网络英语浅析.doc

september 17, 2004creolizationone of the most powerful forms of evidence that there is an innate language gene is the development of creole languages out of pidgins. wikipedia explains it this way:pidgins are rudimentary languages improvised by non-native speakers; when pidgins creolize, however, they develop fully-formed and stable grammar structures, usually as a result of the pidgin being natively learned by children.unfortunately, while there are many creole languages, and they share many similar features, it is very rare to be able to watch this process in action. that is why work on a community of deaf children in nicaragua is so important:following the 1979 sandinista revolution, the newly installed nicaraguan government had hundreds of deaf students enrolled in two managua schools. initially, the education officials adopted finger spelling, using simple signs to limn the alphabets of spoken languages. the result was a complete failure, because most students did not even grasp the concept of words, never having been exposed either to spoken or to written language. the children remained linguistically disconnected from their teachers.initially, the students could only use crude gestural signs developed within their own families, but once the students were placed together, they began to build on one anothers signs. while the inexperienced teachers found it hard to understand their students, the children had no problem communicating with each other. a new language had begun to bloom. within just a few generations, a mature language with rules and grammar was born.the sandinista officials asked for help from outside scholars. after the linguists finally decoded the childrens creation, nicaraguan sign language became a classical case of modern linguistics.i mention this because i just saw an announcement for a new article in science by ann senghas, one of the linguists doing research on this group of children. unfortunately there is a three month embargo on online access to science at my university, so it will be some time before i read the article itself - still it seems to support the concept of a natural process of creolization:senghas studied a property common to most spoken and sign languages around the world: that expressions are constructed from pieces with smaller meaning. for example, if we say a wheel is rolling down the hill, we use different words for rolling and down, even though both are part of the same action. this provides us with a flexible vocabulary that can be mixed and matched to describe other events. senghas asked signers of different ages to tell a story and found that, by the second generation of children, those speaking the newborn nicaraguan language had a similar system. rather than have one sign for rollingdown, which would be the most economical option, they had two separate gestures. this suggests that children are born with a natural ability to break down language in this way. hard wired rules like this help explain how language is acquired so easily.update: more links over at languagehat, including this ny times magazine story from five years ago. permalink | filed under: language | kerim 5:23 pmcomments (2) september 06, 2004wrod as a wloheyou might have seen this floating around