翻译批评主体间性多元动态体系研究.pdf

南京财经大学 硕士学位论文 翻译批评主体间性多元动态体系研究 姓名：许爽 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：英语语言文学 指导教师：肖辉 2011-01-07 iii 摘摘 要 要 自 20 世纪八十年代以来，虽然翻译活动和翻译研究向着多元化、科学化方 向发展，但是市场上却越来越多地出现浑说摸鱼的翻译作品，学者们认为翻译作 品质量应受关注。不可否认，出版业繁荣发展的大环境，给很多粗制滥造的翻译 作品出版制造了机会。因此，在这种情况下，我们更需要一种有效、理性的翻译 批评方法。然而，无论是在理论界还是翻译实践中，中国的翻译批评发展始终令 人担忧。作为翻译理论和实践的桥梁，我们呼吁翻译批评应更有效更灵活，努力 跟上翻译理论研究的步伐。 随着翻译批评理论研究的发展， 越来越多的学者认为翻译批评从主体性向主 体间性转换是不可逆转的趋势。 本文以巴赫金的对话理论及奈达的动态对等理论 作为理论基石，在此基础上阐释翻译批评多元动态主体间关系。其中运用巴赫金 对话理论中具有重要意义的观点即对话中的个体都处于平等地位。 通过其理论阐 述的主体间关系打破了之前关系研究的独白性， 翻译批评的主体可以自由平等地 对话。 奈达的动态对等理论， 将译者从原文的束缚中解放出来， 注重翻译的过程， 结果以及意义对等。因此，译者不再束缚于是否忠实于原文，而有更多的机会与 作者，读者以及其他批评者进行平等对话，为自己的翻译作品辩护或修改。 本文打破了传统的翻译批评模式，创建出崭新的翻译批评主体间性体系，实 现了从独白到对话的转变。对话中的每一个主体都不是独立存在的，它们进行互 动并相互影响。这个体系中有各个不同层面的对话，而对话主体都是主动的，平 等的。 本文结构上包括六个章节，第一章对论文研究背景，目的，意义以及研究方 法进行简要介绍。第二章是文献综述，这一部分概括了国内外学者在翻译批评领 域的研究成果。 第三章节介绍翻译批评活动中的四个主体并分析它们的优点和缺 点，这一章节为之后的主体间性研究奠定了基础。第四章阐述了本文的理论框架 即巴赫金的对话理论和奈达的动态对等理论，并分析两个理论与翻译批评的联 系。通过前文的描述和分析，第五章在对话理论和动态对等理论的基础上，作者 提出了多元动态主体间性关系体系，并详细分析了这个体系中三个对话过程，提 出研究结果。第六章，作者阐述了研究意义，陈述了论文的不足并提出了深入研 究此领域的意见。 关键词关键词：主体间性，对话理论，动态对等理论 i abstract since 1980s, translation activities have become many-faceted and the studies on translation have become more scientific. more and more scholars have found the fact that the quality of translation should be a matter of special attention due to the great significance of the translation works. especially with the prosperity of the publishing industry, there is an undeniable situation that many poor translations have been made and published. therefore, a more rational and effective criteria for translation criticism is required indeed. however, both in the practical and theoretical field, the translation criticism in china is far from satisfactory. as the medium to bridge the translation theory and practice, the translation criticism ought to keep up with the new step of translation studies and become workable and flexible. with the development of the study of translation criticism, more and more people have realized that the substitution of subjectivity by inter-subjectivity is an inevitable trend. this thesis takes bakhtins dialogism and nidas dynamic equivalence as the cornerstone to show a multiple inter-subjectivity framework of the translation criticism. a significant point of bakhtins dialogism is that the factors involved in the dialogue are equal. according to the theory of dialogism, the inter-subjectivity relationship broke the foregone study of a monologue of somebody. the subjects in the translation criticism can communicate with each other equally and freely, which is a dynamic relationship. nidas dynamic equivalence is a kind of theory which liberates translators from the fetters chained by the form of the original work, shifting the key of translation from the content of the meaning, to the process and result of translation. according to the theory of dynamic equivalence, translators are active and equal in the dialogue of translation criticism. translators are not just enchained by the faithfulness to original and have more chances to communicate with the author, the reader and critics. in this way，translators may have more opportunities to reconsider their translated versions and defense for themselves. this thesis breaks the traditional paradigms of translation criticism and carries out the change from the former monopoly to the dynamic dialogue. none of the ii subjects in the dialogue is separated and they influence and interact with each other. the system of translation criticism can be divided into several dialogues at different levels and all the factors are equal and active. this thesis consists of six chapters. chapter one is a brief introduction to the background, purpose, significance and methodologies of the research .chapter two is the literature review summarizing the past achievements made by both domestic and western scholars on translation criticism. chapter three introduces four subjects involved in the activity of translation criticism and makes analyses of their advantages and disadvantages which serve as a fundamental basis for further research on inter-subjectivity. chapter four is the theoretical framework including bakhtin and his dialogism, nida and his dynamic equivalence and their relation to the translation criticism. as the keystone of the thesis, chapter five introduces a dynamic and multifold inter-subjectivity relationship on the basis of dialogism and dynamic equivalence theories. the author also analyzes this relationship by exploring three processes of the dialogues and proposes possible major findings in this chapter. in chapter six, the author illustrates significance of the findings, points out limitations and puts forward some suggestions for the further study. key words: inter-subjectivity, dialogism theory, dynamic equivalence theory 学位论文独创性声明学位论文独创性声明 本论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。 论文中除 了特别加以标注和致谢的地方外， 不包含其他人或其它机构已经发表或撰写过的 研究成果。 其他同志对本研究的启发和所做的贡献均已在论文中作了明确的声明 并表示了谢意。 作者签名： 日期： 学位论文使用授权声明学位论文使用授权声明 本人完全了解南京财经大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有权 保留送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅和借阅；学校可以公布论文的全部或部 分内容，可以采用影印、缩印或其它复制手段保存论文。保密的论文在解密后遵 守此规定。 