An Analysis on Status Quo of College English Listening and Solutions--.doc

摘要无论是从“篇章语言学”或“话语语言学”的角度，还是从“话语分析”或“篇章分析”的角度，语篇研究都是一种以超句法分析为根本特征，综合句语法、语义法、语用学和语音学，有广涉修辞学、文章学、文体学的复杂交叉性研究。国内众多学者在语篇研究的性质、特点、框架、影响翻译的因素以及它在国内外的发展和现状方面，都取得了丰硕的研究成果。在衔接手段对比中，本文着重对具有代表性的语法衔接手段照应、省略、代替、连接进行了分析研究。本文还从不同思维方式、不同文化方面分析对语篇翻译的影响。本文共有五章，第一章简要介绍了英汉翻译，及衔接在语篇翻译中的重要性。第二章介绍了翻译的原则及标准。第三章分为两个小部分，一个是思维方式的不同对翻译的影响。翻译与思维是相互作用，相互依存的。另一个是文化。讲述中西方不同的文化。第四章主要介绍了翻译方法。例如：照应、代替、省略、词汇衔接。关键字：思维方式，文化，衔接，对比研究abstractdiscourse studies characterized by hyper-syntactic analysis, whether from the perspective of text-linguistics or from that of discourse analysis, is a complicate inter-discipline study, which integrates syntax, semantics, pragmatics and phonetics, as well as involves rhetoric, text and stylistics.many chinese scholars have done a great deal of research on facets of discourse studies property, characteristics, framework, development and current state, and they all have received fruitful harvest. the thesis just focuses on grammatical cohesive devices during the process of contrasting cohesion for their representative, that is, reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction.this thesis falls into five chapters. another is an overview of the theories on language, culture and translation as well as translation theories related to culture both at home and abroad.key word: the way of thinking，culture，cohesion, contrastive studycontentschapter 1 introduction1chapter 2 the standard of translation2 2.1 the standard of translation. 2.2 translational translation principles in chinachapter 3 the factors of translation33.1 differences between english and chinese way of thinking33.2 culture5chapter 4 翻译方法84.1 context and translation84.2 a contrastive study of cohesion in english and chinese versions94.2.1. reference.4.2.2 substitution.4.2.3 ellipsis4.2.4 logical connection4.3 differences of coherence in english and chinese texts and the translation10chapter 5 conclusion17an analysis on status quo of college english listening and solutionschapter 1 introductionin the past several decades, the research on text has played a key role in linguistic research with the development of other linguistic branches such as pragmatics, discourse analysis, sociolinguistics. therefore, cohesion theory has been applied to many fields and subjects, especially the contrastive study and translation theory and practice. many linguists and scholars have been studying cohesion and coherence and have tried to establish the relation between them and their importance in the production of a text. cohesion is seen as a necessary part in text production and thus possesses an important position in text translation.english-chinese translation is the information transmission of two cultures as well as the communication of two languages. getting a good knowledge of the differences between the two languages ensures a comprehensive and accurate understanding of the original text, the right choice of the proper methods and lexis, and the accuracy, perfectness and harmony of the translated text.this text mainly introduced how to translate the english text. but there are some problems. we are pay attention to the type of thinking, different culture, context and translation. chapter 2 translation standard2.1 the standard of translationconcerning translation principles, no one doubts that it is a problem which never ceases to be discussed. the translation principle is a topic which causes unceasing argument, both at home and abroad, from the ancient time till today. countless translators and translation theorists have expressed their viewpoints upon this issue, but few of them have studied the criteria for translation principles. translation principles serve as a guide for translators in translation practice; criteria, however, serve as a yardstick to measure whether a principle is practically useful or whether it can lead to a favorable translation result.in modern times, guo moruo is for “spiritual assonance”, zhu guanqian holds that words and meaning cannot not be separated; shi juehuai maintains that translation of poetry should pay attention to “adaptation, addition, deduction, and rhyme”, which is close to translation skills and techniques; jiao juyin proposes a theory of general; xu zhongjiesr translation principles are refined as “verse form, musical beauty, line-expansion, interpretation, inter-culture” to some degree, there do exist some similarities of the ideas of translation principles between the western and china. translation principles in china include zhi qians favor for “fidelity”, dao ans “five losses and three difficulties”, xuan zangs “five categories of non-translation”; zhu guangqian maintained translated text should keep the style and meaning of the original text.2.2 translational translation principles in chinachinas translation has experienced a long history，in which numerous translation principles emerge. of the various kinds of principles，the following are worth mentioning.dao an(道安)，a monk in the eastern jin dynasty, claims that in the translation of kama sutra there are five circumstances under which ”losses” will occur. according to him，the ” first loss” means that the word order of the source text is different from that of the target language, so in the translation of kama sutra the word order is changed. this is the “first loss” of the source text. the ”second loss” refers to the fact that the source text(kama sutra)adopted a simple and concise style while the target reader(people in the qin dynasty)like literary grace, so in the translation the style is changed. the next three ”losses” refers to the structure losses. in the source text(kama sutra), there are paragraphs and paragraphs of repetition, and before starting a new topic，the previous topic is mentioned again; but in