英语本科毕业论文-妇女当代美国社会不可小觑的力量.doc

本科毕业论文 妇女当代美国社会不可 小觑的力量学生姓名： 学生学号： 200310206027 院（系）： 外国语学院 年级专业： 2003级英语本科3班 指导教师： 二七年五月women the powerful group in present american society that cant be underestimatedzou yanunder the supervisor ofpeng xinyueschool of foreign languages and culturespanzhihua universitymay 2007攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 contentscontents abstract.ikey words.i摘要.ii关键词.iiintroduction.1i. the struggle and achievement in politics.2a. the importance of political rights.2b. the difficult course of the struggle.3c. powerful women on american political stage.4ii. american womens contribution to economy.7a.womens employment in america.7 b. american female entrepreneurs with magic power.8 c. womens rights to arrange property and consumption.9iii. womens strong influence on literature and other social life .11a. the decision-makers on the issues about family.11b. outstanding performance in literature.12conclusion.14acknowledgements.15bibliography.16攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 abstractabstractthe american women began to continuously strive for womens rights since 1848. after one and half a centurys difficult struggling, american women have made steady progress. their social status has been improved greatly. they have obtained many important rights such as the right to vote, the right to arrange wealth by them and the right to control birth, etc. more and more women have been released from the heavy trivial housework. thus, they are able to turn to the society to take part in mass social work because of the rapid development of the society and great improvement of womens knowledge and ability. more and more women have real power in hands both in the field of politics and economy. they show their outstanding capability in the center of american politics and play utmost important part in the world politics; some of them are engaged in industry and commerce and have magic power in the industrial field of america; they are the main consumption force; according to culture and literature, women also play an very important role. american women are the powerful group that can not be underestimated in modern society.key wordsamerican women; feminism movement; dominate; poweri攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 摘要摘要美国妇女自从1848年起就为争取妇女的权利进行不懈的斗争。经过了近一个半世纪的艰苦的斗争，美国妇女取得长足的进步。她们的社会地位有了很大提高。在女权主义运动的影响下，美国妇女取得了多方面的重要权利，例如，政治选举权，财产和工资的支配权以及节育权等等。由于社会的发展和妇女自身知识的增长和能力的的提高，越来越多妇女从繁重琐细的家务劳动中解放出来，走向社会参加社会大生产。在政治经济方面，也有越来越多的美国妇女大权在握。她们有的跻身美国的政权中心，对美国乃至世界政治起着举足轻重的作用；有的则投身商界，在美国企业界呼风唤雨；她们是消费主力，社会潮流的主导者；在文学文化领域，她们同样占据半壁江山。由此可见女性群体已经成为当代美国社会不可小觑的力量关键词美国妇女; 女权运动; 支配；权利ii攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 introduction116introductionmost lives in the world adopt the way of sexual procreation that is good for gene inheritance and mutation for better evolution. so, biologically speaking, the sexes are equal when they are born. however, the difference of x&y chromosome has evolved into different physiological feature during the evolution and the different hormone in return affects biological growth. human society has undergone the matrilineal society and the patriarchal society and mens social advantage emerged from the age of hunting, which continued to 19th century. nowadays, the timeworn thought that men are superior to women still exists in many regions. in order to pursue the equal right and status with men, women and feminists all over the world have carried out the feminism movement for hundreds of years. as the feudalism culture loosened the restraint to human beings mentality, the feminism movement in europe has come to being. the contemporary feminism movement was triggered by the french writer simone de beauvoirs le deuxieme sexe, which declared the statement of women being oppressed in different fields, and raised new requirement in the perspective of human right .the original intention of the feminists was that no matter women or men, human beings should be equally treated by the nature, the law and the god, and women have the same right in terms of live, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. in 1963, the american female writer betty friedan published her article the feminine mystique to condemn the harm to women resulting from the status of housewife and to awaken the female americans. the book has raised the curtain on the new feminism movement. the feminism movement in america has developed rapidly in 20th century, especially at the beginning of the century. america womens status and rights have made great progress. in different social fields of politics, economy and literature in america, women have handheld strong power, and women have been powerful group of america that cant be underestimated.攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 bodyi. the struggling and achievement in politicsa. the importance of political rightsthe right to vote is the main result of american feminism movement and the principal factor that enables women to become the strong, powerful group. if women have the right to vote, they will strengthen the interests and comprehension ability in undertaking the government function; by learning the concept of civil rights, women improve the ability of educating their children to become a more perfect mother; womens equal status to their husbands has broken the unfair relationship that wives cringe to their husbands who are cruel and imperious. in short, women have surmounted difficulties to gain the right to vote not only for the sake of themselves liberty, but also out of transforming the society and maintaining family.the right to vote is not the only item of self-right but it, with no