作者签名： 导师签名： 日期： 南京财经大学硕士学位论文 1 chapter one introduction 1.1 background of the study translation criticism is an important part of translation studies. just as newmark puts it，it is an essential link between translation theory and practice. compared with the prosperity of translation theory, the development of translation criticism lags far behind. when a new translation theory is accepted and popular, it often brings some new ideas for translation criticism and results in some changes consequently, either in the principle, the method or the theory. recently, study of translation theory has already broken the limits of traditional product-oriented translation study, and new theories emerge one after one, lefevere and bassnetts manipulation theory, derridas deconstruction approach and reiss and vermeers skopos theory and so on. what these theories share in common is that they give more details to the subjects of translation and pay more attention to the process of translation. though the development of translation theory has already given rise to the subjectivity in the translation process, especially focusing on the individualization of translator, there is a new trend that the inter-subjectivity has attracted attention of the scholars, the study and exploration on this field are still far from satisfaction because of their mono-dimension. looking back to the past achievements, the two-way communication chain: author-translator-reader has been on the hot debate. likewise, the study in the field of translation criticism has gradually changed from subjectivity to inter-subjectivity. but there is still not any complete and consummate inter-subjectivity system, even not keeping the pace of the situation of 21st century. and it is no hard to find out that the approach to translation criticism witnesses a change from author-oriented paradigm to text-oriented paradigm and then to reader-oriented paradigm, which play their roles at different times. many people can act as translation critics, such as translators, readers, professional experts, correctors and so on. however, it is just because different people evaluate translation work from different perspectives and critics themselves have their 南京财经大学硕士学位论文 2 limitations that it is too hard for them to carry out an objective translation criticism. while, where are the most qualified critics? the author of this thesis tries to set up a dynamic and multifold inter-subjectivity paradigm in the translation criticism so as to promote the translation criticism studies on the basis of bakhtins dialogism and nidas dynamic equivalence. 1.2 the necessity of this research first, the scholars have already focused on the subjects of translation and the subjectivity of translator has been discussed and studied. some began to find that the subjectivity of the translator is restricted by subjectivity of the author and the reader, who have always been ignored. these three subjects of translation, the author, reader and translator are all actively participating in the process of translation and the translated text. the conflict among the subjects is inevitable. and it is a definite trend that the shift happens from subjectivity to inter-subjectivity. without theory of inter-subjectivity in existence, the subjectivity of the translator will be infinite exaggerated. second, the past three paradigms of criticism: author-centered paradigm, text-centered paradigm and reader-centered paradigm indicate unilateral thinking mode and ignore inter-subjective relationships among the elements and the mutual communication among factors. they have some common defects: the three paradigms always focus on one factor and isolate the relationship among factors involved in the translation criticism process. on author-centered paradigm, this kind of translation criticism puts the author itself in a monologue situation, but the reader becomes a passive receptor. the critics always give the correct or incorrect evaluation to the translation work, according to the authors meaning. but in fact, the original authors meaning (the meaning of the source text) is always deviant and uncertain. this model has ignored the exist chain of author-text-reader and is unworkable in the real translation criticism process. demands on the second paradigm are the pursuit of equivalence, which combine the linguistics and translation by means of comparison of source text and the target text. 南京财经大学硕士学位论文 3 based on the linguistically-oriented approaches, the text-centered paradigms separate the activity of translation from the social-cultural elements and even mislead translation in a wrong direction and cannot be accepted by the public. the reader-centered paradigm is a very dangerous model style, because of the loose criterion. for example, a reader who is an expert in the literary translation must have the different understandings from the one who knows little. the author insists that it is unwise to put translation criticism in a “monologue of somebody” station and should break the former monopoly two-way communication and the vicious cycle of shifting from one center to another. what translation criticism need nowadays is to construct a harmonious and dynamic cycle, keeping pace with the development of translation studies and changing situation of multi-cultural society. last, with the great development of information technology, the improvement of reader literacy, high involvement of the general public and fierce competition among a large number of publishing houses, the inter-subjectivity in translation criticism has been changed subtly and the relationships among the subjects in the translation criticism are more and more complex. every subject is linked with each other more closely because of the convenience of information sharing and exchange. because of the prosperity of the internet scorching passion, the distance between the reader and the translator has been greatly shortened, for example, the reader also can get the original version online. and then the former monopoly of the translator in the interpretation of the source work has long been broken and the four parts, the author, the translator, the reader, and the critic and form a cooperative tetragonal relationship in the process of text interpretation. 