本科毕业论文-齿轮轧制法加工过程仿真.doc

齿轮轧制法加工过程仿真1 绪论1.1 轧制简介齿轮的轧制是用带齿的轧制工具在工件上轧出齿廓的回转成形工艺。齿轮的轧制法具有以下优点：生产率高、节省材料和易于实现自动化等，并且由于齿部金属沿齿廓分布，所以齿轮寿命长、强度高。如图1-1所示为轧制原理的示意图，金属坯料的轧制是依靠上下轧辊与金属坯料之间的摩擦力进行轧制的，开始时金属工件进入到轧制区域内，这个轧制区域是有上轧辊和下轧辊组成的。为了获得所需的金属产品，金属坯料需要较小的尺寸，较小的尺寸是经过轧制后从较大的尺寸中得来的。轧制法是金属材料非常重要的工艺，轧制工艺也是生产钢材非常重要的方式。此外各种板材，型材，管材和各种零件等也可以用轧制法来加工。用轧制法生产零件具有节省材料，生产效率高，成本低，零件性能好等优点。在轧轧制时有一种方法可以划分轧辊的运动，是按照轧制时转动速度的不同进行划分的，当转动速度相同时为同步轧制，当转动速度不同时我们叫他为异步轧辊。此外根据轧制温度的高低可以分为冷轧和热轧两种，生产精度不高的大模数齿轮时用热轧，当生产精度高的小模数齿轮时用冷轧，也可以采用热粗轧，最后在采用冷精轧。直齿，人字圆柱齿轮和可以用横轧齿轮也可以用轧制链轮，此外橫轧分为冷轧和热轧。图1-1 轧制原理示意图在再结晶温度以上进行的轧制为热轧，热轧的优点是生产成本低，节省材料，需要的能量消耗也会降低很多。金属的塑性在受到轧制后比之前的好，变形抗力降低。金属的能量使用可以降低很多，而且可以使铸造形态的粗大晶粒破碎，从而使合金及金属的加工工艺性能显著提高。此外使钢锭的铸造组织破坏，消除显微组织缺陷，钢材的晶粒得到细化，因此可以使钢材组织密实，改善力学性能。轧制可以使主体在轧制方向上得到改善，因此使钢材的各向同体性在一定程度上降低。轧制也可以增加裂纹愈合，降低或消除铸造缺陷，使合金的加工性能得到提高；总之，热轧促进了生产效率，提高了轧制速度，为自动化和连续化创造了条件。冷轧是与热轧向对应的，冷轧是指轧制过程时的轧制温度低于再结晶温度。在冷轧的过程中金属的材料会发生显著地塑性变形，使金属的屈服强度得到提高，从而使金属的强度和硬度提高，金属的使用性能变的更好。冷轧的缺点是在变形后会出现加工硬化现象，因为金属在变形过程中没有再结晶现象。所以，金属在冷轧时不能有太大的变形，防止造成断裂的情况发生。1.2 齿轮轧制简介在现在工业的发展中，我们需要的机械的工作精度会愈来愈额高，相比较而言，所需要的工作精度肯定会、不断地增高。再生产中由于需要的传递的功率肯定会越来越高，对转速的也要求肯定也会不断提高。所以，我们对齿轮及其精度肯定也很高。齿轮的加工方法有冲压法，挤压法，铸造法以及切削法等，现在主要是用切削加工。齿轮加工的关键和核心是齿面的加工。齿轮磨削加工和刀具切削加工是齿面加工的主要方法。目前广泛使用的齿面加工方法是切削加工，因为切削加工精度较高，效率较高，而磨削加工主要用在齿面的精加工上。按照齿轮的加工原理的不同齿轮的切削加工方法分为范成法和仿形法。利用与被加工齿轮的轮廓相同的刀具是成形法。成形法加工齿轮的特点是不需要专门的机床，生产成本较低，缺点是精度较低，生产效率较低。利用齿轮的啮合原理进行加工齿轮的方法是范成法，展成法的生产效率高和精度高，因而在工业中生产齿轮时大部分用展成法。而用热轧法生产出的齿轮具有强度高，硬度高，寿命长，生产效率高，节约资源等优点。因此，基于以上的优点，采用热轧法生产齿轮具有比其他方法更好的优点。齿廓是通过齿辊与工件间的相互碾压而形成的。在轧制过程中只会产生很少的碎屑，所以既提高了生产率，又节约了很多材料。轧制是一种无屑或少屑的加工工艺，所以齿轮轧制可以大大的节约材料，同时可以提高生产的效率。轧制后的齿根具有在轧制后齿根部分的强度高，因此齿轮的性能好，产品的使用周期长。图1-2 热轧齿轮示意图1-轧轮；2-毛坯；3-感应加热器毛坯外缘需要用感应加热后才可以轧制，毛坯外缘会以很快的速度加热到很高的温度，使毛坯外缘迅速加热至高温，且适用于压力加工的成形，向毛坯内部传导的热量会慢些，由于毛坯内部是维持在比较低的温度和相对较高的的硬度和强度内，所以毛坯会处于理想热加工状态，这个状态就是外柔内刚。将轧制轮做径向进给，轧制轮是齿形的，此时毛坯2和轧轮就会实现对辗的状态。毛坯上的部分金属由于毛坯和轧轮对碾就会形成一部分齿谷，相邻部分的金属被轧轮齿部“反挤”而上升，形成齿顶3。图1-2是齿轮热轧过程中的示意图。通过热轧的方法可以对直齿轮，圆柱齿轮和人字齿轮进行加工，使用要求不高的齿轮可以通过热轧的方法进行制造。轧制后的齿轮就可以直接运用到机械中。剃齿、磨齿、研齿和珩齿等齿轮要求的加工精度高，这时第一步先需要热轧成形，第二步再用精加工的方式对齿轮进行处理。在轧制过程中，对加热设备的要求较高，这时因为轧制时材料受到的应力可能会很大，当加热设备性能和质量不好时，热轧出的齿轮的精度就会很低。有限元仿真法的优点是生产投资低，生产的效率高。有限元仿形法可以进行工艺规律分析，不但能产生很大的经济效益，而且可以加速理论、试验研究的进程，因此得到越来越广泛的应用。1.3 有限元法简介将结果离散化是有限元分析方法的重要思想。用比较简单的思路替换比较复杂的思路的方法就是有限元分析法。我们采用有限元法这种方法，可以增快仿真计算时的精度计算精度，而且也可以提高计算效率，由于有限元仿真的方法，可以适应很多复杂形状的加工。由于以上的考虑，有限元这种方法就成为了有至效的工程分析手段。1.4 msc.marc软件简介在现代企业中为了满足工程师快捷地解决复杂工程问题的要求，多采用商业化有限元分析软件。用有限元法处理一些工程问题的途径需要用到有限元软件，以下这些软件ansys、msc.marc、nastran、fenris是用有限元分析中经常要用到的。 20世纪70年代有限元软件msc.marc被发明出来，距离至今已经有45年左右了。