新视野大学英语读写教程（第二版）第三册 Unit 6 Section B Changes in the Balance of Nature.ppt

contents reading skills test yourself reading comprehension n h c e 外语教学与研究出版社外语教学与研究出版社空军工程大学空军工程大学 skimming introductionintroduction practicepractice like the other skills for your use, the skill like the other skills for your use, the skill introduced in this unit does render you better introduced in this unit does render you better able in reading.able in reading. this practice is designed to help you get a this practice is designed to help you get a deeper insight into the skill for this unit.deeper insight into the skill for this unit. n h c e 自测课文 introductionintroduction n h c e 自测课文back 阅读实践 随 笔 skimming when reading the newspaper one often skims articles before deciding whether or not to read more carefully. to skim is to read quickly in order to get the general idea of a passage. unlike scanning which involves searching for details or isolated facts, skimming requires the reader to note only information and clues which are related to an idea or the topic of a piece of writing. n h c e 自测课文back 阅读实践 随 笔 when you skim, you read only selected sentences in order to get the main idea. you should also use textual clues such as italicized or underlined words, headlines or subtitles, spacing, paragraphing, etc. do not read every word or sentence. once you have a general idea about an article you may decide to read the entire selection carefully, or only to scan for specific pieces of information in order to answer questions which have occurred to you. n h c e 自测课文back 阅读实践 随 笔 when you skim, you probably have to move your eyes faster than when you scan although the same steps of reading are involved. of course, the key step is to decide what information you want to know, and then try to skim for it. the following are examples from text a in this unit to explain how to skim for the particular information that a reader is interested in. n h c e 自测课文back 阅读实践 随 笔 example 1example 1 after having a brief look at the title of the passage, you might want to know: where shall i find the information about earthquake prediction, prevention and preparation? to skim for the places for the information in question, the reader actually just needs to read the first sentence of each paragraph in the text. n h c e 自测课文back 阅读实践 随 笔 sentence 1, paragraph 1 tells the reader that this is the place for information about earthquake prediction; sentence 1, paragraph 2 for information about earthquake prevention; the first sentences of paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6 for information about preparation against earthquake. n h c e 自测课文back 阅读实践 随 笔 example 2example 2 after reading the first two paragraphs, you might want to know: how should people get prepared for an earthquake? since we now know where to get the information about earthquake preparation, we may move our eyes very quickly down these relevant paragraphs, skimming for the answer, which is offered as follows: n h c e 自测课文back 阅读实践 随 笔 1. regularly check and reinforce the home; (para. 3) 2. have supplies of water and food at home and at work; (para. 4) 3. keep a fire extinguisher handy, etc.; (para. 5) 4. have earthquake emergency plans. (para. 6) n h c e practicepractice 自测课文back 阅读技巧 随 笔 directionsdirections skim text b for answers to the following questions in three minutes. n h c e 自测课文back 阅读技巧 随 笔 1. why people say perceptions are relative? because things in nature, large or small, new or old, are judged in comparison with other things involved. 2. when was the earth formed? about five billion years ago. (para. 3) you can have the answer by just skimming for the words “the earth” and “formed”. n h c e 自测课文back 阅读技巧 随 笔 3. when did the first human beings walk the earth? about three million years ago. (para. 4) you can get the answer by just skimming for the words “the first human beings”. n h c e 自测课文back 阅读技巧 随 笔 4. which section is about mens control over natural resources? we can get the answers from paragraph 6 to paragraph 9. 5. which section is about the balance of nature? we can get the answers from paragraph 10 to paragraph 13. reading comprehension choice making4. passage reading3. questions previewing2. new words1. n h c e 自测技巧 n h c e new wordsnew words 自测技巧back 问题预览 课文阅读 随 笔 阅读理解 accordance n. u (in with) 按照；依据 duration n. u 持续期间 rotate v. （使）旋转；（使）转动 circular a. 圆形的，圆的 hydrogen n. u 氢 nitrogen n. u 氮 sphere n. c 1. 球形；球体 2. 范围；领域 primitive a. 1. 原始的;早期的 2. 简陋的;粗糙的 shell n. c 硬壳 dinosaur n. c 恐龙 n h c e 自测技巧back 问题预览 课文阅读 随 笔 阅读理解 mammal n. c 哺乳动物 warm-blooded a. (动物) 热血的 flourish vi. 茂盛；兴旺 evolution n. 1. u 进化 2. u 演变；发展 species n. (pl. species) 物种；种 manual a./n. 手工的, 人工的; c 操作手册, 指南 ore n. c, u 矿石；矿砂 machinery n. u 机器 tractor n. c 拖拉机 fertilizer n. c, u (bre fertiliser) 肥料；化肥 n h c e 自测技巧back 问题预览 课文阅读 随 笔 阅读理解 location n. c 地点；位置 proportional a. 与成比例的 proportionally ad. 与成比例地 restraint n. u 克制；抑制 fraction n. c 小部分；片段 renew vt. 1. 更新；更换 2. 将延期 pollution n. 1. u 污染物 2. u 污染 likewise ad. 同样地 petroleum n. u 石油 petrol n. u (ame. gas/gasoline) 汽油 n h c e 自测技巧back 问题预览 课文阅读 随 笔 阅读理解 accelerate v. 加速；促进 permanent a. 长久的；永久的 particlen. c 粒子；微粒 collective a. 集体的；共同的 worldwide a./ad. 全世界的（地） exceed vt. 超过，超出 protectivea. 保护的，防护的 remote a. 遥远的；偏远的 ancestor n. c 祖先，祖宗 retain vt. 保留，保存 n h c e 自测技巧back 问题预览 课文阅读 随 笔 阅读理解 shortage n. c 缺乏，不足 pollute vt. 污染 polluted a. 污染的 threat n. 1. c 威胁；危害 2. c 威胁；恐吓 global a. 全球的 outcome n. c (usu. sing.) 结果；结局 empire n. c 帝国 abuse vt. 1. 滥用 2. 虐待；凌辱 ignorant a. 不知道的 ；无知的 n h c e 自测技巧back 问题预览 课文阅读 随 笔 阅读理解 compared to/with 与相比 take to 1. 去；到 2. 