英语基础语法.doc

英语主干1. 词汇 2. 时态(主动语态+被动语态) 动作时间一般进行 完成完成进行现在一般现在时sb. do/does sth. be done现在进行时be doingbe being done现在完成时have/has donehave/has been done现在完成进行时have/has been doing过去一般过去时sb. didsth.was/were done过去进行时was/were doingwas/were being done过去完成时had donehad been done将来一般将来时sb.will dosth.will be done将来进行时will be doingwill be being done将来完成时will have donewill have been done过去将来一般过去将来sb.would dosth. would be done过去将来进行时would be doingwould be being done过去将来完成时would have donewould have been done3. 从句 1) 主语从句 2) 宾语从句 3) 表语从句 4) 定语从句 5) 状语从句 6) 同位语从句4. 其他句型：包括强调句、倒装句、not.unitl句型、虚拟语气、英语四大规则等。主语从句 I. 主语从句: 主语是个句子，或者说从句在句中充当主语.1. 当主语是陈述句时，连接词是that 即： that(不省略)+该陈述句Eg. 1.) That we will be late is certain. (We will be late.)2.) That he did not come yesterday is a pity. (He did not come yesterday.) (注意) 主语从句的that一定不能省略，而宾语从句中的that可以省略。 Eg. 1.) That we will be late is certain. (主语从句，that不能省略) 2.) I hope (that) we will win the game. (宾语从句，that 可以省略)2. 当主语是一般疑问句时，连接词是whether(or not) 即： whether(or not) +该一般疑问句的陈述语序(注意)“if” 不能引导主语从句，这要与宾语从句进行区分。Eg. 1.) Whether he will go there is not known. (Will he go there?) 2.) Whether they can finish the job (or not) is not clear. (Can they finish the job?)3. 当主语是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H” 即：特殊疑问词“8W+H” +该特殊疑问句的陈述语序 （注：8W指的是what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when, H 指的是how）Eg. 1.) What he did yesterday is not known. (What did he do yesterday?)2.) Where he went yesterday is not clear. (Where did he go yesterday?)3.) Which team he liked has not been decided. (Which team did he like?)4.) Who won the game seems certain. (Who won the game?)5.) Whom he met yesterday is not clear. (Whom did he meet yesterday?)6.) Why he was late for the meeting is to be found out. (Why was he late for the meeting?)7.) Whose book this is is not clear. (Whose book is this?)8.) When he will arrive is not known. (When will he arrive?)9.) How we will help the lost boy will be discussed at the meeting. (How will we help the lost boy?) II. (注意一) 主语从句后置! 为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.Eg. 1.) That we will be late is certain.- Its certain that we will be late. 2.) Whether he will go there is not known.- It is not known whether he will go there. 3.) Where he went yesterday is not clear.- It is not clear where he went yesterday. It 作形式主语常用句型：(that 引导的主语从句是真正的主语) It is possible/important/necessary/clear that. Its said/ reported that. 据说/据报道 Its been announced/declared that. 已经通知/宣布 It seems/appears/happens that 显然、明显、碰巧. Its no wonder that并不奇怪/无疑 （注意二）主语从句中 ，谓语动词一般用单数。What引导的主语从句，谓语动词根据表语决定What he needs _is_ that book.What he needs _are_ some books.（注意三）What 与 that 引导主语从句的区别Eg. (1) What you said yesterday is right. (What did you say yesterday?)(2) That she is still alive is a puzzle. (She is still alive.) 练习题1. _ he made an important speech at the meeting was true.A. That B. Why C. What D. How 2. _well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A If B Whether C That D Where 3._ is known to us all is that America is a developed country. A. Which B. As C. What D. It4. Its known to us all _ a form of energy . A. water is B. that water is C. is water D. that water to 宾语从句 I. 宾语从句: 宾语是个句子，或者说从句在句中充当宾语.1. 当宾语是陈述句时，连接词是that 即： that(可省略)+该陈述句Eg. 1.) I hope (that) he will come tomorrow. (He will come tomorrow.)2.) He guesses (that) this team will win. (This team will win.) (注意) 主语从句的that一定不能省略，而宾语从句中的that可以省略。 Eg. 1.) That we will be late is certain. (主语从句，that不能省略) 2.) I believe (that) we will win the game. (宾语从句，that 可以省略)2. 当宾语是一般疑问句时，连接词是whether(or not)/if 即： whether(or not)/if +该一般疑问句的陈述语序Eg. 1.) I ask whether/if Tom knows Jack. (Does Tom know Jack?) 2.) I dont know whether/if he came back yesterday. (Did he come back yesterday?)3. 当宾语是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H” 即：特殊疑问词“8W+H” +该特殊疑问句的陈述语序 （注：8W-what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when, H-how）Eg. 1.) I dont know what he did yesterday. (What did he do yesterday?)2.) He wants to know where he went yesterday. (Where did he go yesterday?)3.) He didnt tell me which team he liked. (Which team did he like?)4.) We want to know who won the game at last. (Who won the game?)5.) His mom asked whom he met yesterday. (Whom did he meet yesterday?)6.) He didnt find out why he was late for the meeting. (Why was he late for the meeting?)7.) I am not sure whose book this is. (Whose book is this?)8.) They ask me when he will arrive. (When will he arrive?)9) We have discussed how we will help the lost boy. (How will we help the lost boy?) II. (注意一) 当主句的谓语动词是command/demand/insist/order/require/suggest等表示要求或建议的动词时，从句谓语动词用（should）+动词原词，should 可以省略。