msc.marc软件是很好的有限元软件处理系统，之说以说他很好是因为，他是一直随着计算机软件和硬件的发展而发展起来的。他的优点是功能强大，界面友好等。msc.marc能够很有效率的求解电磁场问题，动态和静态的受力情况，高度非线性问题，流体力学问题，稳态和瞬态热分析及热-结构耦合问题，和滑动轴承问题。他只所以拥有强大的功能是因为他有强大的材料模型库，丰富和完善的单元库，还有求解器等。1.5 研究内容根据热轧齿轮的原理，利用有限元分析法借助软件msc.marc对齿轮进行仿真。在仿真过程中了解其运动过程中的形变情况，轧制力的大小，齿的不同部位的应力分布情况，金属的流动规律等。分析出齿辊的受到转矩的大小，转筒受到转矩的大小等。1.6 研究思路1）、学习仿形法和展成法加工齿轮的基本原理，掌握热轧和冷轧两种轧制齿轮的加工方式，金属热加工，有限元的相关知识等；2）、画出cad平面图，在有限元软件上建立热轧齿轮的分析模型；3）、用有限元软件对将要轧制的齿轮进行仿真计算。使用有限元软件msc.marc进行计算；4）、分析仿真计算过程中的齿轮变形情况，应力，应变分布情况，轧制力的大小，金属的流动规律等。齿辊和转筒承受到的扭矩的大小。2 热轧法制造齿轮有限元模型2.1 几何模型论文用有限元分析法对于热轧齿轮的模型主要由转筒、齿辊和工件三部分组成，模型的建立在有限元仿真中是非常重要的，模型建立的成功与否，将决定仿真能否顺利进行。如图2-1。坯料选用的材料为45钢，摩擦系数为0.1，轧制温度为1000，轧制成型齿轮的压力角为20，模数m=5mm，齿顶高系数为1，顶隙系数0.25，齿厚5mm，分度圆直径95mm，齿根圆直径82.5mm，齿顶圆直径105mm，齿距为7.85mm，齿顶高为5mm,齿根高为6.25mm,齿全高为11.25mm；转筒直径为50mm,速度为0.273m/s；齿辊的分度圆直径260mm，齿根圆直径247.5mm，齿顶圆直径270mm，速度为0.1 m/s；坯料与齿辊的传动比i=2.73。在轧制时，齿辊的齿廓对坯料强制作用，使坯料发生强制变形。为了保证计算的精度，减少坯料的单元数目从而减少计算量，提高计算效率。二维是这次有限元仿真中采用的主要的计算方式。另外内部工件金属的流动以径向为主，而轴向的流动会降低很多。齿辊 工件图2-1 热轧法制造齿轮有限元分析几何模型2.2 网格划分网格的划分是建立有限元模型的一个关键环节,它有很多要素需要考虑，需要的工作量较大,在建立齿轮的几何模型时对工件所划分的网格形式和网格的数量将直接影响有限元软件分析对齿轮轧制的计算精度和计算规模。有限元网格的划分要求考虑的因素很多，单元格长度有限元网格划分时非常重要的因素，他决定网格的疏密和网格的大小，另外需要考虑的因素有单元阶次、变形梯度、网格分界面、单元形状位移协调性等因素。在有限元仿真计算中，本次设计中经过了多次的尝试和对比以及为了保证计算精度和计算效率，最后决定将工件以10mm为边长划分出四边形的单元格，如图2-2所示。图2-2 工件单元划分3 结果与分析3.1 轧制过程变形分析本部分主要分析了坯料用有限元方法模拟热轧的仿真过程，以及在成型过程中坯料的变化情况，坯料内部应变、应力和金属流动的情况。有限元模拟齿轮的热轧过程如图3-1所示。 （a）（b） （c） （d）(e)3-1有限元模拟齿轮的热轧过程所示图3-1（a）为热轧开始阶段，坯料表面应力的变化情况。从图中可以看出，坯料与齿辊接触的表面发生塑性变形，且表面应力越靠近工件内部就越小，此时接触处受到的等效应变较大。如图3-1(b)所示，在轧制完第一个齿后，可以看出轧制的第一个齿的齿廓不太好。在轧制过程工件的第一个齿时，工件表面只受到齿辊一个齿的作用，因此工件表面的金属流动比较自由。，造成轧制过程难控制，因此第一个齿廓难以成形，解决齿廓不容易形成的方式是，该齿廓可以通过齿辊与工件二次啮合也可以多次啮合加工，使第一个齿形成齿顶和齿根。轧制是以塑性变形为主，因此，沿齿面分布的带状纤维组织会在工件变形的过程中形成。工件内的连续纤维组织可以适应在较大应力工作下的环境。造成工件的纤维组织的断裂和在较大强度的工作状态下断裂的原因可能是在生产时用的是切削加工，铸造工艺，挤压工艺等方法。如图3-1（c）所示,从图中可以看到第一个齿和第二个齿已经加工完成，第三个齿正在加工。由于计算量在逐步增加在仿真的进程也会逐渐减慢。从轧制出的工件的齿面可以看出表层应力和应变的分布是不均匀的，越靠近齿根的附近发生的应变越严重，应力也越大，应力和应变变化最小且基本上没有变化的是发生在齿面的齿顶和中心区域附近。形变强化现象主要发生在塑性加工的冷加工生产中。本次论文设计是在轧制温度为1000的环境下进行的。由于温度可以达到再结晶温度以上，因此形变强化现象会在再结晶的过程中消除所以轧制齿轮的过程中不会再有形变强化现象。从图3-1(d)中可以清楚的看出，齿轮在轧制过程中，表层的应变发生了很大的变化，工件与齿辊啮合区域越多的齿发生的应变情况也就越大。第三，四，五个齿轮的应变情况明显强于其他齿轮的应变。在这种情况下再结晶发生的几率就越大。在结晶会使粗大的晶粒组织变细，晶粒组织变的更加均匀，残余应力显著降低，强度和硬度明显提高，能够抵抗较大载荷或是交变载荷的冲击，齿面表面的耐磨性也得到提高。如图3-1（e）所示，轧制出部分齿廓的三维图，从图中可以看出工件上已经形成了齿廓。齿廓的应力和应变情况更加明显，为了得到表面质量更好的齿廓可以使工件与齿辊多次啮合，也可以使用磨，铣的加工工艺进行处理。这次的论文设计只是做了几个齿，如果将全部的齿都做出来的话，只需要多次旋转齿辊对工件进行啮合。3.2 转矩分析齿辊与工件啮合过程中转轴会承受很大的转矩，本次设计选用的是刚度和强度较好的低碳钢作为转轴的材料，转轴的直径是50mm，可以满足强度的要求。如图3-2为轧制过程中转轴承受转矩的情况。在热轧的过程中对转矩的分析是一个必不可少的参数。影响转矩的因素很多，其中工作力，摩擦力，转筒的扭矩是比较重要的参数。