新初三暑假语法讲义——第五讲 数词 连词.doc

第五讲 数词 连词中考要求内容基本要求略高要求较高要求数词一、基数词与序数词的构成及用法；二、分数、时间、日期的表达法。hundreds of 名基数词+hundred + 词基数词+hundred of the 复 数倍数，约数连词一、连词的分类；二、并列连词和从属连词的用法；三、易混连词辨析。从属连词易混连词辨析语法考点数词清单一、基数词基数词用来表示数目，或者说表示数量的词叫基数词。1最基本的基数词如下表表示。1 one 11 eleven100 a hundred 2 two 12 twelve20 twenty1000 a thousand3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty 1,000,000 1 million4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty10,000,000 ten million5 five15 fifteen 50 fifty100,000,000 a hundred million6 six 16 sixteen60 sixty1,000,000,000 a billion7 seven 17 seventeen70 seventy8 eight18 eighteen80 eighty9 nine19 nineteen90 ninety10 ten【注】：1) 基数词1-12是独立单词，需逐个记忆。1319 是由个位数加后缀-teen构成。注意其中13、15、18的拼写是thirteen, fifteen, eighteen。2) 2090 由个位数加后缀-ty构成，注意20, 30, 40, 50和80的拼写分别是twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, eighty。2199中非整十的两位数是由整十位数加连字符“-”，再加个位数构成。如：81 eighty-one。3) 101999 的基数词先写百位数，后加and 再写十位数和个位数。如：691 six hundred and ninety-one。4) 1000以上的基数词先写千位数，后写百位数，再加and，最后写十位数和个位数。如：5893 five thousand eight hundred and ninety-three。在基数词中只有表示“百”、“千”的单位词，没有单独表示“万”、“亿”的单位词，而是用thousand（千）和million（百万）来表达，其换算关系为：1万=10 thousand; 1亿=100 million; 10亿=a thousand million=a billion。5) 多位数的读法：1000 以上的多位数，要使用计数间隔或逗号“，”。即从个位起，每隔三位加一个间隔或逗号。第一个间隔或逗号前是thousand（千），第二个间隔或逗号前是million（百万），第三个间隔或逗号前是a thousand million 或a billion(十亿)。每隔三位分段以后就都成了101999。读的时候十位数（或个位数）的前面一般要加and。如：888，000，000 读作：eight hundred and eighty-eight million。【真题回放】1. there are _ days in a week.a. the seven b. seventh c. the seventh d. seven (2002 北京海淀区)2. can you write the number eighty-five thousand，six hundred and twenty-six？yes，it is. _. (2001 江西)a. 85662 b. 85626 c. 58662 d. 586263. look at the picture. how many students ride to school in the class? oh, there are _. (2008 四川广安) a.8 b. 16 c. 4 d. 12 6) hundred, thousand, million, dozen, score 这些词的的用法（重难点）a) 前面如有表示具体数字的词，它们不能加“s”, 其中特别注意several，也表示一个具体数字，其范围是3-5个：three hundred people, five thousand years；several million studentsb) 反之则须加“s”, 并要与of 短语连用。例如：thousands of people, hundreds of students, thousands of treesc) 当这些词后面的名词其有the, these, those等特指限定修饰词时，或其后接的是us, them这样的人称代词时, hundred, thousand, million, billion, dozen, score后有不加s, 但加of. 例如：i want three dozen of these eggs.【真题回放】1. _ travelers come to visit our city every year. (2002 哈尔滨)a. hundred of b. hundreds of c. five hundreds d. hundred 2. the man also wrote _ of beautiful pieces of music for the orchestra. （2008 天津） a. hundred b. six hundred c. a hundred d. hundreds3. basketball is so popular a game in the world that _ people play it for fun and exercise. (2008 山东) a. million of b. millions of c. millions d. two millions of 4. whats the matter, kangkang? （2008 黄冈）oh, i feel sorry to hear more than _ people lost their lives in the earthquake (地震) in sichuan. a. sixty thousands of b. sixty thousand c. sixty thousand of d. thousand of 5. after wenchuan earthquake(地震), _ people got together on tiananmen square, calling out “come on, china!”