eg （1）She required (that) he (should) go back home right now. She required (that) he go back home right now. （2）I suggested (that) he (should) ask his teacher for help. I suggested (that) he ask his teacher for help. （注意二）当主句中believe/expect/suppose/think等作谓语动词时，否定要前移。 Eg. I dont think that he will come tomorrow. (He wont come tomorrow.) He doesnt believe that it is true. (It is not true.) （注意三）宾语从句的语序宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，即连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分eg. I believe that they will come soon. He asked me whether I was a teacher. They wanted to know what they can do for us.（注意四）宾语从句的时态宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，即：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。eg. 1)She says that she is a student. She said that she was a student. 2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week. She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.（注意五）由whether或特殊疑问词8W+H引导的宾语从句(也就是第二、第三种情况时)，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一对象，可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。eg. I dont know what I should do next. I dont know what to do next. He didnt know where he would live. He didnt know where to live. He wasnt clear which way he should go to reach the bank. =He wasnt clear which way to go to reach the bank.（注意七）含有宾语补足语时，若宾语是个句子，宾语通常用形式宾语it 代替，真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后。 Eg. 1) We think it wonderful that we will go on a trip this weekend. (宾语是陈述句) 2) I think it uncertain whether we will win the game. （宾语是一般疑问句） 3) We hope it discussed how we will solve the problem. (宾语是特殊疑问句)练习题1。 Do you know _ the Capital Museum? Next Friday.A. when will they visit B. when they will visitC. when did they visit D. when they visited2. Can you tell me _? She is in the computer lab. A. where Linda was B. where is Linda C. where was Linda D. where Linda is 3。 3。Guess _ I did yesterday！I think you went to a party. A. where B. when C. what D. which 4. Could you let me know _ yesterday?Because the traffic was heavy. A. why did you come late B. why you came late C. why do you come late D. why you come late 5。Do you know _ the MP3 player last week?Sorry, I have no idea. A. how much did she pay forB. how much will she pay for C. how much she paid for同位语从句 同位语从句通常跟在某些名词之后，用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有：advice, fact, truth, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word（消息), agreement(一致)，problem，question, doubt, thought 等。The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 如：The news is true that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher. 1.（一）. 当同位语从句是陈述句时，连接词是that 即：that(不省略)+该陈述句Eg.1) The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. 2.) He admitted the fact that he had stolen the wallet. (注意) that引导同位语从句时只是中心词和同位语从句之间的桥梁而已，无任何意义，也不充当任何成分，但that 不可以省略（二）. 当同位语从句是一般疑问句时，连接词是whether(or not) 即： whether(or not) +该一般疑问句的陈述语序(注意) 此处不能用if. 1.) He hasnt made the decision whether he will go there. (decision 的内容是 Will he go there?) 2.) They have not come to an agreement whether he should take part in this game. (agreement 的内容是 Should he take part in this game?) （三）. 当同位语从句是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H” 即：特殊疑问词“8W+H” +该特殊疑问句的陈述语序 （注：8W指的是what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when, H 指的是how）1.) I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.2.) We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year.3.) We have not come to a conclusion which team is the best. 4.) The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.5.) The doubt whom he talked with yesterday is important to the case(案件). 6.) The doubt why he did not come yesterday is important to the case(案件). 7.) The problem whose money this is has not been solved. 