超全面英汉翻译笔记.doc

第一部分：数词的译法一、数字增减的译法：1.句式特征：by名词比较级thanthe wire is by three inches longer than that one.这根导线比那根长3英寸。2.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词to+n.译为：增加到。或减少到。metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金属切割机已经减少到50台。二、百分数增减的表示法与译法1.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词the output value has increased 35%.产值增加了352.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词byretail sales should rise by 8%商品零售额应增加3the prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本减少603.句式特征：表示减少意义的动词to+%表示减少后剩余的数量by using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用这种新工艺，铁的损失量减少到204.句式特征： 比较级 than表示净增减的数量retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售额与去年相比，有望增加9。5.句式特征： 比较级 名词表示净减数the new-type machine wasted 10 percent energy supplied. 新型机械能耗量净减106.句式特征：a + % + increase表示净增数there is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.与去年相比，今年钢产量净增207.句式特征：+ (of) 名词（代词）表示净减数，数字n照译the production cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年产值仅为去年的608.句式特征：%up on 或over表示净增数the grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978.去年粮食产量比1978年净增20。第二部分 倍数增加的表示法及译法汉语表示“增加了几倍”时，英语的倍数表示倍数需减一，译成“增加了n-1倍”以表示净增加数。如果译成“增加到n倍”或“为原来的n倍”，则照译不误。1.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词n times“表示成倍地增长，译成”增加到n倍“或”增加n-1倍“注：1倍 once; 2倍twice（或double）；3倍thrice（或three times）2.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词 n times，该句式与上述相同3.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词to n times表示增加到n倍，译成”增加了n-1倍“4.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词by a factor of n times5.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词比较级by a factor of n times表示增加以后达到的倍数，译成”比。大（长、宽。）n-1倍“6.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词 n times比较级than。7.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词 n times +adj./adv. +as.8.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词a n times (或n-fold) increase.表示增加到n倍，译成”增加了n1倍“9.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词as + adj./adv.+ again as.译成”比。大（长、宽。倍）“例子： line a is as long again as line b. a线比b线长1倍。this machine turns half as fast again as that one.这台机器转动比那台机器快半倍。10.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词half as + adj./adv. + again as.译成”比。大（长、宽。半倍）“11. 句式特点：用double表示倍数，译成”等于.的2倍“或”增加了1倍“12.句式特点：用treble表示倍数增加，译成”增加到3倍“或”增加了2倍“13.句式特点：用quadruple表示倍数增加，译成”增加到4倍“或”增加了3倍“第二部分 倍数增加的表示法及译法汉语表示“增加了几倍”时，英语的倍数表示倍数需减一，译成“增加了n-1倍”以表示净增加数。如果译成“增加到n倍”或“为原来的n倍”，则照译不误。1.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词n times“表示成倍地增长，译成”增加到n倍“或”增加n-1倍“注：1倍 once; 2倍twice（或double）；3倍thrice（或three times）2.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词 n times，该句式与上述相同3.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词to n times表示增加到n倍，译成”增加了n-1倍“4.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词by a factor of n times5.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词比较级by a factor of n times表示增加以后达到的倍数，译成”比。大（长、宽。）n-1倍“6.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词 n times比较级than。7.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词 n times +adj./adv. +as.8.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词a n times (或n-fold) increase.表示增加到n倍，译成”增加了n1倍“9.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词as + adj./adv.+ again as.译成”比。大（长、宽。倍）“例子： line a is as long again as line b. a线比b线长1倍。this machine turns half as fast again as that one.这台机器转动比那台机器快半倍。10.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词half as + adj./adv. + again as.译成”比。大（长、宽。半倍）“11. 句式特点：用double表示倍数，译成”等于.的2倍“或”增加了1倍“12.句式特点：用treble表示倍数增加，译成”增加到3倍“或”增加了2倍“13.