工件与转筒采用过盈连接的方式，当齿辊转动并带与工件强制啮合，是工件转动，工件又带动齿轮运动。因此在轧制过程中转轴会承受很大的转矩。从图中可以看出刚开始时，转矩的变化较大，越往后转矩基本就稳定在7附近了。在轧制齿轮时确定转矩是很重要的，因为转矩的大小关系到工作能否顺利进行，动力装置电机的选取以及校核，还有生产能力的确定。为了使轧制正常进行，选择正确的转矩才能使电机提供恰当的功率。图3-2为齿辊对z轴的转矩，为了满足轧制的需要，此图可以提供根据分析出的转矩选出适当的电机。图3-2 齿辊对z轴的转矩3.3 受力分析转筒是与工件直接相连接的，齿辊带动工件运动，工件与转筒连接在一起，因此整个仿真能否顺利进行，对转筒的受力分析也是必不可少的。如图3-3分析了转筒的受力情况。从图中可以看出刚开始时齿辊与工件刚接触，此时转筒的受力为零，随着仿真的进行，在齿廓开始形成中，受力在急剧增大，当一个齿轧制出后，转筒的受力基本在一个稳定的范围内变化。这要求我们在选择转筒时，要让转筒的承载能力在这个范围之内，强度太高的话，需要的费用也就高，另外也浪费资源，如果第一最低强度时，转筒就不能满足生产使用要求。工件与转筒通过键连接，为了保证不出现位移情况的发生，转筒需要做圆周运动。，确定转筒的受力大小可以有助于对转筒的刚度进行计算，也有利于得到更好的齿形。转筒与齿辊的中心距离变大，是由于转筒受到力太大，导致转筒发生较大的变形，当他们之间的距离发生变化后，工件和齿辊就不能非常结实的啮合在一起，轧制出的齿形就不能满住使用的要求。所以对转筒进行受力分析这是非常必要的，这里只考虑了转筒在x、y轴所受到的力，这对于转筒的定位，夹具的选择及校核也是一个很重要的参数。转筒的受力如图3-3所示（a）（b）图3-3 转筒的受力分析，（a）转筒在x轴的受力分析，（b）转筒在y轴的受力分析结论与展望本次设计是运用有限元软件msc.marc对齿轮轧制的过程进行仿真分析。齿轮是机械中最为重要的零件之一，通过完整的模拟齿轮的轧制过程，用有限元软件对45钢进行仿真，设计制造齿轮的最大直径为105mm，齿根圆的直径为82.5mm。通过有限元的轧制仿真对工件的变形情况，应力和应变分布情况，转筒转矩的大小，轧制力的大小等进行分析。由仿真结果可以看出，z轴承受齿辊的最大转矩4.064106n/mm平均转矩在2106n/mm左右，转筒在x方向受到的最大转矩为5.828104n/mm，在y方向上承受的最大转矩为3.868104n/mm，另外我们发现在齿轮的轧制仿真中，齿廓的应力和应变分布是不均匀的，齿廓的表面特别是靠近齿根的部分应力和应变很大，而靠近齿顶和心部区域的应变就会小很多。在轧制过程中对金属组织会造成很大的伤害，使齿轮的使用性能下降，由于整个轧制是在1000的环境下进行的，这样就会出现再结晶现象，从而可以消除形变强化现象。通过再结晶，齿廓的内部组织和晶粒与轧制以前相比更为细化，再结晶以后的得到的金属强度和硬度提高很多，使齿轮可以承受较大强度的载荷，增加齿轮的耐磨性。通过对转筒转矩的分析在设计制造齿轮时可以选择适当的转筒，通过分析齿辊的转矩可以选择正确的电机来传动。采用热轧法加工齿轮比其他的加工方法具有节省材料，效率高等优点。由于齿轮是现代机械生产中不可或缺的零件，因此齿轮的加工很重要。希望能有更多的好方法可以制造出齿轮。参考文献1任沁新等.齿轮制造工艺手册.北京：机械工业出版社：2010.2.3 陈家芳等.实用金属切削加工工艺手册.上海：上海科学技术出版社：2005.1. 4 张远明，吕广庶. 工程材料及成形技术基础m.北京:高等教育出版社，2011： 233-234.5 杨曼云. 轴承滚子冷锻加工过程数值成形技术的研究与应用d.昆明：昆明理工大学，2005.6 赵维涛，陈孝珍. 有限元法基础m.北京：科学出版社，2009：1-3.8 zhou s x. an integrated model for hot rolling of steel stripsj.mater.process.technol,2003，134（3）：338-351.910 张贵杰，张国滨，梁元成，武学泽. 棒材热连轧力能参数的解析j.钢铁研究学报, 2001，13(2): 28-31.11 杨勇. 棒材连轧过程有限元仿真及连轧辊孔型设计d.秦皇岛:燕山大学，2002.12 周勇. 带式制动器有限元分析与试验研究d.武汉：武汉理工大学，2007.您好，为你提供优秀的毕业论文参考资料，请您删除以下内容，o(_)o谢谢！a large group of tea merchants on camels and horses from northwest chinas shaanxi province pass through a stop on the ancient silk road, gansus zhangye city during their journey to kazakhstan, may 5, 2015. the caravan, consisting of more than 100 camels, three horse-drawn carriages and four support vehicles, started the trip from jingyang county in shaanxi on sept 19, 2014. it will pass through gansu province and xinjiang uygur autonomous region, and finally arrive in almaty, formerly known as alma-ata, the largest city in kazakhstan, and dungan in zhambyl province. the trip will cover