导师姓名及职称 ： 学院名称学院名称 ： 外国语学院 论 文 提 交 日 期论 文 提 交 日 期 ： 2012 年 5 月 20 日 学 位学 位 授 予 单 位授 予 单 位 ： 湖 南 科 技 大 学 analysis of pragmatic equivalence in dramatic dialogue translation from the perspective of cooperative principle a case study of ying ruochengs death of a salesman by zhou xiangting a thesis in english language and literature submitted to the school of foreign studies of hunan university of science and technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of arts supervised by professor wang jing may, 2012 学位论文原创性声明学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明： 所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研 究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文 不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。 对本文的研 究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完 全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。 作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定， 同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版， 允许论文被查阅和借阅。 本人授权湖南科技大学可以将本学位论文的 全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫 描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 涉密论文按学校规定处理。 作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日 导师签名： 日期： 年 月 日 i acknowledgements during my study in this school and the writing of this thesis, many teachers have helped me. what i want to do now is to express my sincere thanks to those teachers. first of all, i want to thank my supervisor professor wang jing. when supervising my thesis, professor wang was very strict. she would never ignore a minor mistake even in using punctuation. at the same time it shows professor wang is very patient. without her, i couldnt have finished this thesis. i thing i am lucky to be supervised by professor wang. i also want to extend my heartfelt gratitude to professor liu jinming, professor zhou qiqiang, professor zeng yanyu, professor zhang ruihong, professor zhou wenge, doctor hu jianbo, doctor zhang jinghua and all the other teachers in hunan university of science and technology who have given me courses during these three years; to the authors of books and papers i have read during my preparation for this thesis. i also want to thank all my friends and classmates. with their help, my thesis is finished more smoothly. last but not least, i would like to thanks for my families who stand at my back all the time. it is all their continuous supports and encouragements lead me to get through the thesis writing. i am really grateful for everybody who has helped me. ii abstract most of the previous researches concerning drama translation are made from the perspective of literature. few researches study drama translation from the perspective of drama itself. drama is a special form in literature, which is mainly composed of dialogues. the development of drama plot and display of personality are demonstrated by dialogues. so in studying drama translation, it is important for the researchers to do studies on the translation of dialogues. in the traditional way, pragmatic theories are often applied to the analysis of real life conversations. and these theories are not so often applied to the analysis of literary works, not to mention drama. this thesis attempts to analyze dialogues in drama in the light of pragmatic, that is, the author tries to analyze the pragmatic equivalence in translating drama dialogue from the perspectives of grices cooperative principle and conversational implicature. grice holds that both parties in communication have to cooperate and conform to four maxims of cooperative principle, communicating with the most direct and the highest effective way. to express it in another way, sometimes people deliberately flout one of the maxims of cooperative principle, so it leads to the generation of conversational implicature. applying this theory in drama translation would give guidance for the translators. translators can infer the implicature of dialogues and effectively deliver it to achieve pragmatic equivalence. with a large number of examples, the author of the thesis has made detailed analysis of the inference of conversation implicature in drama dialogues combined with cooperative principle. through the analysis, the implied meaning of the drama dialogues could be better understood. also the author has made analysis of the pragmatic equivalence in the translation of drama dialogues. the pragmatic equivalence in the translation of drama dialogues also can be analyzed from two aspects: pragmalinguistic equivalence and sociopragmatic equivalence. through the analysis of pragmatic equivalence in the dialogues of death of a iii salesman combined with the cooperative principle, the author comes to a conclusion that by making scripts having the same pragmatic equivalent in target language from the basic nature can the translator succeed. in this way, there is practical meaning for this thesis to study dialogues in the translation of death of a salesman from the perspective of pragmatics. key words: cooperative principle; conversational implicature; pragmatic equivalence iv 摘摘 要要 在众多有关戏剧翻译的研究中，很多都是从文学角度来分析和评价戏剧的翻 译。而从戏剧本身特点来研究戏剧翻译的并不多。戏剧是文学体裁中特殊的一项文 学形式，主要是由人物的对话组成，戏剧情节的推动和人物性格的展现也主要依靠 对话语言来完成。那么对白的翻译在戏剧中是极为重要的一部分。 从传统意义上来看，语用学理论一般用来来分析真实生活中的人物对话，反而 较少用来分析文学作品，特别是戏剧中的人物对白。本文试图从语用学角度来对戏 剧对白进行分析。本论文旨在结合语用学中的 grice 的合作原则和会话含义来对戏 剧对白翻译中的语用等效进行综合分析。grice 认为在语言交际过程中，交际双方 必须合作，遵循“合作原则”的四项准则，以最直接的方式、最高的效率进行交际。 但在实际交际中人们往往有意违反其中某项准则，以获得特殊的会话含义。翻译也 可以视为一种交际，合作原则和会话含义应用在戏剧翻译中，对译者具有很大的指 导作用。在合作原则的指导下，译者能够推导出对白中的会话含义，把握真正需要 传达的意义，在翻译成目的语时尽量达到语用等效。全文讨论了该方法的运用，显 示了其合理性和可操作性。 通过选取大量的例证，作者结合合作原则对戏剧对话含义进行了推导，并且对 戏剧对白翻译的语用等效进行了阐释和说明。戏剧对白的语用等效可以从语言语用 等效和社交语用等效来进行分析。在戏剧对白翻译中，只有从坚持戏剧的基本属性 出发，把握戏剧对白的语言特色，同时结合合作原则推断出对白的会话含义，使其 在目标语中再现最终达到语用等效的目的，译作才能同样获得成功。所以本文从语 用学的角度来研究译作推销员之死中的对白是具有实践意义的。 