1.3 purpose and significance of this study the thesis will focus on the process of translation criticism and break the past three paradigms: author-centered paradigm, text-centered paradigm and the reader-centered paradigm, building a multifold and dynamic inter-subjectivity 南京财经大学硕士学位论文 4 relationship system and then analyze the changing communications and each dialogue between the factors in the activity. with the support of bakhtins dialogism and nidas dynamic equivalence, keeping pace with the changing social situation, the thesis describes the reasons of forming a new system and leaves the dynamic and active study trend for the later and further academic circle. first, more and more scholars have found a fact that the quality of translation should be a matter of special attention, because of the significance of translation works. especially with the prosperity of the publishing industry, the undeniable situation has appeared that many poor translations have been made and published. therefore, a more rational and effective criteria for translation is required indeed. however, either in practice or in the theoretical field, the translation criticism in china is far from satisfactory. as the medium to bridge translation theory and practice, the translation criticism ought to keep up with the new pace of translation theory studies and becomes workable and flexible. the new inter-subjectivity in translation criticism has widened the vision of the study field in the translation criticism and put forward active ideas for the further study. second, the past study in the translation criticism is unilateral, which is harmful for the development of study on the translation. the three paradigms always focus on one factor and isolate the relationship among factors involved in the process of translation criticism. meanwhile, the study in this field in china is far from satisfactory and lags behind the study of translation. it is also not good for the improvement of translation theory and practice. what the academic circle should change is their mind. by absorbing sound foreign theories, the author hopes that there will exist some creative theories and methodologies in the study of translation in china. 1.4 research methodologies mikhail bakhtin(18951975), a russian literary theorist and philosopher, is the founder of a school of 1iterary criticism known as dialogism, which emphasizes the relation between an author and his work, the work and its readers, and the relation of 南京财经大学硕士学位论文 5 all these three factors to the social and historical forces. and bakhtins dialogism means the relationship of agreement or disagreement, confirmation or supplement, asking or answering, which will be all usefully applied in the translation criticism process. and then another significant point is that the factors involved in the dialogue are equal. the voices from every side are presented independently, which do not confuse with each other. according to the theory of dialogism, the inter-subjectivity relationship has broken the foregone study of a monologue of somebody. and the four subjects in the translation criticism can communicate with each other equally and freely, which could be a dynamic and multi-unit relationship. nidas principle of dynamic equivalence was in germ when he first mentioned this idea in 1959. later in 1964, he stated in his toward a science of translating that there were fundamentally two different types of equivalence: formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. the dynamic equivalence translation is mainly concerned with “the dynamic relationship and the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message.”(nida, 1964:22) nida provided a clear definition of dynamic equivalence as follows: “dynamic equivalence is therefore to be defined in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors in the sl” (nida, 1964:23) such a kind of theory liberates translators from the fetters chained by the form of the original, shifting the key of translation to the content of the meaning, to the process and result of translating. according to the theory of dynamic equivalence, translators are active and equal in the dialogue of translation criticism. they are not just fettered in the faithfulness to the original work. they have the chance to communicate with the author, the reader and critics, reconsider his translated work and defense for himself. it is a great development to free the role of translator and widen our sight for research. because translators can enjoy more freedom, the inter-subjectivity is more active and dynamic. bakhtins dialogism theory describes the relation among author, his work, reader 南京财经大学硕士学位论文 6 and historical forces in literature criticism without considering the translated work; it also does not discuss the role of translator and the process of translation. although his theory does not involve translation and translation criticism theory, the core of it still enlightens inter-relation among the subjects in translation criticism so that translation criticism can be viewed as a process and an entire activity to be studied in this thesis. the key of the bakhtins dialogism theory is dialogue, which can be used to analyze the process of inter-subjectivity in translation criticism. it should be emphasized that the importance of translator was overlooked in previous researches on translation criticism. the subjectivity of translator has not been paid much attention. it always hides itself behind the original text and the translated work. even though it plays a very important role in translation activity, it was often criticized by critics. the subjectivity of the translator was not much mentioned in the bakhtins theory but was confirmed and analyzed in nidas dynamic equivalence theory .the final purpose of translation criticism is to give the future translators guidance and suggestions for better translation work. therefore the translators engaged in the activity of translation criticism are very important. in nidas theory, the importance of the readers was also emphasized. so, in general, his theory is the reinforcement of bakhtins dialogism theory. the combination of these two theories has inspired the author to write this thesis. 南京财经大学硕士学位论文 7 chapter two literature review of translation criticism in recent years, the research