. (2008 衡阳) a. four thousand of b. thousands of c. several thousands 6. more than two _ years ago, people knew little about the universe. （2009辽宁锦州）a. thousands b. thousand c. thousand of d. thousands of7. english is becoming a tourist city. _ people come here during the holidays every year. a. thousand of b. thousands of c. five thousands of d. five thousands 8. over twenty _ students took part in the math competition last year. （2008 湘潭） a. thousand b. thousands c. thousands of 9. so far, doctors have saved _ peoples lives in the quake-hit area. (2008 淮安) a. thousands of b. thousand c. thousand of 10. _ visitors come to china every year. （2009贵州安顺）a. thousands of b. ten thousandsc. ten thousand of d. thousand of2. 基数词的用法：1) 基数词在句中的作用:基数词的作用相当于名词和形容词，在句中可作定语、主语、宾语（介宾）、表语、同位语等。例如:three and five is eight. 3+5=8 （作表语）how many oranges do you want?你要多少桔子？i want eight. 我要八个。（作宾语）there are eight boats in the lake. 湖里有八条小船。（作定语）2) 年、月、日和时间的表达法: 年份用基数词，日期用序数词，其顺序常用月、日、年。a) 年份用基数词表达，分两位一读，年份前用介词in。例如：1999 nineteen ninety-nine2000 two thousand2010 two thousand and ten / twenty ten b) 月份的表示方法及缩写：月份前用介词 on, 月份的第一个字母要大写，有些月份名称有缩写形式。例如：一月january(jan.), 二月february(feb.), 三月march(mar.), 四月（apr.）, 五月may, 六月june, 七月july, 八月august(aug.)，九月september(sept.), 十月october(oct.), 十一月november(nov.), 十二月december(dec.)c) 日期的表达要用序数词，读时前面要加定冠词the,介词要使用on。例如：在6 月1 日：on june 1st 读作：on june the first.d) 年、月、日同时表达时，一般应先写月、日、后写年。如：在2001年5月4日：on may 4th, 2001。（中考考点-主要在听力中体现）3) 编了号的事物要用基数词表示顺序，但是基数词要后置。例如： 第一课：lesson one 第三十二页：page 32第305 房间：room 305; 第12 路公共汽车：bus no.12（中考考点-主要在听力中体现）【真题回放】1. the new student is in _.a. class 2 b. class second c. 2 class (2002 武汉)2. -there is a wrong word in line _. （2009湖北孝感）- where? - in the _ line. a. two; two b. two; second c. second; two d. second; second 4) 几点几十分的表达法：可用顺读法或倒读法两种方式表达。例如：a) 表示整点时间，直接用基数词表达，后边可接oclock (也可不加)。表达“几点几分”时，绝不能用oclock。如：5:00-five (oclock)b) 在倒读法中，如果钟点不过半，须用“分钟数+past+钟点数”的形式；如果钟点过半，则用“差多少分钟数+to+全钟点（下个钟点数）”的形式。如：6:18-six eighteen 或eighteen past six; 6:48twelve to seven c) 半点可以half表示，如：4:30-four thirty 或half past fourd) 表达“15 分”或“45 分”时，常用quarter（刻）。如：12:15-twelve fifteen或fifteen (a quarter) past twelve; 6:45-six forty/five a quarter to seven时间类型表示法例读法整点基数词（+ oclock) 1:00one oclock30分钟分钟 + past +小时 2:10ten past two= 30 分钟half + past + 小时3:30half past three30分钟（60-分钟） + to +（小时 + 14:40twenty to five分钟逢15即 一刻钟a quarter5:156:45a quarter past fivea quarter to seven简化法按顺序读基数词7:50seven fifty【真题回放】1. our first class begins at a quarter to eight. (2002 厦门)a. 8:15 b. 7:15 c. 8:45 d. 7:452. - its already 7:40 now. when will the film start?- _. we still have five minutes.a. a quarter to seven b. seven past forty-five c. a quarter to eight5) 分数表达法a) 分数的分子用基数词，分母用序数词。如：one fifth 五分之一 one tenth 十分之一b) 当分子大于1 时，分母用序数词的复数。如： two thirds 三分之二 five eighths 八分之五c) 当分子是1 时，可以用one 也可以用a。如： a second = one second a third = one thirdd) 当分母是2 和4 时，分别可以用half 和quarter 代替。如：a half 二分之一 three quarters 四分之三注意：分数考查往往和主谓一致相联系。当分数修饰可数名词的复数时，谓语动词用复数形式；当分数修饰不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：three fourths of the students in my class are interested in english. 我们班四分之三的学生对英语感兴趣。two thirds of the water on the earth is sea water. 地球上三分之二的水是海水。拓展：one in three, one out of three也表示三分之一，在阅读中常见。【真题回放】1. about _ of the workers in the clothes factory are women.a. third fifths b. third fifth c. three fifths d. three fifth (2002 甘肃)2. _of the warm water _already been used up. (2008 青海西宁) a. two-third; has b. two-third; have c. two-thirds; has d. two-thirds; have 6) 百分数表达法：基数词+percent of【注意】：百分数的考查往往和主谓一致相联系。