about 15,000 kilometers and take the caravan more than one year to complete. the caravan is expected to return to jingyang in march 2016. then they will come back, carrying specialty products from kazakhstan a small art troupe founded six decades ago has grown into a household name in the inner mongolia autonomous region. in the 1950s, ulan muqir art troupe was created by nine young musicians, who toured remote villages on horses and performed traditional mongolian music and dances for nomadic families. the 54-year-old was born in tongliao, in eastern inner mongolia and joined the troupe in 1975.he says there are 74 branch troupes across inner mongolia and actors give around 100 shows every year to local nomadic people. i can still recall the days when i toured with the troupe in the early 80s. we sat on the back of pickup trucks for hours. the sky was blue, and we couldnt help but sing the folk songs, nasun says. the vastness of inner mongolia and the lack of entertainment options for people living there, made their lives lonely. the nomadic people were very excited about our visits, nasun recalls. we didnt have a formal stage. the audience just sat on the grass. usually, the performances became a big party with local people joining in. for him, the rewarding part about touring isnt just about sharing art with nomadic families but also about gaining inspiration for the music and dance. ulan muqir literally translates as red burgeon, and todays performers of the troupe still tour the regions villages and entertain nomadic families, but their fame has spread around the world. on may 16 and 17, nearly 100 singers and dancers from the troupe performed at beijings poly theater. their show, titled ulan muqir on the grassland, depicted the history and development of the art troupe. being from the region allowed me to embrace the culture of inner mongolia and being a member of the troupe showed me where i belonged, nasun, the art troupes president, who is also a renowned tenor, tells china daily. during a tour in 1985, he went to a village and met an elderly local man, who told him a story about his friendship with a solider from shenyang, capital of northeast chinas liaoning province, decades ago. the solider gave the old man a handmade saddle when they bid farewell. the story inspired nasun to write carved saddle, a song that later became one of his most popular numbers. now, every year, nasun recruits young singers and dancers for the troupe. the troupe has