wonder, is the most important on. because once having the right to vote, women are able to vote their representatives on behalf of women. then womens voice can be heard in congress. once women obtain the right to vote, many other problems confronting women can be readily solved, such as, the inferior social status, the lack of the opportunity to be educated, the pain as the result of too much birth the unfair salary and the restrained marriage etc. in a word, with the right to vote, women can acquire self- protection and self-improvement, which was impossible in male society. and they can also bear the responsibility for the society. therefore, the striving for right to vote is the essential point of all the problems. after being endued with political rights, women are able to turn to the public field from family reasonably, which exposes challenge to the existing social order. moreover, the independent and self-determination right owe to the political right has potential power to shake the social relationship that women are inferior to men. so, many male chauvinists worried about that once provided with the right to vote and to divorce, women would improve their status in family, and negative effects probably be done on private field -family as the results of intervening in public field too much .at the early half part of 19th century, the main stream of america, with a view of these factors ,spared no efforts to oppose and prevent giving the right to vote to women ,which made the struggle for political right to be confronted with a lot of difficulty.b. the difficult course of the struggleon the whole, from the 1840s to the mid-1850s , the main groups of america, including public opinion and politicians showed indifferent and negative attitude towards womens wish to have the rights to vote. in the eyes of anti-feminists, it is very dangerous to endow women with the voting rights. because once women gain the right to vote, they would abandon family and traditional virtue. with more and more indistinct sexual difference, women begin to act like men and men will gradually lose their masculine temperament .at the end of 19th century, the profound achievement in society, economy and politics made the theory of anti-feminist become more and more inconvincible. at the beginning of 20th century, women relied on different kinds of groups and organizations to substitute the participation in politics. they proved, with the fact, that womens participation in society didnt deprive mens masculine qualities, but promote the societys improvement with their own feminine temperament. thus, more and more people recognize such a fact that only the society with women is the perfect society and only the politics with womens participation is the perfect politics. take theodore roosevelt as an example, his original idea for women were much birth and a good wife and loving mother, and he thought that “womens plight wouldnt be improved greatly even if they gain the right to vote. however, in 1912, roosevelt indicated in public that he approved of the equality between men and women. he wrote the item about equal voting rights in the party programmer of the progressive party. american feminists have struggled for this right for a long time. the radical leaders of feminism movement elizabeth cady and susan b. anthony though that the only aim of feminism movement was to manage to endue women with voting right by no.16 revising bill of federal constitution, so they persuaded others at the congress to gain sympathize and support of members of the congress, in which labor women and middle class women were the main power. in order to implement this view stanton, and anthony established an organization named “national woman suffrage association ” (nwsa), while another group of active feminists with lucy stone and henry blackwell as the representatives did not agree with stanton about the methods of fighting for the right to vote. thus, setting up an organization called “american woman suffrage association ” (awsa), they preferred to carrying out the movement in every state and relying on feminism strength of local people to strive for the right one by one till enough has be gained.awsa, considering the same aim of the two associations, suggested combining with nwsa. thus, in order to promote the feminism movement, the two organizations which once gone different ways were united an organization called national american woman suffrage association （nawsa） in 1890.after the combining, the base of feminism movement was firmer and greater progress had been made in the right to vote for women. on jan.10th, 1918, he no.19 revising bill of federal constitute that endued american women with the right to vote was passed in the house of representatives and one and half of a year later the proposal was passed in senate. then, according to the relative laws of american federal constitute, the revising bill took effect on agu.26, 1920 after being approved by 3/4 members of the senate and became a part of american federal constitute .the feminism movement in america initiating in 1848 had finally fulfilled the most important intention after over 70 years of difficult fight.after gaining the right of voting, american women regarded the politics as the key way to turn to society. the leaders of feminism movement seized firmly the opportunity to protect womens rights and interests to the maximum by adopting the social welfare law with the help of american political voting system.c. powerful women on american political stagein america, the women also play an important role as men do in politics. they have come to the centre of politics gradually from the edge