the internet:aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at cmabrigde uinervtisy, it deosnt mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. the rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. needless to say, my recent post about word recognition debunks that theory pretty clearly. but if you need more proof, take a look at this page by matt davis, a researcher at cambridge:this text circulated on the internet in september 2003. i first became aware of it when a journalist contacted a my colleague sian miller on 16th september, trying to track down the original source. its been passed on many times, and in the way of most internet memes has mutated along the way. it struck me as interesting - especially when i received a version that mentioned cambridge university! i work at cognition and brain sciences unit, in cambridge, uk, a medical research council unit that includes a large group investigating how the brain processes language. if theres a new piece of research on reading thats been conducted in cambridge, i thought i should have heard of it beforeive written this page, to try to explain the science behind this meme. there are elements of truth in this, but also some things which scientists studying the psychology of language (psycholinguists) know to be incorrect. im going to break down the meme, one line at a time to illustrate these points, pointing out what i think is the relevant research on the role of letter order on reading. again, this is only my view of the current state of reading research, as it relates to this meme.permalink | filed under: language | kerim 2:02 pmcomments (0) dr. liu was kind enough to e-mail me his paper, from which i have quoted excerpts below.december 08, 2004tattooright now im double checking all the chinese text in my dissertation, so i was happy to see this post in languagelog:hanzi smatter is a blog dedicated to the misuse of chinese characters (hanzi or kanji) in western culture.a lot of the site is devoted to tattoos. for example, an entry from december 1 pictures someone who meant to tattoo 精 (jing1) essence, semen, spirit on his elbows, but by splitting the character into the two radicals 米 (mi3) uncooked rice and 青 (qing1 or jing1) blue, green, black; young, managed instead to display green rice.i know of a woman in my yoga class who has such an incorrect chinese tattoo on her neck. ill have to ask if i can take a picture of it and send it in to the site. i forget the full phrase she wanted, but instead of good 好 she only got the half of the character which means woman 女, making nonsense of the whole thing.my advice: if you are going to get a chinese character tattooed on your body, first find a chinese speaking friend to proofread it for you. for my dissertation i decided to take advantage of unicode and to provide both the chinese characters and the phonetic transcription (including tone marks) wherever i introduce a translated phrase or proper name. this isnt a standard practice - it is much more work, but i think it will make it easier for many chinese speakers to read my dissertation. it will also make it easier for non-chinese speakers to then conduct research based on my dissertation. i was inspired by the decision of the taipei times to start including chinese characters immediately after the names. but i couldnt have done this without the help of a taiwanese friend who has graciously agreed to help me proofread all of this. two more days! permalink | filed under: language, culture, academic | kerim 9:51 am网络英语词汇漫谈阅读internet:为internationalnet的简写，即因特网，又称国际互联网。