开始 (从事) in terms of 在方面；从方面来说 bring about 引起；导致 out of proportion 不成比例 be ignorant of 不知道，不了解 give back 还给；归还 take away 带走；拿走 n h c e questions previewingquestions previewing 自测技巧back 词汇学习 课文阅读 随 笔 阅读理解 introductionintroduction for you to be better conditioned for reading as fast as 100 words per minute, as required in the new type of examination “fast reading”, text b can serve to be your fast-reading material. but, for this purpose, the best course of action is to know what to scan for in your skimming. thus, the trick is to keep in your mind the key words of each question before you start off. that is where the “question previewing” comes in. n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 课文阅读 随 笔 阅读理解 1. things in nature are large or small, new or old, only in conflict with / in agreement with the measures and the comparisons involved. 2. a billion years later, the planet had heated / cooled, and the continents and the great bodies of water had formed. n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 课文阅读 随 笔 阅读理解 3. despite their short time on earth, however, people have brought about enormous changes to the surface of the planet changes far in proportion to / out of proportion to the interval of time they have occupied it. 4. as the number of people on earth increases, it becomes increasingly hard / easy for the population to survive on the resources of the land. n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 课文阅读 随 笔 阅读理解 5. people are only a very small fraction of all living things on the planet. yet their numbers create a drain on resources that are renewable / cant be renewed. 6. human activities can cause or speed up / slow down permanent changes in natural systems. n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 课文阅读 随 笔 阅读理解 7. in spite of rapid population increase and industrial growth, some groups of people, often in remote areas, have been able to live in peace with / in conflict with the planet. 8. now that they are ignorant of / aware of the causes of the sickness of our planet, they seek ways to help the earth, to give back what they take away. n h c e passage readingpassage reading 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 阅读理解 chinese changes in the balance of nature para. 1 perceptions are relative. para. 2 a single tree may seem large compared to a person. if you compare it to a mountain, however, the large tree seems small. in other words, things in nature are large or small, new or old, only in accordance with the measures and the comparisons involved. n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 阅读理解 para. 3 during the duration of one human lifetime, not many things change. even trees live longer than people, and the earth itself is far older. the earth was formed about five billion years ago from a rotating, circular cloud of dust and gases such as hydrogen and nitrogen. a billion years later, the planet had cooled, and the continents and the great bodies of water had formed. chinese n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 阅读理解 para. 4a about 3.5 billion years ago, another great change occurred. the oceans began to develop an enormous system of living things, with many diverse forms of life, all dependent on one another. the first animals on this living sphere, the earth, were primitive marine animals, and then around 500 million years ago these sea animals developed shells. seventy million years later, the first fish appeared. chinese n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 阅读理解 para. 4b next, insects developed, about 400 million years ago. after another 200 million years, dinosaurs and the first mammals walked the earth. about 200 million years ago, warm- blooded animals took to the airthe first birds. fifty million years later, both birds and mammals were well established. about three million years ago, scientists believe, the first human beings walked the earth. life was now flourishing. chinese para. 5 in terms of the evolution of life on earth, human beings have just arrived. despite their short time on earth, however, people have brought about enormous changes to the surface of the planet changes far out of proportion to the interval of time they have occupied it. n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 阅读理解 chinese n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 阅读理解 people try to control resources para. 6 people have more control over their surroundings than any other species on earth. with the combination of intelligence and manual skill (allowing us to make and use tools), people have found ways to use plant and animal resources, mineral ores, fuels, and many other materials and resources from the earth. chinese n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 阅读理解 para. 7a as the number of people on earth increases, it becomes increasingly difficult for the population to survive on the resources of the land. the amount of land is limited. although agricultural production can be increased by use of machinery such as tractors and the addition of fertilizer, the land ultimately can produce only so much food and no more. as the human population grows, people consume more. chinese n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 阅读理解 para. 7b clearly, some locations on earth already have too many people; in many of these areas, future increases will surely bring about more poverty and suffering. yet people in rich nations use proportionally far more of the available resources than people in poorer nations. as they consume these resources without restraint, they also waste large amounts of them. chinese n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 阅读理解 para. 8 people are only a very small fraction of all the living things on the planet. yet their numbers create a drain on resources that cant be renewed. for example, the amount of water on earth is limited; this water