translation，the repetition is deleted.obviously, dao an criticized the ” five losses” instead of advocating them. his argument sticks to the problem whether to be strictly faithful to the source text or not, and his attention is confined within the relationship between the source text and target text. ma jianzhong(马建忠), a famous translator in the late qing dynasty, advocated the principle of ”good translation” in his article ” proposal for the establishment of translation college.”mas principle first touched a translators quality; that is, a translator should have a good command over the source and target language, knowing their similarities and differences and even their origin. secondly, it stressed that the style，grammar，and rhetoric of the source text should be studied carefully in the translation process. so the principle “good translation” focuses only on the source language and target language，and the two texts. the study scope is also confined within the text level. in the introduction to his translation of huxleys evolution and ethnics (天演论), yan fu advocated the three character translation principle of ”faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance”(“信、达、雅”). in yans translation principle,” faithfulness” is the first requirement for translating，and refers to being faithful to the content，language and the style of the source text at the same time. the translator should be loyal to the whole text of the original work rather than individual words and phrases. in this sense, the spirit of the original text should be conveyed. this is quite similar to fu leis principle “attention to the spiritual essence rather than the form of the original work”. “expressiveness” means reproduction of the original in standardized popular language. from yan fuwords ”without expressiveness, faithfulness is of no avail”, the importance of expressiveness is stated clearly. yan fus explanation of” elegance” is “using the classical chinese language before the han dynasty”.if one studies yan fus translation principle closely, one may find the same limitation as occurs in the other traditional principles: the study scope of the principle is still confined within the relationship between the source text and the target text.chapter 3 factors of translation3.1 differences between english and chinese way of thinking translation is not only a kind of language activity, but also a kind of thinking activity. it involves the transformation of two languages. language is the tool and result of thinking. thinking, which is the basis of translation activity, is a reflection of universe objects.duetodifferentcultures,englishandchinesepeoplehaveformedtheirownmodesofthought,whichinfluencetheirlivingwaysgreatly,especiallytheirownlanguages.modeofthoughtisaverycomplicatedabstractconceptionconnectedcloselytophilosophy. the same content of human being enables thinking communication of different peoples to be conducted. language and thinking are closely interrelated. the differences of thinking between chinese and english make the differences of expression ways of the same theme.englishpeoplepreferindividualism,whichleadsthemtosubordinatetherecognizedobjectsintosmallparts.whilechinesepeoplelikeentirety,theyprefertotaketheworldasawhole.3.2 cultureagainst the background of economic and cultural globalization, “cultural turn” which appeared in the 1990s marked the prelude to the increasing attention to the influence of culture upon translation. in the meantime, alongside with the development of cultural studies, the school of cultural translation, with susan bassnett taking the lead, is calling for a “translation turn” in cultural studies. just as what bassnett and lefevere have put it: the study of translation is the study of cultural interaction.everything is relative, cultural difference being no exception. culture, as the total pattern of human behavior and its products, oversteps geographical limits and historical conditions in many ways, and it is characterized by its strong penetrativeness and fusibility. culture is a historical phenomenon, every society has adapted to its culture. language is an integral part of culture is the carrier of culture. among peoples with different languages, cultural differences must exist, such cultural differences can cause difficulties of translation. the advancement of the globalized economy and the rapidity and ease of modern communication, transportation, and mass media have resulted in an ever increasing exchange between cultures, unprecedented in scale, scope, and speed. consequently, an increase in universality and a reduction in difference between cultures is an inevitable trend.。we might think that chinese and americans are totally different people. not only the way they look different, but also the different cultures. so, what are the differences between chinese and american culture? most chinese families like to cook the meals at home. the family members sit around the table and share the dishes on the table together. even when they are having their meals in restaurants, they eat in the same way too. but in america, just part of the americans has their meal at home with their family members. chapter 4翻译方法4.1 contextwhen people are in communication, some linguistic phenomenon could not be clarified only through the context of its exact meaning, it must contact the language used in social person, what happened, communication channels, the relationship between the participants emotional and psychological factors and so on, these factors constitute the context of the situational context. for example: thank you for your consideration.译文1：谢谢你的关心。译文2：谢谢您对我的关怀。