它最早产生于美国国防部的高级研究规划署，那是1969年的事了，最初的目的也只是远程计算机的数据共享，后来发展成将世界各地的计算机及计算机网络相互连接起来，形成了一个无边无际的超级大网。internet的主要服务项目有：电子邮件(email)，远程登录(telnet)，查询服务(finger)，文件传输(ftp)，文档服务器(archive)，新闻论坛(usenet)，电子公告牌(bbs)，新闻群组(newsgroup)，全球网(worldwideweb，缩写为www，又称万维网)等。bbs：bulletinboardsystem，公告牌系统或电子公告板，又称publicaccessmessagesystem,公共访问信息系统。它是普通公告的电子版本，用户可以通过公告牌发布消息，任何用户都可以读取公告牌上的消息，也可以给某一特定的人或一组用户发送信息。公告牌系统被广泛地用于传播信息，咨询一个电子公告牌往往比使用交互信箱或公共邮政系统发送公告更加快捷、有效。email:电子邮件，这是一种利用internet网交换文字信息的交互式服务，全世界internet用户可以互相发送和接收电子邮件。 详细内容.weblish noun. a form of english peculiar to some online documents and communication, the characteristics of which include the use of all-lowercase letters, infrequent punctuation, errors in spelling and grammar, and an informal tone. example citation:just as the government is spending about pounds 200m on a programme to reimpose the traditional rigour of literacy and numeracy, it also faces one of the greatest technological challenges to english. the internet and e-mail have already spawned their own words and grammar which has been dubbed weblish.richard woods, illiterate britain!?, sunday times, may 13, 2001 notes:this word is one of many that have been coined to describe the strange linguistic beast that is the english language, internet version. by far the most popular is netspeak, but todays word has gained some currency (both as weblish and weblish), despite its rather ugly construction.earliest citation:the popularity of e-mail is destroying the normal rules of spelling and grammar leading to weblish, a lower case global language littered with mistakes, according to marketing consultancy the fourth room.the rise of the digitally literate, the daily telegraph, august 24, 2000 subject categories: computers - internet language - general posted on december 12, 2001netspeak noun. the words, idioms, and pecularities of spelling and grammar that are characteristic of online documents and communication. example citation:perhaps the next great movement in english literature will somehow be fuelled by the new phenomenon of netspeak, or what linguist david crystal in his new book language and the internet calls computer-mediated language.dusan petricic, netspeak changes how we write, the toronto star, november 24, 2001 notes:here are some of the characteristics of netspeak: inattention to the norms of spelling and grammar; the use of all-lowercase letters; tonal informality; infrequent punctuation; the widespread use of abbreviations and acronyms; turning nouns into verbs. earliest citation:like all arcane entities, the internet has its own language, sometimes known as netspeak.ian bacon, out on the internet, macuser, april 1993 网络应用与英语新词的层出不穷 2000/01/0703:49 chinabyte【chinabyte 综合消息】互联网的普及对英语语言的发展起到了空前的推动作用。今天，与网络和网络使用有关的许多新词或新的用法层出不穷，极大地丰富了英语的语言宝库，增加了英语语言的魅力。