当百分数修饰可数名词的复数时，谓语动词用复数形式；当百分数修饰不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：eighty percent of the students in our school come from henan. 我们学校百分之八十的学生来自河南。7) 小数表达法a) 小数点前的整数按基数词的规则表示，小数点写作point, 小数后的数字应按其数字直接表示出来。如：18.38 可写成：eighteen point three eight。注意：小数在句中常作定语，尤其在比较方式状语从句中被使用。如：this stone is 3.5 times heavier than that one.b) 表示钱的读法，如$2:50, 读成 two dollars and fifty8) 两组与数词有关的介词短语：a) in+定冠词the+数词的复数形式，表示年代。如：in the 1870s 或1870s20 世纪90 年代：nineteen nineties；21 世纪20 年代：twenty twentiesb) in+物主代词+数词的复数形式，表示某人的年龄。如：in ones thirties。有时在物主代词后面可加上形容词early 或late 使其含义更确切些。如：the young man is at most in his early thirties.【真题回放】1. about _ of the workers in the factory were born in the _. （2008 无锡）a. two-thirds; 1970 b. two-thirds; 1970s c. two-third; 1970 d. two-third; 1970s2. -there are sixty students in our class. and _ of us are boys. （2009.福建漳州）-wow! you have forty girls!a. one fourth b. one third c. two fifths d. two thirds3. _of the students in our class_ money to the disabled people these days. （2009贵州安顺）a. two third, have raised b. two thirds, has raisedc. two three, have raised d. two thirds, have raised9) 数量表示法a) 表示长，宽，高，面积等，用基数词+单位词（meter, foot, inch, kilogram 等）+in+名词（length, width, height, weight 等）表示。two meters long或two meters in length 两米长three feet high或three feet in height 三英尺高b) 带有数词的名词作定语的表达：a seven-year-old boy，a hundred-metre race【真题回放】1. （2009广州）each of us has to write a report every two weeks. a. two-hundred-word b. two-hundreds-wordc. two-hundreds-words d. two-hundred-words2. 北京首都机场三号航站楼长2,900米，宽790米。(09北京西城一模-完成句子)beijing capital international airport terminal 3 is _. 10) 加减乘除表示法：+plus，minus，multiplied divided。如：5+7five plus seven， 93nine minus three， 89eight multiplied by nine，648sixty divided by eight， 6：5 the ratio of six to five， 42 four-squared， 33three-cubed， 54the fourth power of five注意：谓语动词为单数。11) 表示倍数（根据学生情况选择使用）a) 几倍大小（长短，数量）=几倍（或分数）+the size(length, amount)。例如：the earth is forty-nine times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。b) 比几倍=倍数（或分数）+形容词（副词）比较级+than+被比部分。例如：his house is three times bigger than mine. 他的房子比我的房子大三倍。c) 是倍=倍数（或分数）+as +形容词+as +被比部分。例如： this factory is four times as big as that one. 这个工厂是那个工厂的四倍。12) 表示约数a) “多于”用more than 或over。例如：the street is over(more than) 500 metres long. 这条街有500 多米长。b) “小于”用less than。例如：three are less than 30 people in the classroom. 教室里不到三十人。c) “或以上”用or more。例如：the building can hold 5000 people or more. 那座建筑物可容纳5000 人或5000 人以上。d) “或以下”用or less。例如：we can finish the work in two weeks or less. 我们可以在两周内或不到两周完成这件工作。e) “大约”用about, around, nearly 等。例如：the box weighs about 50 pounds. 这箱子重约50 镑。f) “左右”用or so. 例如：in the past ten years or so, they have changed a lot. 在过去的十年里，他们改变了许多。清单二、序数词1. 概念：表示顺序的词，叫序数词。序数词用来表示数词顺序。除特殊情况外，序数词一般都由相应的基数词加后缀-th 构成。请见下表：第一到第十第十一到第十九第二十以上firsteleventhtwentiethsecondtwelfththirtieththirdthirteenthfortiethfourthfourteenthfiftiethfifthfifteenthsixtiethsixthsixteenthseventiethseventhseventeentheightietheightheighteenthninetiethninthnineteenthhundredthtenththousandth【说明】：1英语中表示第一、第二、第三的序数词属特殊形式，要注意它们的拼写。2表示“几十”的序数词通常是将基数词词尾y 变成i 再加上后缀-eth。3其余的二位数序数词是以相应的整十基数词加个位序数词。如：fifty-first（第五十一）。4少数序数词拼法不规则，如：fifth（ 第五），eighth（ 第八），ninth（ 第九），twelfth（第十二）等。【注意】1) 基变序助记歌：基变序，有规律，末尾加上th；一、二、三，特殊记，八加h，九去e，ve要用f替；以y结尾用ie，后跟th莫忘记。若想表达几十几，只变个位就可以。2) 序数词可缩写为阿拉伯数字加序数词最后两个字母。