句式特点：用quadruple表示倍数增加，译成”增加到4倍“或”增加了3倍“英语倍数句型及其译法英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，其中有 一些（如下文中的句型、（12） 等， 见圈码）很容易译错其主要原因在于：英汉两语在 表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下： 倍数增加 (一) a is n times as great（long，much，）as b.（） a is n times greater （longer， more，）than b.（） a is n times the size （length， amount，）of b. () 以上三句都应译为；a的大小（长度，数量，）是b的n倍 或a比b大（长，多，）n-1倍. e.g. this book is three times as long as （three times longer than，three times the length of ）that one. 这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍（即长两倍）。 注：当相比的对象b很明显时，than（as，of）b常被省去。 （二）increase to n times（） increase n timesn-fold（） increase by n times（） increase by a factor of n（） 以上四式均应译为：增加到n倍（或：增加n-1倍）。 e.g. the production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year. 集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。 e.g. the output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986 化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。 e.g. that can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. 那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍（即提高1倍或2倍）。 e.g. the drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four. 漏电压增加了3借（即增加到原来的4倍）。 注：在这类句型中increase常被raise，grow，go/step up，multiply等词所替代。 （三）there is a n-fold increase/growth（） 应译为：增加n-倍（或增至n倍）。这个句型还有其它一些形式： e.g. a record high increase in value of four times was reported. 据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。 （四）double (增加1倍），treble（增加2倍），quadruple（增加3倍）。() e.g. the efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled 这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 （五）此外，英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法，如： a is as much （large，long，）again as b.（= a is twice as much （large，long，）as b.（） 应译为：a比b多（大，长，）1倍。 a is half as much （large， 1ong，)again as b. 【= a is one and a half times as much （large， 1ong，）as b.】（11） 应译为: a比b多（大，长）一半（即a是b的一倍半）。 倍数减少 （一）a is n times as small （light，slow，）as b.（12） a is n times smaller （lighter， slower，) than b.（13） 以上两句均应译为：a的大小（重量，速度，）是b的1/n 或a比b小（轻，慢，）（n-1）/n 。 e.g. the hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. 氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16（即比氧原子约轻15/16）。 e.g. this sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. 这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半（即是普通纸厚度的1/2）。 注：当相比的对象b很明显时，than/as b常被省去。 （二）decrease n times/n-fold （14） decrease by n times（15） decrease by a factor of n（16） 以上三式均译为：减少到1/n或：减少(n-1)/n。 decrease常被reduce， shorten， goslow down等词替代。 e.g. switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. 新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3（即缩短到2/3）。 e.g. when the voltage is stepped up by ten times， the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times. 电压升高9倍，电流强度便降低9/10（即90）。 e.g. the equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. 该设备误差概率降低了4/5。 （三）there is a n-fold decrease/reduction 应译为：减至1/n 或：减少（n一1）/n。（17） 这个句型还有其它一些形式， e.g. a rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed 发现迅速减少到1/7。 e.g. the principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. 这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。 从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出：与汉语不 同的是，英语在表述或比较倍数时，无论使用什么句 型（除了不含倍数词的again句型外）都包括基础倍 数在内，因此都不是净增或净减n倍，而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型、表示的倍数增量=句型； 句型(13)表示的倍数比差句型12，且decrease（by） 3 times应译为“减少2/3”，而不是“减少3/4”。英语倍数句型及其译法英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，其中有 一些（如下文中的句型、（12） 等， 见圈码）很容易译错其主要原因在于：英汉两语在 表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下： 倍数增加 (一) a is n times as great（long，much，）as b.（） a is n times greater （longer， more，）than b.（） a is n times the size （length， amount，）of b. () 以上三句都应译为；a的大小（长度，数量，）是b的n倍 或a比b大（长，多，）n-1倍. e.g. this book is three times as long as （three times longer than，three times the length of ）that one. 