关键词：合作原则；会话含义；语用等效关键词：合作原则；会话含义；语用等效 湖南科技大学硕士学位论文 1 contents acknowledgements . i abstract . ii 摘摘 要要 . iv chapter one introduction . 1 1.1 research background . 1 1.2 objectives of the research . 2 1.3 organization of the thesis 2 chapter two literature review . 5 2.1 drama and features of drama language 5 2.1.1 definition of drama . 5 2.1.2 features of drama language 6 2.1.1.1 colloquialism 7 2.1.1.2 terseness. 7 2.1.1.3 actability 8 2.1.1.4 musicality . 9 2.2 study of drama translation 9 2.2.1 study of drama translation abroad . 9 2.2.2 study of drama translation at home . 11 2.2.3 study of the translation of death of a salesman 13 2.3 study of pragmatic equivalence . 14 2.3.1 study of pragmatic equivalence abroad 14 2.3.2 study of pragmatic equivalence at home . 15 chapter three theoretical framework . 17 湖南科技大学硕士学位论文 3.1 grices cooperative principle . 17 3.2 conversational implicature. 19 3.2.1 definition of conversational implicature . 19 3.2.2 characteristics of conversational implicature 20 3.3 pragmatic equivalence . 22 3.3.1 pragmalinguistic equivalence 22 3.3.2 sociopragmatic equivalence 24 3.4 reproducing the conversational implicature in drama translation 24 chapter four conversational implicature of the dialogues in death of a salesman . 27 4.1 inference of the dialogues implicature under the cooperative principle . 27 4.1.1 implicature generated from the maxim of quality . 27 4.1.2 implicature generated from the maxim of quantity . 29 4.1.3 implicature generated from the maxim of relevance 30 4.1.4 implicature generated from the maxim of manner. 32 4.2 requirements of achieving pragmatic equivalence in dramatic dialogue translation under cooperative principle . 33 4.2.1 accuracy in quantity . 34 4.2.2 faithfulness in content 35 4.2.3 connectedness in relevance 36 4.2.4 clearness in manner 38 chapter five pragmatic equivalence in the dialogue translation of death of a salesman . 41 5.1 pragmalinguistic equivalence in the translation of death of a salesman 41 5.1.1 equivalence at the lexical level 41 5.1.2 equivalence at the syntactic level . 43 5.2 sociolinguistic equivalence in the translation of death of a salesman . 44 湖南科技大学硕士学位论文 3 5.2.1 equivalence in translating forms of addressing 45 5.2.2 equivalence in translating proper nouns . 47 5.2.3 equivalence in translating idioms . 49 chapter six conclusion 51 6.1 major findings of the present research 51 6.2 the limitations of the present research . 52 6.3 suggestions for further research . 52 bibliography. 55 appendix (a) 59 appendix (b) 61 湖南科技大学硕士学位论文 -1- chapter one introduction the past years have witnessed the development in translation studies. people began to study translation from many perspectives, and much has been done on the theory of translation, the history of translation and translation practice. among all the above branches, literary translation has always been a much explored field. however, as a significant component of literary translation, drama translation is a field that is largely neglected and is featured by a lack of theory. the author of this thesis attempts to study drama translation from the perspective of pragmatic. and this chapter is served as a brief introduction to this research, which illustrates the background and objectives of the research. and at the same time a clear structure of this thesis is provided in this chapter. moreover, further research will be made in the following chapters. 1.1 research background most of the previous researches concerning drama translation are made form the perspective of literature. few researches study drama translation from the perspective of drama itself. drama is a special form in literature, which is mainly composed of dialogues. the development of drama plot and display of personality are demonstrated by dialogues. so in studying drama translation, it is important to do researches on the translation of dialogues in drama. cooperative principle, as a theory in pragmatics, is to account for human communication. while with the expanding application of the cooperative principle, lots of translation practice proves that it is feasible to study drama translation from the perspective of cooperative principle. chapter one introduction -2- thus, based on the concepts of pragmatic equivalence and under the theoretical framework of cooperative principle and implicature theory, this thesis analyzes pragmatic equivalence in drama dialogue translation with examples in death of a salesman. 1.2 objectives of the research most of the previous researches on drama translation focus on the literature perspective. while study of drama translation from pragmatics is not as much as from literature perspective. therefore, in view of the importance of pragmatics in translation, this thesis intends to analyze pragmatic equivalence in drama translation under the theoretical framework of cooperative principle and implicature theory. on the one hand, the thesis tries to explore a new field for pragmatics by applying grices cooperative principle in dramatic dialogue translation. the author makes a full illustration that through analysis combined with the cooperative principle and implicature theory, the translator can get the implicature accurately, and translate it accurately to achieve pragmatic equivalence. on the other hand, this thesis would strengthen and enrich the relevant researches on drama translation. 