8.) I have no suggestion when he will be back9.) The thought came to me how I can solve this problem. 2. that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别1)意义不同：that 引导的同位语从句是用来进一步说明前面名词的内容，是解释中心词；而that 引导的定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词，是修饰中心词（先行词）。Eg. The news that our team has won the final match is true. The news that he told us is true.分析中that引导同位语从句，解释说明“news”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。 中that引导定语从句，对“news”加以限定：是他告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道，起修饰作用。2) that功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，只是中心词和同位语从句之间的连接词，不充当任何成分；而that引导定语从句时，是关系代词，不仅起连接作用，而且还指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分。Eg. Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the English test. . Dad made a promise that excited all his children.分析 中 that引导 同位语从句，其中that无词义，也不充当任何成分；.中that引导定语从句，that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语，且that可以用which替换。3)that可否省略：that引导同位语从句时，不可省略。在引导定语从句时，若在从句中作宾语，可以省略，若作主语则不可以省略。Eg.The news that our team has won the final match is true. The news (that) he told us is true. The news that is from this newspaper is true. 分析 中 that引导 同位语从句，不能省略。.中that引导定语从句，that指代news，在从句中充当宾语， that可以用which替换，也可以省略。中that 也是引导定语从句，that 指代news, 在从句中充当主语，that 可以用which 替换，但that 不能省略。3. 有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被解释说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 定语从句有时也可以不紧跟在被修饰的先行词后面，而被别的词隔开。Eg. The news is true that a new teacher will come tomorrow to teach us English. A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach us English. （定语从句who will teach you English 修饰a new teacher, 被will come tomorrow 隔开，定语从句与先行词分离） 练习题1). They expressed the hope _ they would come over to China soon.2) The fact _ he didnt see Tom this morning is true.3) Word has come _ some American guests will come to our college for a visit next week.4). He cant answer the question _ he got the money from his home yesterday. 5). Do you have any idea _ is actually going on in the classroom? 6). The problem _ we should have the meeting in the hall now must be decided at once.2. The suggestion _ the monitor gave is good. The suggestion _ we will have a trip on the Great Wall this week is good. A. that B. C. which D. where 定语从句 定语从句：定语是个句子,也就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。关系代词和关系副词又统称为引导词。 区别：汉语中，定语只能放在名词前面，而英语中，定语既可以放在名词前（形容词修饰名词），也可以放在名词后面（定语从句修饰名词）。被修饰的中心词叫作先行词。Eg.（1） He is a clever boy. He is a boy who is clever. (a boy 是中心词或者先行词，who is clever 是修饰a boy 的定语从句，who 是关系代词，替代先行词 a boy)拆成两个句子：He is a boy. （主干）This boy is clever. （定语） 定语从句一般要紧跟在中心词（先行词）的后面，即：He is a boy (this boy is clever). 去掉定语从句中与中心词（先行词）重复的部分，即this boy, 把它替换成指人的关系代词who, 即 He is a boy who is clever. （2）他是一个我们喜欢的男孩。拆成两个句子：他是一个男孩。He is a boy. (主干) 我们喜欢这个男孩。We like this boy. (定语)定语从句在中心词（先行词）的后面，即：He is a boy (we like this boy).去掉定语从句中与中心词（先行词）重复的部分，即this boy, 把它替换成指人的关系代词who, 即 He is a boy (we like who). 但是，定语从句中，关系代词要紧跟中心词（先行词）后面，所以who 要紧跟在a boy 后面，即：He is a boy who we like. 一.关系代词引导的定语从句1.关系代词代替前面的先行词，关系代词/先行词都在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有： that, which, who, whom, whose。that既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。which代替物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略who代替人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。whom代替人，在定语从句中作宾语，还可省略。whose既可指人又可指物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。（一）. 先行词是人，1) 在定语从句中充当主语时：that/whoEg. An architect is a person that/who designs buildings. I will never forget the teacher that/who taught us chemistry in my middle school. 2) 在定语从句中充当宾语时：that/who/whom/ (关系代词省略) Eg. Do you know the man that/who/whom/ we met in the school library yesterday? This is the student that/who/whom/ my father taught ten years ago. 3) 在定语从句中充当定语(所有格)时：whose/ of whom Eg.The girl whose father is an engineer studies abroad. 其父是一位工程师的那个女孩在国外留学。 The girl the father of whom is an engineer studies abroad. A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. A child the parents of whom are dead is called an orphan. （二）. 先行词是物，1) 在定语从句中充当主语时：that/which Eg. Tom works in a factory that/which makes watches. I do not like stories that/which have unhappy endings. 