[理学]科技英文写作.doc

冠词 （article)1这里应该使用一根S形管。An S-shaped pipe should be used here.如果在电阻器上加上电位差，电阻器中就会有电流流动。If a potential difference is applied across a resistor, an electric current will flow/result in the resistor.2在普通的单数可数名词前须有冠词，泛指时多用不定冠词。3不定冠词 （a, an)A typical room has a height of 2 to 3 meters.Chemists measure mass on a balance.These chemical properties can be observed when a substance undergoes a chemical reaction.4前面已提到过的或同一句中第二次提到的或心中特指的事物，以及带有后置修饰语的名词，其前应该使用定冠词。5电路某一段的电阻等于其电压与流过该段电路的电流之比。The resistance of a given section of an electric circuit is equal to the ratio of its voltage to the current through this section of the circuit.系统控制是一门跨学科的科目。The control of systems is an interdisciplinary subject.6注意：1）很多情况下，在不强调特指时，带有后置定语的复数名词前可以不用定冠词。7化学中所使用的温度计是用摄氏度来标记的。Thermometers used in chemistry are marked in degrees Celsius. 在这种情况下，我们只需要测出该电路两端的电位差。In this case, all we need to do is measure the potential difference across two terminals of the circuit.82）有些情况下，在带有后置定语而不强调特指的可数名词单数前，也可以使用不定冠词。9化合物是能够分解成两种或多种元素的纯净物质。A compound is a pure substance that can be broken down into two or more elements.现今在美国常用的一种温度标是基于Daniel Fahrenheit 的工作之上的。A temperature scale in common use in the United States today is based on the work of Daniel Fahrenheit. 10名词前不加冠词或省略冠词的常见情况。11泛指的物质名词及不可数名词前不加冠词；表示一类的复数名词前不加冠词。12信息就是知识。Information is knowledge.电广泛地应用于工农业。Electricity is widely used in industry and agriculture.机器靠电力运转。 Machines are run by electricity.13论文、书籍的各级标题前的冠词可以省略。14无线电波与水波的比较(A) Comparison of Radio Waves with Water Waves图像处理的研究(The) Research on Image Processing计算机入门(An) Introduction to Computers15人名、地名、单位名称、机构名称和国家名称16图示说明文字中一般可省略冠词。17Fig. 1-1 (The) Block diagram of (a) typical digital computer图1-1 典型数字计算机的方框图18可数名词单数形式泛指时可省略冠词（特别是在between A and B, from A to B, the variation of A with B 等表达中，A和B之前可以省略定冠词）。19欧姆首先发现了电流、电压、电阻之间的关系。Ohm first discovered the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance.图1-5画出了输出随输入的变化情况。Fig. 1-5 shows the variation of output with input.20表示职位的名词或者表示独一无二的人之前一般不用冠词。21This is called a hertz in honor of Heinrich Hertz, discoverer of the radio waves.22如果不是“独一无二”，则必须加上冠词。23“Scientists see this as the last industrial moment,” said Frank Y. Fradin, a physicist at the Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago.24人名的所有格之前不用冠词。25这些是麦克斯韦方程。These are Maxwells equations.Kirchhoff定律对分析网络很有帮助。Kirchhoffs rules are very useful to the analysis of networks.此等式被称为欧姆定律。This equation is known as Ohms law.26但如果人名直接修饰普通名词，则其前一般要用定冠词。27This model is called the Bohr model.The Wien bridge is also useful as a frequency-selective network.维恩电桥也可作为频率选择网络。28方程、表达式、公式、图表、章节、页码等后跟数字表示“第”时，其前面不得加冠词。29使用方程（2-1）时必须注意符号。In using equation (2-1), attention must be paid to the sign.这一点将在第五章加以讨论。This point will be discussed in Chapter 5.此现象已在第3.5节讲过了。This phenomenon was described in Section 3.5.30在解释方程、公式、表达式等里面的参数时，一般不用冠词。31S=vt, where S=distance, v=velocity, and t=time32在表示下定义的句型by A is meant B中，A之前不用冠词。33频率指的是某物每秒钟重复的次数。By frequency is meant the number of times something repeats itself per second.By linear operation is meant the ability of an amplifier to amplify signals with little or no distortion. 所谓线性工作指的是放大器以很小的失真或毫无失真地放大信号的能力。34在学科名称前不用冠词。35数学是科学上非常有用的工具。Mathematics is a very useful tool in science.电子学属于物理学的一个分支。Electronics belongs to a branch of physics.36表示“在某一方面”时不用冠词。