例如，在下面这段话中： u may have noticed some odd phrases slipping int o urkids e-mails lately. like when they mention that ur life sux and thei rsdoesnt, then quickly add jk, for just kidding. u kno w theyreally luv u, even though u r an annoying pos (pa rent overshoulder) with a total sohf (sense of humor fa ilure) whodoesnt have a clue what they r saying b/cuz they seem tobe writing in code. fwiw (for what its worth), folks, a new idiom h asbeen born. 我们就看到了许多新的用法，如用u来代替you（你），用ur来代替your（你的），用r代替are ，用jk表示just kidding（开个玩笑）等等，还有一些新出现的缩略语，如pos（对孩子管束较严的家长）和sohf（毫无幽默感）。这些用法的出现可以说是人们的日常生活节奏在网络的影响下进一步加快的必然结果。 在与网络有关的语言演变过程中，青少年是最最活跃、贡献最大的一个群体。他们热衷于网上聊天，因为这种聊天方式可同时和多人交谈，无疑是他们心目中结识新朋友最有效、最快捷的方式。就在他们不停歇地敲击键盘的动作当中，各种新词、新的用法诞生了。我们不难发现，这些新词、新用法大多是对原词的缩略，因为这样能够节省击键的次数，提高网上聊天的效率。 下面介绍英语网上聊天常用的一些缩略语用法： brb：be right back（马上就回来） pmfji: pardon me for jumping in（请原谅我突然加入你们的谈话） a/s/l: 意思是要求对方介绍自己的年龄、性别和住址（回答示例：15mny,意思是15岁，男性，家住纽约） otf：on the floor（非常高兴） lol：laughing out loud（放声大笑） rotfl：rolling on the floor laughing（笑得在地上直打滚） 以上三条缩略语的意思都是说自己高兴得无以复加。 gtg: got to go（要走了，不聊了） ttyl: talk to you later（以后再聊） new words in englishwhydoesenglishhavemorewordsthananyotherlanguage?thereareseveralreasonswhyenglishhassuchahugevocabulary.onereasonisbecauseofitshabitofborrowingwordsfromotherlanguages.ifyoulookcloselyatanenglishdictionary,youllfindthatabout75%ofthewordsareforeigninorigin.englishborrowsfromotherlanguagesveryfreely.notalllanguagesborrowasfreelyasenglish.almosteverydaynewwordsentertheenglishlanguage,andthisisaprocessthathasbeengoingonforathousandyears.clearlythishasbeenamajorinfluenceonthelanguage.youmaybesurprisedtofindthatevensomeofthesimplestandcommonestenglishwordswereborrowedfromotherlanguages:pizza(italian),pork(french),sushi(japanese),sky(scandinavian),demand(french),kindergarten(german),photograph(greek),school(latin),etc,etc.andlookatthewordsenglishhasborrowedfromchinese:tea,typhoon,wok,gungho,chow.clearlyenglishisnotapurelanguage,soperhapsitisgoodthatithasbeenadoptedastheworldlanguage!apartfromborrowings,englishalsocreatesnewwordsandphrasestokeepupwiththescientificandtechnologicalchangesintheworld.afewyearsago,wordslikeradar,internet,andcellphonedidntexist.nowtheyarepartofoureverydayvocabulary.anotherwaythatnewenglishwordsarecreatedisbycombiningoldwords.theworddisc-jockeywasformedsomeyearsagotodescribeapersonwhoplayedsongsinadiscoorontheradio.recently,thewordshock-jock,hascometodescriberadiodisc-jockeyswhosayshockingthingstoguestsandlisteners.thisprocessofcreatingnewwordsthroughcombinationandre-combinationwillprobablycontinueforaslongastherearepeoplespeakingenglish.hereisashortlistofjustafewneologismsthatwerecreatedinthelastfewyears.(neologismsarenewwordsorphrases.)qualitytime-timespentwiththefamily,ratherthanatworkvanilla-whenusedasanadjective,vanillameansstandard,boring,ornotinteresting.user-friendly-easytouse,notharmfultotheenvironmentbeautyparade-anykindofcompetitioncanbecalledabeautyparade,includingcompaniescompetingforacontract,etc.bloatware-unnecessarysoftwarethathaslotsoffeaturesanduseslotsofdiskspaceghetto-partofacitywhereagrouporminoritylivesdude-person,guy.chill-whenusedasaverb,torelax,calmdown.generationy-thosepeoplewhowerebornorafter1978open-collarworkers-peoplewhoworkathomeliposuction-surgicallyremovingfatfromthebodyspam-unwantedadvertisingthroughthemailore-mailtelesurgery-telemeansfaraway.thisiswherethedoctorguidingtheoperationisnotintheroom.cyber-cafe-aninternetcafeithinkitisfascinatingtoseenewwordsandhowtheycomeabout.ifyouarealsointerestedireferyoutothisexcellentwebsite.ithaslotsmoreinformationonthistopic:e代英语引言语言是交流的工具，也是社会生活的集中反映。