also designed a new repertoire, which is mostly based on the daily lives of mongolian people, especially the lives of nomadic families, and has combined contemporary musical elements with folk songs of the region. haimu, a 25-year-old khoomei (a local variant of overtone singing) singer, joined the troupe three years ago. along with a six-member band, he performs fast songs and soft ones that he writesall while playing the horse-head fiddle.although i learned the piano since childhood and grew up listening to various kinds of music, to me, the folk music of inner mongolia is the root, he says. performing in remote villages is pleasant. i feel at home on the boundless grasslands, and the warm people there make me feel fulfilled. the first round of spring auction season in beijing ended last week, but it failed to create much spring in the art market. although two pieces of chinese painting fetched more than 100 million yuan, the decline in trading volume and sale rate showed a downturn this year. in the “grand view: chinese painting highlight” session at china guardian 2015 spring auctions, pan tianshous representative work eagle, rock and flora hit a record auction price of 279 million yuan, while li kerans masterwork jinggang mountain fetched 126.5 million yuan, an unexpected high in recent years. however, the trading volume fells to 1.87 billion yuan from 2.22 billion yuan in the same period the year before. the huangchen 2015 spring auctions, which recorded 42.5 million yuan in total sales, experienced the same. the section number went down to 5 from 12 compared to last year. according to expert shao jianwu, the art market did not attract much excitement this year due to the booming stock market and the persistent problems of forgery and fake deals. the two pieces of chinese painting notched up high price this spring due to their own value not due to a revival in the market. the successful transaction of two works with a hammer price of more than 100 million yuan once again confirms that valuable and rare works of high quality always earn the long-lasting high price. chinese painting and calligraphy is still the pillar of the market. however, the overall sales rate has dropped slightly, which reflects the demand for the ordinary auction goods has weakened,” said the president of china guardians hu yanyan. besides, the entry of new buyers also makes certain changes to the direction of purchasing. in a word, the overall market trend is very