这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍（即长两倍）。 注：当相比的对象b很明显时，than（as，of）b常被省去。 （二）increase to n times（） increase n timesn-fold（） increase by n times（） increase by a factor of n（） 以上四式均应译为：增加到n倍（或：增加n-1倍）。 e.g. the production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year. 集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。 e.g. the output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986 化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。 e.g. that can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. 那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍（即提高1倍或2倍）。 e.g. the drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four. 漏电压增加了3借（即增加到原来的4倍）。 注：在这类句型中increase常被raise，grow，go/step up，multiply等词所替代。 （三）there is a n-fold increase/growth（） 应译为：增加n-倍（或增至n倍）。这个句型还有其它一些形式： e.g. a record high increase in value of four times was reported. 据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。 （四）double (增加1倍），treble（增加2倍），quadruple（增加3倍）。() e.g. the efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled 这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 （五）此外，英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法，如： a is as much （large，long，）again as b.（= a is twice as much （large，long，）as b.（） 应译为：a比b多（大，长，）1倍。 a is half as much （large， 1ong，)again as b. 【= a is one and a half times as much （large， 1ong，）as b.】（11） 应译为: a比b多（大，长）一半（即a是b的一倍半）。 倍数减少 （一）a is n times as small （light，slow，）as b.（12） a is n times smaller （lighter， slower，) than b.（13） 以上两句均应译为：a的大小（重量，速度，）是b的1/n 或a比b小（轻，慢，）（n-1）/n 。 e.g. the hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. 氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16（即比氧原子约轻15/16）。 e.g. this sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. 这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半（即是普通纸厚度的1/2）。 注：当相比的对象b很明显时，than/as b常被省去。 （二）decrease n times/n-fold （14） decrease by n times（15） decrease by a factor of n（16） 以上三式均译为：减少到1/n或：减少(n-1)/n。 decrease常被reduce， shorten， goslow down等词替代。 e.g. switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. 新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3（即缩短到2/3）。 e.g. when the voltage is stepped up by ten times， the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times. 电压升高9倍，电流强度便降低9/10（即90）。 e.g. the equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. 该设备误差概率降低了4/5。 （三）there is a n-fold decrease/reduction 应译为：减至1/n 或：减少（n一1）/n。（17） 这个句型还有其它一些形式， e.g. a rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed 发现迅速减少到1/7。 e.g. the principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. 这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。 从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出：与汉语不 同的是，英语在表述或比较倍数时，无论使用什么句 型（除了不含倍数词的again句型外）都包括基础倍 数在内，因此都不是净增或净减n倍，而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型、表示的倍数增量=句型； 句型(13)表示的倍数比差句型12，且decrease（by） 3 times应译为“减少2/3”，而不是“减少3/4”。第四部分 动词的使动用法动词是英语中词类中最为活跃的成分，至今对于动词的使用我一直是胆战心惊的，现介绍一些使动用法共勉。1.i slowly walked my horse up the hill.我慢慢地带马上山。2.the ran the ship aground.他们把船开到滩上去了。3.the swam their horses in the river.他们使马泅水渡河。4.i laid myself down to rest my wearied limbs.我躺下来好让疲惫的腿休息一下。5.they rode out the storm.他们安然渡过风暴其实，研究动词个人认为，要把握后面有无宾语；宾语是人还是物；是什么样的宾语。欢迎网友探讨，动词的学习研讨方法。第五部分 同系宾语1. i dreamed a strange dream.2. he slept the sleep that knows no waking.3. i have fought a good fight.一、在同系宾语上附有修饰形容词时，通常可换成态度副词。live a long life = live long;live a happy life = live happily;die a national death = die nationally;die a violent death = die by violence二、有的宾语与动词不同语源，但意义相通，也可以视为同类。run a race; run a course; run ones career; fight a battle; blow a gale; strike a blow;ring a peal; wreak ones vengeance三、以it构成的类型：i am determined to fight it out。