在上世纪中期电子计算机出现后引发了人类史上的第三次产业革命，迎来了一个新的时代信息时代it或数字时代digital,其核心就是一个英语字母e(electronic),电子时代。伴随着时代的进步，英语也在发生着变化。这种变化是时代的结果，时代的进步，是语言的时代性、发展性的体现。一、词汇方面英语单词量比其他任何一种语言都多，其原因是多方面的。一个原因是英语有着从其他语言“借用”单词的千年传统习惯。如果翻开词典，我们会看到75%的单词是外来词。英语借词很容易，因此，几乎每天都会有新词进入英语。明显，这是英语单词量大的主要原因。即便一些最简单、最常用的词汇都可能是借用的，如pizza(意大利),pork（法语）,sushi（日语）,sky（瑞典语）, kindergarten(德语),photograph（希腊语）,school（拉丁语）。借用汉语词汇如tea,gongfu,wok,typhoon,chou等。显然，英语并非单纯的英语。合成也是一个原因。如几年前才出现的新词disc-jockey电台唱片节目主持人，最近又再合成出shock-jock给听众讲恐怖事件的电台唱片节目主持人。如此合成再合成的办法还会持续下去。因此，借词、生成、合成的几种方法为英语产生了巨大的词汇量。除了借词，为了跟得上科技的发展，英语也在生成新的词汇，如几年前英语还没有internet, cell phone等，但现在已成了日常词汇。尤其是科技进步最能给英语词汇增添时代的特征。其代表性的词汇如e-mail(电子邮件)，internet:为internationalnet的简写，即因特网，又称国际互联网。它最早产生于美国国防部的高级研究规划署，那是1969年的事了，最初的目的也只是远程计算机的数据共享，后来发展成将世界各地的计算机及计算机网络相互连接起来，形成了一个无边无际的超级大网。internet的主要服务项目有：电子邮件(email)，远程登录(telnet)，查询服务(finger)，文件传输(ftp)，文档服务器(archive)，新闻论坛(usenet)，电子公告牌(bbs)，新闻群组(newsgroup)，全球网(worldwideweb，缩写为www，又称万维网)等。bbs：bulletinboardsystem，公告牌系统或电子公告板，又称publicaccessmessagesystem,公共访问信息系统。它是普通公告的电子版本，用户可以通过公告牌发布消息，任何用户都可以读取公告牌上的消息，也可以给某一特定的人或一组用户发送信息。公告牌系统被广泛地用于传播信息，咨询一个电子公告牌往往比使用交互信箱或公共邮政系统发送公告更加快捷、有效。email:电子邮件，这是一种利用internet网交换文字信息的交互式服务，全世界internet用户可以互相发送和接收电子邮件。www:worldwideweb的缩写，即全球网，又称万维网。它是一个基于超文本方式的信息检索工具，提供一种友好的信息查询接口，是目前最受欢迎同时也是最先进的internet检索工具之一。remotelogin:远程登录(注册)，它是在网络环境下实现资源共享的一种重要手段，采用这种方式，用户可连接到世界任何一台internet主机。http:hypertexttransmissionprotocol的缩写,即超文本传输协议。ip：ip国际互联网协议，即网际协议。ftp：是transferprotocol的缩写，即文件传输协议，用于在internet上传输文件。ftp的任务是从一台计算机将文件传送到另一台计算机。人们通过ftp可以获得很多免费的实用软件。gopher：英文意为“地鼠”。它是internet中基于菜单驱动的信息查询软件，可将用户的请求自动转换成ftp(文件传输协议)或telnet(用于远程终端连接的标准ip协议)命令，在菜单的引导下，用户可对internet上远程信息系统进行访问。archive：“档案；档案馆”之意。internet中的文档服务器，可定期自动地访问众多的internetftp服务器，将这些服务器上的文件索引成一个可以检索的数据库。wais：是wideareainformationservice的简写，广域信息服务器。它使得internet上巨大的数据资源变得易于检索，并且可以获得远程数据库的信息。luisitserv:这是internet上流行的用户之间交流信息的方式。irc：internetrelaychat,互联网接力聊天。这是一种多用户聊天设施，允许多个用户通过文字实时地与其它人聊天。hypertext:超文本。本来用做表示所有超链接，也表示包含“链接”的文本。这是一种非线性的信息组织方法，文字、图形和其它数据做为单个元素都能够指向(链接)其它元素。hyperlink:超链接。一种与其它文件的“链接”，文件中图片、按钮、“热词”或短语都可以做为超链接，当用户选择超链接之后，所连接的信息就会显示出来。html:hypertextmarkuplanguage,超文本标示语言。它是由欧洲粒子实验室一名想象力丰富的研究员timbemerslee发明的，是“www(全球网)世界”的通用语言。“www世界”的诸服务器与客户浏览器间，通过它互相沟通；信息资源也是由它描述而“表现”的，html可以描述主页(homepage)和静态的文本。全世界有几千万人在使用html语言，可以毫不夸张地说，没有html就没有“www世界”。hypermedia:超媒体。一种以计算机为基础的利用文字、图形、动画、声音和视频传送和显示信息的方法。这些文字等超媒体的组成元素既可以与其它文件连接，又可以做为单个对象处理。navigator:是美国网景(netscape)公司出品的internet浏览器软件之一。navigator的英文意思是“航海者、海上探险者”，寓意人们可以使用该软件在internet网络的海洋中航行、探险。navigator不仅可以浏览万维网(www)，还具有电子邮件(email)、文件传输(ftp)、远程登录(telnet)及新闻组(newsgroup)、信息浏览(gopher)等多种功能。ie：internetexplorer,explorer意为“探险者”。qualitytime-timespentwiththefamily,ratherthanatworkuser-friendly-easytouse,notharmfultotheenvironmentbeautyparade-anykindofcompetitioncanbecalledabeautyparade,includingcompaniescompetingforacontract,etc.bloatware-unnecessarysoftwarethathaslotsoffeaturesanduseslotsofdiskspacechill-whenusedasaverb,torelax,calmdown.generationy-thosepeoplewhowerebornorafter1978open-collarworkers-peoplewhoworkathomeliposuction-surgicallyremovingfatfromthebodyspam-unwantedadvertisingthroughthemailore-mailtelesurgery-telemeansfaraway.thisiswherethedoctor