例如：第一：(the) first=1st 第二：(the) second=2nd 第三：(the) third=3rd 第五：(the) fifth=5th第九十七：(the) ninety-seventh=97th 第一百零一：(the) one hundred (and)first=101st3) 易错点：fifth（ 第五），eighth（ 第八），ninth（ 第九），twelfth（第十二），fortieth(第四十)。2 序数词的用法1) 序数词表顺序，主要作定语，其前面须加上定冠词the，此外，也作主语、宾语、表语和定语等，这时，被它所修饰的名词往往被省略。如：the first (person) to arrive is kate. 例如：the first is bigger than the second. （作主语）第一个比第二个大。give me the first. （作宾语）把第一个给我。shes often the first to go to school. （作表语）她经常第一个去上学。were going to learn the eighth lesson. （作定语）我们将要学习第八课。2) 序数词一般前用the，但是当其前面有物主代词，名词所有格等词时，就不用定冠词the了。【真题回放】1. i think _ lesson is the most difficult in this book. (2002 大连)a. five b. fifth c. the fifth d. fifteen 2. december is the _ month in a year. (2002 吉林)a. twenty b. twelve c. twentieth d. twelfth 3. - excuse me. where is mr. greens office? （07北京中考题）- its on _ floor.a seven b the seven c the seventh d seventh 4. peter, how old is your father this year? (2008 陕西省)_. and we just had a party for his _ birthday last weekend. a. fortieth; forty b. forty; forty c. forty; fortieth d. fortieth; fortieth 5. shanghai has opened its _ tv channel (频道) that sends programs in foreign languages. great! i can improve my english over it.（2008哈尔滨） a. first b. a first c. the first 6. all the teachers live on _ floor. （2008 长沙) a. the second b. two c. second 7. everyone knows beijing will host _ olympic games in august, 2008. (2008 邵阳) a. 28th b. 29th c. the 29th 8. the work is too difficult for mr. xu to finish in a week. he needs _ days. (2008 宿迁) a. more two b. two more c. two another d. another more 9. hurry up. there isnt much time left. dont worry. i need _ minutes to finish the work.(2008 黑龙江绥化) a. twelve another b. another twelve c. more twelve10. fathers day is on _ sunday of june. （2009湖南长沙）a. three b. third c. the third11. -where does john live? （2009朝阳）-he lives on _ floor but he doesnt use a lift to go up and down.a. nine b. the ninth c. ninth d. a ninth12. john, how old is your grandfather?(09北京西城一模)_. we had a party for his _ birthday last week.a eighty; eightieth b eighty; eighty c eightieth; eighty d eightieth; eightieth13. -how many times have you been here? （09北京东城一模）-this is my _ visit. a four b the four c fourth d the fourth14. today is my mothers _ birthday. i will buy her a gift. （2009江苏宿迁）a. fourteenb. fourteenthc. fortyd. fortieth15. -how was your day off yesterday? （2009山西）-perfect! it was _ birthday of my grandmas. we had a big family celebration.a. eighty b. the eightieth c. eightieth16. -good news! bill won_ medal in the long jump just now（2009哈尔滨）-really? thats his_ one at our sports meetingaa：four ban；fourth ca；fourth清单三、易混点 1. 序数词除了与定冠词the和物主代词，名词所有格等连用表示顺序外，还与冠词a/an连用时，表示一种特殊的功能，意为“再，又”，相当于another，如then they had a second child- a son.2. 数词作主语，谓语动词用单数。如：two dollars is enough.3. another与more接数词的不同位置区别：another+数词a=a数词+morecould you give me one more chance? ill try my best to succeed.a. two b. the other c. another4. 数词半的表示法一个半小时- one and a half hours = one hour and a half两个半小时- two and a half hours = two hours and a half5. twos and threes(三三两两)和sixes and sevens（乱七八糟）区别。they came home from church by twos and threes. 他们三三两两地从教堂回来。everything is at sixes and sevens in the house. 家里现在乱七八糟。