37这个设备性能很好。This device is very good in performance.计算机的体积各不相同。Computers differ greatly in size.38在“每(per)”之后不用冠词。39无线电波每秒传播30万公里。Radio waves travel 300,000 kilometers per second.其频率稳定度为百万分之六。Its frequency stability is six parts per million.40不用冠词的其他情况。41These are data in polar form.这些是极坐标形式的数据。They take place in reversed order.它们逆序发生。42在same前须用定冠词。43In this case, its potential difference is the same as the EMF of the battery.在这种情况下，其电位差与电源电动势相同。这两个名称在含义上相同。These two names are the same in meaning.44Any, None, Neither, Either, All, Most, One, Each, The rest + of the +名词表达中须用定冠词。45这里的所有设备都是国产的。All of the devices here are home made.现有的书本均没有提到这个问题。None of the texts available mention this problem. 46几个名词并列时一般共用第一个名词前的冠词。47将冷热水混合后，我们会得到两千克温度为50摄氏度的水。After the hot and cold water have been mixed, we will have 2kg of water at a temperature of 50 degrees Celsius. These convenient sources of electrical signals are useful in the test, maintenance, or operation of a wide variety of electrical apparatus. 这些方便的电信号源对各种电气设备的测试、维护或运行很有用。48当表示“比较一下”、“计算一下”、“了解一下”、“考察一下”、“做一比较”、“做一分析”、“做一研究”、”做一讨论“等时，抽象名词前一般使用不定冠词。49让我们粗略地估算一下那里的压力。Lets make a rough estimate of the pressure there.本书范围有限，无法对所有这些数学方法都作详细的讨论。The scope of this book does not permit a detailed discussion of all of these mathematical devices. There is a growing awareness that this technique is of value.50当序数词并不强调次序而表示 “另一个”、“又一个”的含义时，其前不用定冠词而用不定冠词，但仍可译成“第一”、“第二”、“第三”等。51另一种方法如下。A second approach is as follows.The advent of electronics is reckoned from the discovery that the current in a vacuum diode can be controlled by introducing a third electrode.电子学的诞生是从发现了真空二极管中的电流可通过引入第三个电极来加以控制算起的。 52冠词的特殊位置。定冠词的特殊位置。53All, both + the + 复数名词我们实验室里的所有仪器都是国产的。All the instruments in our laboratory are homemade.这里的两台设备质量都很好。Both the devices here are very good in quality. 542)不定冠词的特殊位置。Too, so, as(as), how + 形容词 + a(n)+单数名词55This is so difficult a problem as not to be solved in 10 minutes.It is necessary to determine how large a force is required to move this body.This manipulator can lift as heavy a weight as 450 kilograms.In practical applications, the power rating of a resistor is often as important a characteristic as its resistance value. 在实际应用中，电阻器的功率额定值这一特性往往与其阻值同等重要。56There has been ever greater interest in this subject.The power rating is the maximum power the resistor can sagely dissipate without too great rise in temperature.Its primary advantage is increase in noise.57 successful design of the equipment requires detailed knowledge of the performance specifications.In Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, single electron revolves around single proton in a circle of radius R.58The unit of frequency is hertz.If voltage is applied across circuit, electric current will flow in circuit. 59 Fig. 5-1 shows Oersteds experiment.We should use 18 volt battery here. machine is device for transmitting force to accomplish definite purpose.60 hydraulic press will be considered in Chapter 14. study of fluids in motion is one of more difficult branches of mechanics because of diversity of phenomena that may occur.Its easy to determine value of parameter x.61By Eq. (2-1) we have following relation.It is necessary to use S-shaped tube here.The authors work at University of Texas at Arlington.This is R-bit transformer. XOR gate must be used here.62UASMA 协议采用了独特的帧结构。