2) 在定语从句中充当宾语时：that/which/ (关系代词省略) Eg. This is the book that/which/ you want to buy? The letter that/which/ I received yesterday is very important. 3)在定语从句中充当定语(所有格)时：whose /(whichs) / of which Eg. Do you know the hotel whose window we can see here? ( = Do you know the hotel whichs window we can see here?) =Do you know the hotel the window of which we can see here? （关系代词whose指代先行词hotel, 也可以用of which, whose window=the window of which, 意思是: the window of the hotel。） He can repair the desk whose leg is broken. (= He can repair the desk whichs leg is broken.) =He can repair the desk the leg of which is broken. （三）. 先行词既有人，又有物，1)在定语从句中充当主语时：that Eg. The time, place and persons that are mentioned in the story are very important. He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car. 他正望着塞满车的孩子和包裹。 2)在定语从句中充当宾语时：that / (关系代词省略) Eg. The time, place and persons that/ the writer mentioned in the story are very important. （注 意） 1.当介词与关系代词紧密相连时，即介词后面的关系代词用whom（指人时）或者which(指物时)， 而不用who（指人时）和that（指人或物时）。例如： (1) The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher. 我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用who，也可用that，还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法： The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. 第4句简洁、自然，所以口语中用得最多。 (2)This is the book for which you asked. 注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用which，也可用that，还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下三种说法： This is the book which you asked for. This is the book that you asked for. This is the book you asked for. 2. 关系代词which 可以指代前面的整个句子。 关系代词as 也可以指代前面的整个句子。Eg. He comes from America, which I know from his accent. (which 在定语从句中作know的宾语，其先行词是前面的整个句子he comes from America.) = He comes from America, as I know from his accent. 练 习 题1.Isthisthefactory_youvisitedtheotherday?A.that B.Which C. D.A、Band C2. Finally, the thief handed everything _he had stolen to the police.A. which B. what C. who D. that3. His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _ family was poor.A. of whom B. whom C. ofwhose D. whose 4 All _is needed is a supply of oil. A. the thing B. that C. what D. which 5. The place_you are going to visit is a place of interest. (名胜古迹)A.in which B.at which C.where D.which6. The Summer Palace（颐和园） is one of the most beautiful parks_built in the Qing Dynasty. （清朝）A.where were B.where was C.that were D.which was7. She showed me the ditionary_she paid a lot of money.A. which B. C.for which D.that 二、关系副词引导的定语从句常用的关系副词只有三个：when,where,why，关系副词在定语从句中作状语,在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。（一）关系副词when的用法 关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间，when在定语从句作时间状语。Eg. I will never forget those days _we lived together. = I will never forget those days which we lived together in. = I will never forget those days in which we lived together. = I will never forget those days when we lived together. (时间the time) in/on/during which. = (时间the time) when.(区分) I will never forget those days _ we spent together. （二）关系副词where的用法 关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点，where在定语从句作地点状语。Eg. This is the place _ Li Bai once lived. =This is the place which Li Bai once lived in. =This is the place in which Li Bai once lived. = This is the place where Li Bai once lived. =This is where LiBai once lived. (地点the place) in/at which. = (地点the place) where.(区分) This is the place _ Li Bai once visited. （三）关系副词why的用法 关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因，why在定语从句作原因状语。Eg. This is the reason _ he did not come yesterday. =This is the reason which he did not come yesterday for. （He did not come yesterday for this reason.）= This is the reason for which he did not come yesterday. =This is the reason why he did not come yesterday. (原因the reason) for which.= (原因the reason) why. (区分) This is the reason _ he explained. （注 意）1. 以下由关系副词when/where/why 引导的定语从句，如果把先行词去掉，则变成了表语从句。关系副词引导的定语从句：Those days are the time when we lived together. This is the place where we lived together 10 years ago. This is the reason why she did not come yesterday. 表语从句： Those days are when we lived together. This is where we lived together 10 years ago. This is why she did not come yesterday. 2. 区分定语从句与其它从句的区别。1）那些日子是我们曾经住在一起的时光。 Those days are the time when we lived together. (定语从句)= Those days are t