position in 1960s .one of the most hard examples is condoleezza .rice-the secretary of state of america, who is regarded as the most powerful woman in the world at present.she is considered very talent and absolutely more capable many times than her male workmates, otherwise it is impossible for her to have so high status. as one of the symbols of the profound social changes in america, at present, she is one of the women of utmost importance. certainly, she is also the most noticeable woman .on the stage of politics all over the world. as the only one woman in the g.w.bushs conservative male cabinet, rice is regarded as the “female kissinger” with very sharp comprehensive ability. in the early time when taking the position of the assistant of state security affairs of g.w.bushs government, she was responsible for harmonizing the cooperation between the department of defense, the ministry of foreign affairs and the central intelligence agency (cia). only the president has more power than her, but mr. president has to listen to her suggestion.g.w.bush lacked diplomatic and political knowledge in the early days of his presidential term, so he needed an assistant of wisdom and intelligence to give him tactics on the knotty but important diplomatic affairs. he needs a brain thruster who knows well and helps him to learn the diplomatic regulation of high level. no body other than rice is qualified for this job.in g.w.bushs first presidential term, in spite of being assisted by powell，the experienced former secretary of state, he made his assistant of state security affairs- condoleezza . rice speaks on behalf of bush when he faced diplomatic crisis or other fatal problems.being on behalf of america, rice declared that america withdrew from the kyoto protocol；rice visited russia and talked with president putin about the missile defensive system; rice urged to speed up the iraq war without any reliable evidence to prove the existence of weapon of mass destruction and the relationship between the al qaeda and iraq. rice criticized the u.n. security councils unacceptable indifference to the terrorism throughout the world rice has great learning and extraordinary intelligence. she is an expert on russian issues. she is decisive, strict and of great ambition. rice knows well the relationship of the other shore of the atlantic ocean and takes relative measure to take america to the u.n. and the multilateral politics.many political observers of washington d.c. think that she is a “secret female president”. they forecast that she is the super-star of the republic party to scramble for the president position after g.w.bushs days. an american website is creating momentum for her campaigning for the president. the founder of this website says that “her wisdom, passion and decisiveness combined with her excellent ability and sufficient international experience enable her to be the president at any time”.“rice 2008-she has a dream”.another powerful woman on political stage is nancy pelosi, the first female prolocutor of the representative house in america history. considering her excellent performance in american political field being dominated by men, what pelosi broke is not only the “glass ceiling”, but the real “marble ceiling”.no matter what is the social opinion towards her, pelosi the “thorny rose” in american political circles will be strong against g.w.bush with his national security, anti-terrorism and economic policies. especially she may force push to make adjustment on iraq issue. being the prolocutor of the representative house means not only that pelosi would be the no.2 successor following vice president cheney if any unexpected incident happen to push, but also that this “super grandmother ” has been in the power center of america political stages. pelosi is always the opponent and foe of president bush and the republic party. she attacks the policies of the republic party, claiming that the republic party members are corrupt; she accuses that bush is an incompetent president at public. under pelosis leading, the democratic party has gained the control power of the congress for the first time since 12 years, which enables pelosi to reach another peak of her political career when she is over 60 years old .she is another powerful woman drawing attention in america political circles after hilary clinton .she indicated that her success transmits the information to the whole american women that nothing is impossible and women also get power to work and live on such height.as the first female prolocutor, nancy pelosi says that american women have waited for this victory for over 200 years. she has completed the change from working in kitchen to the congress, standing for all female in america. ii. american womens contribution to economy攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 bodya. womens employment in america in the traditional concept, family was regarded as the field which merely belongs to women. most men went out to earn “family wages”, while women stayed at home to undertake the role of full-time housewife, managing household affairs and taking care of children. yet, the traditional role could not eliminate america womens desire to go out to the society from family to join social work. after the civil rights movements breaking out in america, the government passed the civil right bill in 1964, forbidding any kinds of discrimination including sexual discrimination and establishing equal employment committee to implement relative stipulation. the ministry of labor took measure to increase the number of female workers in the blue-collar technological field which was dominated by men in the past t