unpredictable. although china guardian 2015 spring auctions has achieved remarkable results, it does not mean that the market has walked out of the predicament. we still have to wait for the big economic boom to invigorate the art market.” even so, the hot pursuit of some special items appeared this spring. a special session of china guardian spring auctions titled “fine giltbronze buddhist images” achieved a great deal with total sales volume of 41.89 million yuan and 92 percent sale rate. the 5th shamar rinpoche statue from 16-17th century of tibet was sold for 5.06 million yuan. the beijing chengxuan auctions featured almost 2,800 items of coins and stamps in three sessions with good sale rate. the huachen auctions also set a special session of photographs under the condition of large-scale decline of auction sessions. there was a palpable dull thud of disappointment that accompanied the return of the imperial entourage of zhen huan to her homeland. it followed a couple years of hushed excitement as chinese fans were fed tidbits about their proud concubine who was supposed to conquer the high ground of the north american market. zhen huan is, of course, the title character of the legend of zhen huan, a 2011 television series that swept china off its feet and later took other asian countries by storm. two years ago, it was reported that hbo, a premium cable service headquartered in the united states, was going to air it in north america after some modification. now, a condensed version that provides english subtitles but no dubbing has finally been made available on netflix for online streaming. this version, highly anticipated as a milestone in chinas cultural foray overseas, has been widely panned by its home audience. retitled empresses in the palace, the american version has been shortened from its original 76 episodes at 45 minutes each, to six 90-minute episodes. the quick pacing threw off many native viewers, who are accustomed to a more leisurely daytime-soap-style narrative rhythm. (chinese tv stations would run two or three episodes every day.) i did not finish the full-length version and found the truncated one not difficult to follow. whats lost, i believe, are the interesting setups and pauses that illuminate the chinese art of storytelling. much of the plot is still there. it is the flavor that was sacrificed. the american edition uses the framework of the empress dowager in her senior years reminiscing at the beginning and the end of each episode, hinting