1.3 organization of the thesis chapter one is an introduction, in which the author will make a brief description of the research background, objective, and the organization of the thesis. the second chapter is literature review. in this chapter, the author will make a summary of and comment on the study of drama translation and pragmatic equivalence at home and abroad, the objective of which is to have a review of the development of drama translation. the third chapter is the theoretical basis. in this chapter related theories would be introduced in detail. the fourth chapter is the detailed analysis and elaboration of the dialogues in the death of a salesman forms the perspectives of grices cooperative principle and implication. several examples are used to illustrate what maxims the speakers flout and 湖南科技大学硕士学位论文 - -3- what conversation implicature is implied. the fifth chapter discusses pragmatic equivalence in ying ruochengs translation version of death of a salesman. since pragmatic equivalence can be divided into pragmalinguistic one and sociolinguistic one, dialogues are selected from both the source language and the target language to illustrate the realization of pragmatic equivalence in two aspects. the last chapter is the conclusion, in which the major findings of the thesis will be summarized. besides, the limitations of the thesis will be pointed out and some suggestions to the future study on this area will be given. chapter one introduction -4- 湖南科技大学硕士学位论文 - -5- chapter two literature review drama is a fruit of human civilization. there are so many playwrights and their works are still being performed in the world. in order to discuss the drama translation, the author will begin with the survey of drama itself first. this chapter gives a brief critical review of the previous studies from two aspects: studies of drama translation and relevant researches on pragmatic equivalence. through such a literature review, the author tends to find out the limitations of the previous studies so as to take a new perspective into drama translation. 2.1 drama and features of drama language drama is an art of words, like poetry and fiction. drama contains those elements such as plot, characterization, dialogues, setting and theme, which are also essential to many other literary forms. therefore, drama can be regarded as a form of literature. 2.1.1 definition of drama first of all, among these three expressions, namely, “drama”, “theatre” and “play”, the first one seems to be used more frequently than the other two. while meaning of these three expressions sometimes would be confused. therefore, the author thinks it is necessary to point out the differences between these three basic terms by giving a clear definition for them respectively. drama is a term that can be applied completely to the whole body of article written for the theatre, such as french drama, english drama, or to a set of plays linked by their style, period, or content, such as realistic drama, restoration drama. while play is a common used term, just refers to a piece of writing aimed at being performed by actors on the chapter two literature review -6- radio or in a theater or on television, or just any work written to be performed. by way of addition, there are numerous terms covered by play, such as comedy, tragedy. the most important characteristic of play is in that it is supposed to be mainly consisted of spoken language, which can make it different from opera, ballet, and mime, in which there is no dialogue at all, or there are completely sung in those types of art. under most of the situations, the word theatre means a building, a room or an outside area served as a place for performing the dramatic work by actors and actresses. the word theatre refers to the dramatic literature or dramatic performance as a form of amusement or art when it is applied in some academic writings on art and literature. on the basis of different criteria, drama can be divided into different categories. according to dramas content, the most common one is to divide drama into tragedy, comedy, historical plays, and farce. also according to different periods, it can be classified into realistic drama, restoration drama, and naturalistic drama and so on. further more, according to its writing pattern; drama can be divided into non-verse drama and verse drama. 2.1.2 features of drama language generally speaking, there are two basic parts in drama language, one is stage direction and the other is drama dialogues. normally stage direction means the description that is designed to provide a general overview and guidance to the actors on the stage designed to provide visual and auditory aspects of body movement. this may include setting description, environment description, acting notes, and the description of characters personalities, facial expressions, moods and gestures. these instructions are not only useful to the directors, designers and actors who are to put on the play in the theatre but also helpful to readers who can mentally represent the whole play in their imagination. drama dialogues are the main body of a drama and the most important component of the total drama message. more often than not, the playwright gets the plot advanced and the characterization realized through verbal interactions between characters. drama dialogue is generally recognized as the most important way to establish character, space 湖南科技大学硕士学位论文 - -7- and action, so the characteristics of drama language must be fully recognized. it bears the following features. 2.1.1.1 colloquialism there are many differences between a play and other literary styles. while the chief difference is in that “every single fact or idea in a play has to be conveyed to the audience by someone saying it.”(boulton, 1960:101) in drama, colloquial rhythm, short phrases and sentence structures are used more often than in any other literary styles. common sayings and adages are prevalent among the public, so playwrights usually prefer to use them in their works. consequently, colloquialism is the first and foremost factor that has to be taken into consideration in drama translation. furthermore, when playwrights are choosing the dictions, priority would be given to informal words and slang, which are chiefly demonstrated by