我决心奋斗到底。he is starring it in the provinces.他到各地巡回演出。we had to walk it in the rain.我们不得不冒雨而行。cant you swim it? 你游不过去吗？四、在某些熟语中可将同系宾语省略，如look thanks = look a look of thankshe looked the thanks he could not express.他眼中现出言语无法表达的感谢。she left the room, looking daggers at me.她以短剑相刺的目光望着我，走出了房间。五、最高级形容词后，可以省略同系宾语。the lady was looking her best (look).she sang her sweets (song) to please him.第六部分 一组词组1.all抽象名词/抽象名词itself very + adj.he was all gentleness to her.他对她非常温存。to his superiors, he is humility itself。对于长辈，他极为谦逊。分析：该结构原来是表示某种性质达到极点的一种说法，有“非常”、“尽管”、“一味”、“尽”的含义，有时甚至可以译为“。的化身”、“。的具体化”。普通复数名词用于“all”之后，也是表达这种概念。he is all smiles.他一味地笑。she is all eyes.她盯着看。i am all anxiety.我真担心。he is all attention.他全神贯注地听着。2.something (much) of / nothing (little) ofmr.li is something of a philosopher.李先生略具哲学家风范。mr. wu is nothing of a musician.吴先生全无音乐家的风味。mr. lu is very much of a poet.陆先生大有诗人气派。mr.liu is little of a scholar.刘先生几无学者风度。分析：此为表示“程度”的形容词短语，有时可以当作副词翻译。something of to some extent（某程度），在问句和条件句中则用anything of（略有、多少）。nothing of译作“全无、毫无”。相类似的情况：to be something of = to have something of + 名词in 代名词he is nothing in ability of an orator = he has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫无演说家的才能。这类名词的用法，可以处理为副词。he has seen something of life.他略具阅历。他稍阅世。something of 与something like区别：程度上有差异。something like something approximating in character or amount指数量或性质略同的事物，又作somewhat(似乎、略微)解释。this is something like a pudding.此物略似布丁。it shaped something like a cigar.其形状略似雪茄。3.as.as 的三种用法;（1）he is as kind as his sister.他象他妹妹一样和蔼。（2）he is as kind as honest.他既诚实又和蔼。（3）he is as kind as his sister is honest.他妹妹诚实，而他和蔼。句式1表示两个不同的人相同的性质；句式2表示同一个人不同的性质；句式3表示两个人的不同性质。该句式中第一个as为之时副词，第二个as为连词。所以，第一个as后面为adj./adv.，而第二个as后面为从句。4.as.as any / as .as everhe is as great a statesman as any = he is as great a statesman as ever lived.他是一位稀有的政治家。5.as.as.can beit is as plain as plain can be （may be）.那是再明白不过了。a lot of these boys were green as green can be.这些男孩许多都是精力充沛无以复加的。6. as., so.as rust eats iron, so care eats the heart.忧能伤人，犹如锈之蚀铁。so相当于in the same proportion; in like manner; in the same way(亦复如此)。为加强语气，也可以在as前面加上just一词。as fire tries gold, so does adversity try courage.正如火能试金，逆境可以试人的勇气。as the human body is nourished by the food, so is a nation nourished by its industries.正像身体要靠食物营养一样，国家要靠工业营养。7. it is in (or with).as in (or with).it is in life as in a journey.人生好比旅途。it is in studying as in eating; he who does it gets the benefits, and not he who sees it done.读书和吃饭一样，得到利益的是那些实际在吃的人，而不是旁观的人。it is in mind as in body which must be nourished by good food.精神和身体都必须有好的食物来营养。8.as good as / as well as it is as good as done.这就和做好了一样。it is broad as well as long.那既长且宽。as good as 有两个含义：（1）amounting to ; not falling short of;等于；同样； 几如； 不欠缺he was as good as his word.他不爽约。（2）virtually; essentially; in every essential respect实际上；其实；实在；在各要点上he is as good as dead already.宛如死人；行尸走肉；名存实亡as well as 有四个含义：（1）no less than; equally with等于；不下于；亦；一样好i have understanding as well as you.（2）both.and.; one equally with the other“与”、“两者皆”work in moderation is healthy as well as agreeable to the human constitution.适度劳动对身体给予快感，又有益卫生。（3）与not only.but also有连带关系he has experience as well as knowledge.= he has not only knowledge but also experience.（4）可以代替better than as well (= better) be hanged for a sheep as ( = than) for a lamb.窃钩如窃国，与其盗小羊。9.as it is 其含义为：as it stands; to state the matter as it really stands; as a matter of fact; in reality.相当于：实际上；就实际情况而言；根据（现在）情况看；就现在这个样子等等。它用来指事物的单数；即指前面的单数名词。如果指事物的复数，则用“as they are”。如果用来指人时，则为as i am / you are / she/ he is/ we are / they are. as it is 的过去式为as it was。其位置可以放在句首，句末或句子中间。（1）用于句首，注意前后时态与该结构保持一致as it is, we can not help him. as it was, we could not help him.