if example 1 is taken from a letter between a student and a teacher, and the above two translations are correct, but the style is different, one is more polite, and the other is flat tone, in the end by which it? obviously, if this letter is addressed to students from teacher, it can be translated by translation 1; but if a student wrote to his teacher, example 2, because the you replaced you, and added on i , so students can better express the teachers respect and gratitude. from this we can see, the same word, if the communication between the two sides is changed, the translation used in decision-making should also be changed.4.2 英汉语篇衔接手段的差异与翻译4.2.1 referencereference items are forms that make reference to something else for their interpretation instead of being interpreted semantically in their own sense. in other words, the information of the reference items can be retrieved from the context. when the reader or hearer can carry out the context(situational or linguistic) the retrieval of the information necessary for interpreting the passage in question and it does exist, the reference items actually cohere with the such information in the context. and it is referred to as exophora, where their interpretation lies in the context of situation. in contrast, the term endophora refers to a reference within the text (the linguistic context). halliday and hasan point out that only endophoric reference (which may be anaphoric and cataphoric) plays a role in textual cohesion. that is to say, reference is limited to the relationship of identity which holds between two linguistic expressions, instead of denoting a direct relationship between words and extra-linguistic objects. halliday and hasan further divide reference into three categories: personal, demonstrative, and comparative. i only introduce comparative reference here. comparative reference can be classified into general comparison and particular comparison. in terms of the former, english and chinese are similar in that most of the english words of comparative meaning can find their counterparts in chinese. the major difference between english and chinese comparative reference lies in particular comparison.it is known that english is chiefly a synthetic language with inflectional forms while chinese is an analytical language without inflections. therefore, in addition to constructions with comparative function, adjectives and adverbs in english can rely on inflections to realize comparison as well; but chinese, for lack of inflections, depends exclusively on lexical and grammatical means such as 跟一样，比，没有那样，更ect. to realize the same reference function(zhu yongsheng, et al.2001:35), which require proper shifts in translation. for example:1. the expression of her face seemed disturbed and anxious she seated herself by me again: her countenance grew sadder and graver and her clasped hands trembled.她脸上的表情看来又烦又焦虑不安。 她又在我旁边坐下来，她的神气变得更忧伤、更严肃，她紧攥着的手在颤抖。2. “i think he swore-but i didnt mind him, i was straining to see the bairn,” and she began again to describe it rapturously. i, as zealous as herself, hurried eagerly home to admire “我想他咒骂来着，可我没管他，我就是要看看孩子，”她又开始狂喜地描述起来。在我这方面我和她一样热心，兴高采烈地跑回家去看。“我想他骂了他，不过我没去注意，我只顾专心看那孩子，”她又眉飞色舞地描述起来。我，也跟她一样，心理热乎乎的，兴冲冲地急着要赶回家去欣赏一番。ex.1 involves particular comparison. this example describes the occasion where the heroine was very confused and sad about her marriage. while exposing her thought to her servant, she became sadder. the st in this example uses inflections “sadder and graver”, the tt has no corresponding forms to them, but 更忧郁、更严肃.ex.2 involves the use of general comparison. the st and version 1 use similar forms: the former: “as zealous as herself” (asas), the latter: 和她一样热心（和一样）. version 2 uses almost the same from too: 也和她一样，心里热乎乎的（跟一样）. what differs is that version 2 changes the original structure into two fragments, which, actually fits more naturally with its context.4.2.2 substitution compared with reference, which is a relation in the meaning, substitution is one in the wording. it is a relation between linguistic items such as words or phrases.substitution can be thought of as a process within the text, i.e. the replacement of one item by another and thus they from a relation of the “presupposing” substitute and the presupposed. a substitute is “a sort of counter which is used in place of the repetition of a particular item” (halliday and hasan 1976:89). the link between them helps create inter-sentential cohesion. generally speaking, substitution can be classified into three types: nominal, verbal and clausal substitution. 这里作者只介绍一种。 for example:3. “set two tables here, ellen; one for your master and miss isabella, being gentry; the other for heathcliff and myself, being of the lower order. will that please you, dear? or must i have a fire lighted elsewhere? if so, give directions. ill run down and secure my guest”“在这儿放两张桌子吧，艾伦。一张给你主人和伊莎贝拉小姐坐，他们是上等人；另一张给希斯克利夫和我，我们低一等的人，这样你该满意了吧，亲爱的？还是我一定得另找个地方，重新生炉子？如果是这样，就请吩咐吧。现在我得跑下去留住客人啦。”in ex. 3, “if so”, the substitute for the whole sentence “if i must have a fire lighted elsewhere”, is translated into“如果是这样”.in addition, english and chinese have some other similar clausal cohesive devices, for instance: im afraid so（恐怕如此）, i m afraid not (恐怕不会), vice versa (反而然之), etc., translations of which depends on proper analysis of the text. 4.2.3 ellipsisellipsis and substitution are very similar to each other. substitution is the replacement of one item by another, and ellipsis is the omission of an item. ellipsis can be interpreted as a kind of substitution, in which the item is replaced by nothing, i.e., it can be defined as substitution by zero. an ellipsis item is one which leaves specific structural slots to be filled from elsewhere (with no “counter” inserted into the slot), by way of which the textual cohesion is realized. as with substitution, ellipsis is a lexicogrammatical relation within the text. ellipsis is normally an anaphoric relation on the level of grammar and vocabulary. ellipsis may b