UASMA protocol employs an unique frame structure.The UASMA protocol employs a unique frame structure.63一种双正交循环码M元扩频接收机的性能分析 （论文标题）Performance analysis of a M-ary spread spectrum receiver using biorthogonal cyclic codesPerformance analysis of an M-ary spread spectrum receiver using biorthogonal cyclic codes64最后，用这种方法设计了宽带阶梯阻抗变换器。At last, broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method.Finally, a broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method.65先应秘密共享系统安全性的动态分析和评估（论文标题）Dynamic analysis and evaluation of security for proactive secret sharing systemDynamic analysis and evaluation of the security of a proactive secret sharing system66利用状态转移图，系统的安全性得以实现。With state-transition diagram, security probability of system is obtained.With the state-transition diagram, the security probability of the system is obtained.67该方法适用于任意形状的一维势垒。The approach can be applied to one-dimensional potential barrier with arbitrary profile.The approach can be applied to the one-dimensional potential barrier with an arbitrary profile.68我们提出了一种基于牛顿叠代法的数值方法。We propose a kind of numerical method based on the Newtons iterative method.We propose a numerical method based on the Newtons iterative method.69连词、数词、介词70连词（conjunction) 如果两个事物并列，其间要有并列连词；如果有几个事物并列，则在最后两个事物之间用一个并列连词。71这台设备大而复杂。This device is large and complicated.这台机器的优点是结构简单、性能好。This machine has the advantages of simple structure and good performance.The message is a logical unit of user data, control data, or both.信息是用户数据或控制数据或者二者兼而有之的一种逻辑单位。72如果几个从句（最常见的是宾语从句）并列，除第一个从句外，其他从句前的引导词都不能省略。73假设每个电荷处的电场具有矢量E的方向，但并不是均匀的。Suppose that the field at each charge has the direction of the vector E but that it is not uniform.Some physical quantities require only a magnitude and a unit to be completely specified. Thus it is sufficient to say that the mass of a man is 85kg, that the area of a farm is 160 acres, that the frequency of a sound wave is 660 hertz, and that a light bulb consumes electrical energy at the rate of 100 watts.74图3-5说明了另一种可采用的、有时更为方便的观点。Another point of view which may be adopted, and which is sometimes more convenient, is illustrated in Fig. 3-5.One of the outstanding developments of 20th-century physics has been the discovery that all matter is endowed with wave properties and that a beam of electrons, for example, is reflected by a crystal in much the same way as is a beam of x-rays.75不能保证 这些信息将按它们的发送顺序到达或不会被复制或一定会到达。There is no guarantee that such messages will arrive in the same order they were sent, or that they will be unduplicated, or that they will arrive at all.76以therefore, hence, thus, however 等副词开头的并列分句前一般应加and, 或者用分号隔开，或者把分句改写成一个单独的句子。77在这种情况下，每个部件底部的压力是相同的，所以该系统处于平衡状态。In this case, the pressure at the base of each component is the same and therefore the system is in equilibrium.78数词（numerals)分数的表达方法这只是汽化热的千分之几。This is only a few thousandths of the heat of vaporization. 这药丸重零点零几克。This pill weighs a few hundredths of a gram.79Seven parts per millionSeven parts in a millionThree parts per thousandThree parts in a thousandA third part in a millionA seventh part in per thousand80倍数分数+the 名词倍数分数+that+后置定语倍数分数+what从句81输出是输入的100倍。The output is 100 times the input.其速度为光速的3/10。Its speed is three tenths that of light.施加在该物体上的力为原来的2/5。The force exerted on the body is two fifths what it was.82n times+比较级=n times as 原级 as这只箱子比那只重5倍。