（2）用于句末lets keep it as it is.you mustnt go to the ball as you are.你不能这样去参加舞会。有时it可以省略为“as is ”，意即：照现在的样子，常指“不再修理或改进”等情况。he has an old radio as is.他有一台没有修理过的旧收音机。ill sell it to you as is, but dont complain if it doesnt work.（3）句中时，用逗号把它从前后隔开a.虚拟语气句式but as it is / was，该结构意为：其实；事实上i thought things would get better, but as it is, they are getting worse and worse.the rice could have been got in yesterday if the weather had been fine, but as it was, it had to be left in the fields.b.过去分词as it is，表示强调前面的过去分词written as it is in an interesting way, this book is enjoyable to young and old alike.published as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.c.现在分词 as it does(did)。意为：因为这样，（实际）所以.living as he does in shanghai, he knows the place extremely well.reading as he did many times, he could recite it fluently.几个类似的结构：a. as it stands 根据目前情况来看as it stands, it is certain that our country can realize the four modernization ahead of schedule.b. such as it is不怎么样，质量不过如此the room, such as it is, is very bright.c. as it were as if it were so.属虚拟语气，用于插入语。不可以与as it is 混淆he is , as it were, a living dictionary.comrade lei feng still lives, as it were, in our heart.10.have + the + 抽象名词 不定式i had the fortune to succeed.我很幸运获得了成功。have = possess原来指肉体和精神上的特征，现作为一种天赋而具有的。she had the cheek (= impudence) to say such a thing. = she was so impudent as to say such a thing.她厚颜无耻地说出这样的话。how can you have the heart (= hard-heartiness) to drown such darling little kittens?你何忍心把如此可爱的小猫淹死？11.名词of +a +名词it was a great mountain of a wave.波浪如山高。that fool of a tom did it. 这是汤姆那个笨蛋做的。that old cripple of a henn.那个年老的残废者亨。it would make the deuce of a scandal.这会弄得声名狼藉的。of前后的名词指同一人或物体。其中的“名词of”后出现的名词前面，必须有一个不定词，即使是固有名词，该冠词也不可省略。a devil of a man = a dervish mana rascal of a fellow = a rascally fellow12. in +人they have an enemy in him.他才是他们的敌人。分析：in = in the person of （在那人身上），表示一个人身上具有的性质、资格、能力等。原来是由于形状（与形状有关的in，如：in a circle; in print; in a heap; in couples; in human shape; in ruins等）所转来的，而有“即.是也”、“就是”的含义。这种in多出现在find, see, behold, lose等动词后面。he had something of the hero in him.china lost a great artist in (the death of) chi paishi.13.short of / be short of / nothing short ofshort=except，是副词的用法。在前面可以使用的动词有：come, fall, run等，表示“不足”、“缺乏”的意思，其中“of”做“from”解释。至于be short of 与nothing short of 中的“short of”则为形容词。be short of 表示“不足”或“离开”；nothing short of表示“完全”。1）short of theft, i will do anything i can for you.2) we are short of hands at present.3)his conduct was nothing short of madness.他的行为简直发了狂。14.anything but / nothing but / all but在英文中anything butnever;意即“除此之外，别的都是”，是表示强调的否定；nothing but=only; 意即“除此之外，别的都不是”；all but=almost; nearly三种用法中，but都有“except”含义15.much more / much lesshe likes a child, much more a baby.他喜欢小孩，更加喜欢婴孩。he doesnt like a child, much less a baby.他步喜欢小孩，更加不喜欢婴孩。解释：much more 用于肯定句之后，表示程度增加；表示更多，much可以改为stillmuch less用于否定句之后，表示程度减少；表示更少，可译为“何况”、“还论”16.more.than.can“达到不可能的程度”more than.can简直不可能he earns more money than he can spend.17.more than + 动词，译为“深为， 十二分的”this more than satisfied me.这使我十二分的满意。more is meant than meets the ear.有言外之意。what we lose in flowers we more than gain in fruits.18.less.thanduring the week he saw less of her than usual.在那一个星期内，他比平常要少见到她。less.than“较少”、“较差”、“不及”、“不如”。该less做形容词时好翻译，做副词解释时难译。proof-reading is not interesting, still less so when it is ones own work.proof-reading is uninteresting, still more so when it is ones own work.his lecture left me less than satisfactory.他的演讲怎么也不能使我满意。he observed with interest the errors of her face and figure, the thin under lip, too heavily penciled eyebrows, and her legs less than slim although not actually skinny.他感兴趣地望着她面孔和身体上的一些缺点，那太薄的下唇，画的太浓的眉毛和她那瘦弱的双腿，虽然还没有达到皮包骨头的程度。19.the + 比较级理由i like him all the better for his faults.因为他有缺点，所以我更加喜欢他。连接“理由”部分的可以为：for, because, on a