at whats to come and recapping the key points. this device, not used in the original, is culturally understandable but artistically mediocre. what puzzles me is the two new songs for the opening and end credits. they were written in english, but sung by chinese with an uncomfortable accent. they were obviously designed to appeal to an english-speaking base, but do not jibe with the chinese dialogue. speaking of the dialogue, the english translation, picked apart by some chinese, is too literal for my taste. i can imagine a typical american hit by a flurry of royal ranks, addresses and greetings, even multiple names and titles for the same person. the first half hour must be a swamp to wade through, very much like my experience of getting through a tolstoy tome with its endless inflections of names transliterated into lengthy chinese. i see the choice of verbatim translation as an effort for conveying exotica. it is fairly competent, with no error that i could detect, but fails to rise above words or capture the essence of the language. a cultural product usually crosses over to a foreign territory first by an emphasis on the commonalities. but whether inside or outside china, the temptation to sell it for the differences is just too great. sure, the sumptuous sets and costumes are a big attraction, but the narrative technique has becomehow shall i put it?a bit anglicized, which is necessary for cultural export. judging by the responses, this legend, which, contrary to the claim of the english trailer, is totally fictitious, has departed from china but not yet landed on american shores. i am a big fan of ralph waldo emersons essay titled self-reliance. if youve not yet read it, i strongly encourage you to do so. in this essay, the venerable emerson talks about eschewing the trappings of society and finding ones own path. he urges the reader to find rectitude and lead a moral life. he professes that, only by being self reliant, as opposed to relying on the government and being dictated to by society, can one begin leading a decent and purposeful life. he avers that such a life is the only life worth living. i agree with him. this essay was written during a time of social upheaval in america, and it is rather odd that emerson authored it, as he was a part of the upper crust of society at the time. it just so happened that he looked around him, at the indolence and the wantonness of the people in his circle; he wondered how in the world he came to belon