This box is six times heavier than that one.该数值比理想值大了3.5被。This value is nearly 4.5 times greater than the ideal one.这个音符的波长比在空气中同一音符长了两倍多。The wavelength of this musical note is over three times longer than that of the same note in air.83By a factor of n该样本被放大了10倍。The sample has been magnified by a factor of 11.如果把半径减半，则流速就降低了15倍（即降为原来的1/16）。If the radius is halved, the flow rate is reduced by a factor of 16.84常用写作句型总结对作一分析/研究/比较Make an analysis ofMake a study ofMake a comparison of A with/and BMake a comparison between A and B85对作一介绍/描述/解释Give an introduction toGive a description ofGive an explanation of86对的研究/分析/比较表明A study of shows thatAn analysis of shows thatA comparison between A and B shows that 87我们能够It is possible for us to doWe can doWe are able to doWe are capable of doingWe are in a position to do88普通的变压器并不是理想的，因而在其中会发生功率损耗。Ordinary transformers are not ideal, and therefore power losses occur in them.89试计算a、b、c三点处的电场。Compute the electric fields at points a, b and c.90这颗卫星用于美国与英国、法国以及意大利之间的通讯。This satellite is used for communications between the United States and Great Britain, France and Italy.91学生们会认识到数学是科学概念的语言，科学是数学概念的源泉，数学能够为重要的科学问题提供极好的答案。Students may learn that mathematics is the language for scientific ideas, that science is the source of mathematical ideas, and that mathematics can furnish brilliant answers to important scientific problems.92这台计算机储存的信息比那台多3倍。（用以“计算机”为主语的“主谓宾”结构）This computer stores four times more information than that one (does).93月球的质量为地球的1/81。The mass of the moon is 1/81 that of the earth.94不久的将来对这种设备的需求量将为现在的20倍。The demand for this kind of equipment in the near future will be 20 times what it is.95现在其内部的压力是原来的1/3。Now its internal pressure is one third what it was.96 大家对温度这一概念都很熟悉，这是因为我们的身体对温差非常敏感。当拿起一块冰时我们感到冷，因其温度低于手的温度。在喝了一杯咖啡后，我们可能把它说成“热的”、“温的”、或“很糟的”。至少在前两种情况下我们是在描述其温度超过人体温度的程度。97 The concept of temperature is familiar to all to us. This is because our bodies are so sensitive to temperature differences. When we pick up a piece of ice, we feel cold because its temperature is lower than that of our hand. After drinking a cup of coffee, we may refer to it as “hot”, “lukewarm”, or “atrocious”. In the first two cases, at least, we are describing the extent to which its temperature exceeds ours.98介词(preposition)Of1) “of+某些抽象名词”等效于与这些名词相对应的形容词，但语气更强。此时，of 意为 “具有”， 但它后面不能跟表示具体事物的名词。99本书将有助于计算机专家们了解最新的技术。This book will be of help in exposing computer scientists to the latest technology.此测量非常精确。This measurement is of great precision.工程师会发现这本书作为一本有关基本问题的参考书是很有价值的。Engineers may find the book of value as a reference on basic problems.1002)of 表示“在之中”，其后只能接可数名词复数。即可用作为最高级的比较范围，也可用于一般的句子中。101所有这些仪表中，这一台最贵。Of all these instruments, this one is the most expensive.Of the four parameters, three can be disposed of rather quickly.Of these three new chapters, the first treats pulse and data communications, the next covers radar, and the last one introduces television.1023)of 表示前后两者处于同位关系。103化学这门科学在当今世界非常有用。The science of chemistry is very useful in the modern world.那个较轻的机器零件的质量为7千克。The lighter machine part has a mass of 7kg.这个器件能提供4毫安的输出驱动电流。This device can supply 4mA of output drive current.Or: This device can supply an output drive current of 4mA.1044)of 后面的名词是其前面名词（来自于不及物动词）的逻辑主语。105图2画出了输出随输入的变化情况。