【真题回放】1. -how long will philip stay here? （2009江苏南京）-two _ weeks till he lives.a. many b. much c. more d. most2. a new study proves a_ walk every day is enough to keep people away from becoming fat（2009哈尔滨）a30-minute b30 minutes c30-minutes3. - is your home far from school? (09北京西城一模)- no. its only _ walk.a ten-minutes b ten minutes c ten minutes d ten-minute4. the boy always stays there for _. a. one and half hour b. one and a half hour c. one and a half hours5. the old man drank_ beer.a. two bottles and a half b. two and a half bottle c. two bottle and a half数词考点解析 考点概述 数词的考查侧重在基数词的写法、读法，序数词的构成，分数词的构成。考点一、基数词写法、读法的考查1.there are _ days in a week.a. the seven b. seventh c. the seventh d. seven (2002 北京海淀区)2.can you write the number eighty-five thousand，six hundred and twenty-six？yes，it is. _.a. 85662 b. 85626 c. 58662 d. 58626 (2001 江西)考点二、序数词构成、用法的考查3. i think _ lesson is the most difficult in this book.a. five b. fifth c. the fifth d. fifteen (2002 大连)4. december is the _ month in a year.a. twenty b. twelve c. twentieth d. twelfth (2002 吉林)考点三、分数词构成、用法的考查5. about _ of the workers in the clothes factory are women.a. third fifths b. third fifth c. three fifths d. three fifth (2002 甘肃)考点四、数词与名词表编号的考查6. the new student is in _.a. class 2 b. class second c. 2 class (2002 武汉)考点五、hundred，thousand，million 等词复数形式的考查7. _ travelers come to visit our city every year.a. hundred of b. hundreds ofc. five hundreds d. hundred (2002 哈尔滨)考点六、时刻表示法的考查8. our first class begins at a quarter to eight. (2002 厦门)a. 8:15 b. 7:15 c. 8:45 d. 7:45连词清单一、概 说连词是一种虚词，用于连接单词、短语、从句或句子，在句子中不单独用作句子成分。连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子，如and, but, or, for 等；从属连词主要引出名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等)和状语从句(时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句等)，引出名词性从句的连词如that, whether 等，引出状语从句的连词如when, because, since, if 等。并列连词功能用于连接彼此并列的词、短语或句子并列连词词义备注and 和用于肯定句那么祈使句+逗号+and+将来时or 或者用于否定句及疑问句否则祈使句+逗号+or+将来时but但是不能与though/although连用so所以不能与because连用bothand不仅而且谓语动词用复数not onlybut also谓语动词用就近原则，即后者as well as 谓语动词用就近原则，即前者neithernor 既不也不谓语动词用就近原则，即后者eitheror要么要么谓语动词用就近原则，即后者while 然而用来连接前后结构相同但意思相反的句子从属连词功能用于引导从句，如宾语从句、状语从句并列连词词义备注that /用来连接宾语从句的陈述句if / whether是否连接宾语从句的一般疑问句连接宾语从句的选择疑问句who / what / where / which / how / when / why 谁/什么/哪里/哪个/怎样/什么时候/为什么连接宾语从句的特殊疑问句though=although虽然不能与but连用because因为不能与so连用if 如果连接条件状语从句unless=if not除非when/ while/ as当时候连接时间状语从句，while常用于进行时态before在.之前连接时间状语从句after在.之后as soon as 一.就until/ notuntil 直到/直到.才sothat如此.以致于连接结果状语从句so+adj./adv.+that ; such+名词或名词词组+thatsuchthat so that为的是；目的是连接目的状语从句since自从连接现在完成时态的时间状语由于清单二、并列连词的用法1. 表示转折关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有but, yet 等。如：someone borrowed my pen, but i dont remember who. 有人借了我的钢笔，但我不记得是谁了。he said he was our friend, yet he wouldnt help us. 他说他是我们的朋友，但却不肯帮助我们。2. 表示因果关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有for, so 等。如：the child had a bad cough, so his mother took him to the doctor. 这孩子咳得很利害，所以他妈妈带他去看医生。you are supposed to get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to serious errors. 你们一定要克服粗心的毛病，因为粗心常常引起严重的错误。注意：for 表示结果通常不能放句首，不能单独使用用来回答why问题也不能用于not nolybut also句子。例：-why are you here?-because i want to have a good dinner. (正)-for i want to have a good dinner. （误）i like you not only because you are beautiful, but also because you so quite well in english. （正）i like y