is cleaned through natural processes. however, the natural processes for filtering water can clean only a certain amount of water by removing the pollution. chinese n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 阅读理解 para. 9 likewise, a limited amount of petroleum can be found under the earths surface. petroleum is a valuable resource. should people use it up to manufacture petrol for automobiles? as people work to control the planet and make life comfortable, are they using up resources that are needed for their survival? chinese n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 阅读理解 the balance of nature para. 10a all natural systems tend toward balance among opposing factors or forces. human activities can cause or accelerate permanent changes in natural systems. the smoke of one small fire causes no harm to the environment. natural cleaning processes can clean the particles of smoke from the air. chinese n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 阅读理解 para. 10b however, the collective smoke from thousands of factories, over the past two centuries, has caused enormous increases in air pollution levels worldwide. cleaning this smoke has exceeded the protective ability of natural processes. the forests cannot clean the air fast enough. chinese n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 阅读理解 para. 11 in spite of rapid population increase and industrial growth, some groups of people, often in remote areas, have been able to live in harmony with the planet. these people have not changed their ways of living from the ways of their ancestors. called native peoples, they retain the ways of life that have remained unchanged for many generations. many of their cultural values and ways of life include practices that return resources to the earth. chinese n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 阅读理解 para. 12 human population growth is creating food shortages, problems of air quality, and changes in weather patterns. what is destroying rain forests and ruining the land and seas? what causes the acid rain that forms from water passing through polluted air? why is there the threat of global warming? all these harmful results come from too much use of resources and the human struggle to control the environment. chinese n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 阅读理解 para. 13 the twentieth century began with powerful countries competing to take advantage of the earth. as an outcome of their hunger for empires, the earth was abused. now people all over the world are living with the problems caused by this abuse. now that they are no longer ignorant of the causes of the sickness of our planet, they seek ways to help the earth, to give back what they take away. previously, mankind only used the earth. now everyone must protect planet earth, a planet in danger. chinese n h c e choice makingchoice making 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 课文阅读 1. things in nature are large or small, new or old, only in conflict with / in agreement with the measures and the comparisons involved. refer to para.2 things in nature are large or small, new or old, only in agreement with the measures and the comparisons involved. n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 课文阅读 2. 2. a billion years later, the planet had heated / cooled, and the continents and the great bodies of water had formed. refer to para.3 a billion years later, the planet had cooled, and the continents and the great bodies of water had formed. n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 课文阅读 3. 3. despite their short time on earth, however, people have brought about enormous changes to the surface of the planetchanges far in proportion to / out of proportion to the interval of time they have occupied it. refer to para.5 despite their short time on earth, however, people have brought about enormous changes to the surface of the planet changes far out of proportion to the interval of time they have occupied it. n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 课文阅读 4. 4. as the number of people on earth increases, it becomes increasingly hard / easy for the population to survive on the resources of the land. refer to para.7a as the number of people on earth increases, it becomes increasingly hard for the population to survive on the resources of the land. n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 课文阅读 5. 5. people are only a very small fraction of all living things on the planet. yet their numbers create a drain on resources that are renewable / cant be renewed. refer to para.8 people are only a very small fraction of all living things on the planet. yet their numbers create a drain on resources that cant be renewed. n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 课文阅读 6. 6. human activities can cause or speed up / slow down permanent changes in natural systems. refer to para.10a human activities can cause or speed up permanent changes in natural systems. n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 课文阅读 7. 7. in spite of rapid population increase and industrial growth, some groups of people, often in remote areas, have been able to live in peace with / in conflict with the planet. refer to para.11 in spite of rapid population increase and industrial growth, some groups of people, often in remote areas, have been able to live in peace with the planet. n h c e 自测技巧back 词汇学习 问题预览 随 笔 课文阅读 8. 8. now that they are ignorant of / aware of the causes of the sickness of our planet, they seek ways to help the earth, to give back what they take away. refer to para.13 now that they are aware of the causes of the sickness of our planet, they seek ways to help the earth, to give back what they take away. test yourself