Fig.2 shows the variation of the output with the input.我们用椭圆来描述行星绕太阳的运行情况。Ellipses are used to describe the motions of the planets around the sun.1065)of后面的名词是其前面名词（来自于及物动词）的逻辑宾语。107我们都很熟悉把速度定义为距离与时间之比。The definition of speed as the ratio of distance to time is familiar to all of us.把金子从矿石中提炼出来并不容易。The separation of gold from its ore is not easy.应避免人体接触有潜在毒性的物质。Exposure of the body to potentially toxic substances should be avoided.1086)在ability, tendency 等名词后引出一种特殊的“不定式复合结构”作后置定语。109各种物质的导热能力差异很大。There are wide differences in the ability of various substance to conduct heat.万有引力就是所有物体相互吸引的趋势。Gravity is the tendency of all objects to attract, and be attracted by, each other.110With 1) “with+某些名词”等效于与这些名词所对应的副词，但语气更强。111交流电可以极其容易地被转变成直流电。AC can be changed into DC with great ease.这个参数可以精确地加以测量。The parameter can be measured with accuracy.1122)with 与vary, change, increase, decrease 等动词连用时可表示“随着”之意。113船速随着水的阻力的增大而减小。The boats speed decreases with the increase in water resistance.半导体的导电率随温度的变化而变化。The conductivity of a semiconductor varies with temperature.1143)with位于句首时可表示“对于；有了；在情况下”等意思。115对于火箭来说，情况就不同了。With rockets, things are different.有了雷达，我们可以看到远方的物体。With radar, we can see distant objects.1164)表示“用”，其后一般跟具体名词。117功率可以用瓦特计来测量。Power can be measured with a wattmeter.我们能够用这种磁铁来制作电铃。We can make an electric bell with this kind of magnet.1185)表示“与”119许多元素可以与氢化合形成各种易燃的液体。Many elements combine with hydrogen to form combustible liquids.这根线与x轴平行。This line is parallel with the x-axis.1206)表示“具有；带有”（此时介词短语一般只能作后置定语）。121这是具有两个变量的函数。This is a function with two variables.波长各不相同的无线电波以相同的速度传播。The radio waves with different wavelengths travel at the same speed.1227)构成“with结构”，在句中作状语。123由于存在阻力，一部分功率以热能形式被损失掉了。With resistance present, a part of power has been lost as heat.124By1)表示除了时间和距离外的任何参量的数值。125这时压力增加了9倍。At this point, the pressure has increased by a factor of 10.在这种情况下，这两个矢量相位相差30度。In this case, the two vectors differ in phase by 30 degrees.1262)表示 “根据；按照”，用于推导之中。127根据虎克定律便可以求出该力。By Hookes law, one can find out the force.根据式（3），我们可以得到下面这个表达式。By Eq.(3), we can obtain the following expression.1283) “by+动名词或表示动作的名词”表示“通过”之意。129通过分析该设备的参数，我们就能了解它的特点。By analyzing the parameters of the device, we can understand its features.通过考察此模型，人们便能了解原子的结构。By an examination of this model, one can learn about the structure of an atom.1304)在method前使用by, 表示“用方法”。131我们可以用这种方法来克服那个困难。We can overcome the difficulty by this method.这时克服这个缺点的唯一方法。This is the only method by which the disadvantage may be overcome.1325)表示尺寸“长、宽、高”相乘的含义。133That laboratory is a room 4 by 12m.This device measures 12 by 18 by 6 inches.134For1)表示时间或距离的长短。135几年来他们一直在研究这种计算机。They have been working for several years on such a computer.该温度可长时间保持不变。The temperature may stay constant for a long time.这辆车已经跑了100英里了。This car has run for 100 miles.1362)表示条件，意为 “对于；当时候；如果的话”。137For x1, this equation does not hold.This book is too difficult for a beginner.1383)与动词solve连用表示方程所要求解的对象。139In this case, Eq. 2-1 will be solved for the unknown.It is necessary for us to solve this equation for x.1404)在method, technique, algorithm, condition, requirement, name等词后多用for.141The methods for solving this problem are many.This paper presents an algorithm for describing the solution of some engineering problems in the graph theory.The proper name for atomic energy is nuclear ene