The Dynamic Unity of Foreignization.txt

thedynacunityofforeignization anddomesticationintranslation by zhangchenxiang supervised . by professorhuangzhending subttcd t0 thedepartmentofenglishlanguageandliterature inpialfulfillentoftherequirements forthedegree ofmasterofarts inthesubjeetofenglishlanguageandliterature humannormaluniversity changsha april2001thedynamieunityofforeignizationanddomestieationintranslation mistakesandcorrectiolls psge 1straetn 2p.12 3p.19 4p.21 5p.23 6p.23 7p.33 8p.44 9p.57 10p.59 11p.60 lineiginal psycholosi involves origl foreignizng western that in originsl implieit bviouslyrequirea differenttoespeakers nev7 psycholosicfacto involved theoriginal reignizing western the l8 theoriginal implieitly viousruirementsof differenttongueeakers r.oqnonulllllllllllacknowledgments mypartieulardebtofgratitudegoestomysupervisordr.andprof huangzhendingforhiskindencouragementinvaluableguidanceand detailcdcorreetions. 1amalsogratefultoalltheteaeherswhohavegivenmeleetures duringthemaandbaeourse.thankallthosewhohavedonevaluable researchonforeigulzationanddomestieationfromwhom1havegot muehinspirationandthoughts. lastbutnottheleast1deeplyappreeiatetheeontributiontothe eompletionofthisthesismadeinvariouswaysbymyfalyandmy friends.abstract anslation15representationinonelanguageofwhat15writtenorsaid inanotherlanguage.it15notoulyalinguistictransferencebutalsoan interculturaleonununieation.theuniversalsanddisptiesoftheeulture maketheeonununieationpossiblewithpeoplefromvariouseultures.atthesametimetheygiverisetoquiteafewtranslationproblems espeeiallyaeontradietionbetweenforeignizationanddomestieation. tothiscondietiongenannslationthooristfriedrieh sehleiermacherarguedthatthereweretwodivergentwaysforeignization ordomestieationintranslation.thetwoapproaehesare50absolutely diflrentthatnomlxtureofthetwo15tobetrusted.thusthethesis15 eomttedtotherelationshipbetweenforeignizationanddomestieation. infactforeignizationanddomestieationaredynaneallyunited.each presupposestheexisteneeoftheother.bydynaeallyunited1mean thatintheprocessoftranslatingtheydonttakeequalsharesbutoneas theprimaryandtheotherastheseeondaryindlflrenttypesofwritings andatdifferentstagesoftimes.eitherforeignizingtranslationor domesticatingtranslation15justatendeneyofthetranslatortheprineipal inelinationintheirtngthetwoapproachesorthenslatedtext15 donewithoneoftheapproaehesspeeiallyemphasized:butneitherof them15exelusivelyadopted.thereforethedynaeunityconsistsinthe vingdegreesofforeignizingordomesticatinginelinationinthelight ofthefollowingfactors:1)thetranslator5eonditionineludingthe historiealsocialenvironmentinwhichhelives:2)thetypeofthesource text:3)thesignifieaneeofeulturalflavorinthesourcetext.byanalyzing theforeignizingordomestieatinginelinationindifferenttexttypein partieularsoeialsituationweillustratethedynaneunityof foreigzationanddomestieation.andweeanseethatwiththe increasinglyfrequenteontactsofcultureandthedevelopmentofeultural diffusionit15quitelikelyforthesleultureorientedprincipletobeeome moreandmoreaeeeptable. aeeordinglythedemonstrationandranifestationofthethesis15laid outasfollows: chapteronegivesintroduetiontothebackgroundoftheemergence ofthetwotermsofforeignizationanddomesticationandfoeuson representativesofeitherexmeapproachandtheirheateddispute. chapterw0beginswiththeeriteriaoftranslationandthetaskofthe translatorspointingoutthattheoveremphasisofonesidewillviolatethe eriteriaoftranslation. takethethreediflrentversionsofonlibe asaeasetoillustratedifferenteonditionofthetranslatorgenerating differentversionswithvaryingdegreesofforeigrilzingordomestieating inelination.thenforeignizationanddomestieationatdifferentstagesof timesofchinahavebeeninvestigated50astoprovethattheemployment offoreignizationanddomestieationhasmuehtodowiththesoeialeffeets politiealenvironmentandpeople5psychologiealaswell. chapterthreeasthemainpartanalyzesthefeaturesandthe stegiesforliterwritingstreatisesinhumanitiesandsoeialscienees andseientifieandteehniealtextswithaviewtoprovingthatvarioustext typesinvolvingdifferentdegreeofeulturalimplieationsleadstovarying emphasisontheemploymentofforeignizationanddomestieation;whieh 15elaboratedbydiseussingthetransfereneeofdifferentsymbolieand pragmatiemeaningsbetweenenglishandchineseandthewaydealing withimagesandallusioninsomeelassiealchinesepoemseulture- boundwordsseientifieandteehniealtennsbrandsandadvertisenlents. chapterfourdrawsaeonelusionthatforeigzationand domestieationare . dynamieallyunited.ft15possibleforforeignizationtobethedonantmethodorvieeversa.alldthepriorityofthetwo approaehesvariesintypesoftextstobetranslatedwithliterary translationsgenerallyprefemngforeignizationandappealingifonly neeessarytothedomestieatingapproachsineetheultimategoalofsueh anslations15toleamfromthesourceeultureandgiveimpetustothe eulturalflourishofthetargetlanguage keywrd:translationlanguagecultureforeignizationdomestieation dynacunity ni 弰 乲 黯 黯 黯 黯? 黯 黯 棬黯黯 黯 黯 黯 黯 黯; 黯黯 . 黯 : 黯 黯 黯 黯; 黯 İ硶() 黯 黯 黯 黯 黯塢 弰 黯 :黯 黯 :黯colltellts acknowledgeents abstracts.i chapter1introcti0n.1 1.1.foreignizati0n.2 1.2.dornestication.4 1.3.aheateddisputebetweenthe0schools7 chapter2thedynamieunityofforeigulzationand dolnestication.11 2.1.lecriteriaoftranslation11 2.2.translatingwithalatitude.13 2.3.therelatinnship0fthetwoapproaches17 2.4.foreignizationanddomestieationatdifferenttimes21 chapter3foreignizationanddomestieationinvarious writings.26 3.1.literaryv/ritings27 3.1.1.strategiesfortranslatingliterarytings.27 3.1.2.thetranslationofsymboficmeaning28 3.1.3.thetranslationofpragmaticmeng.30 3.1.4.imagesandallusionsinclassiechinesepoems.33 3.2.treatisesinhumanitiesandsocialscience36 3.3.scientificandtecealtexts.43 3.3.1.strategiesfortranslatingseientifieandteehniealtexts44 3.3.2.thetranslationofseientifieandteehniealtennlnology46 3.3.3.tlletranslationofbrandsandadvertiselnents.51 chapter4c0nduston57 bibliography.61thedynamieuultyofforeignizationand doestieationintranslation chapterone introductioll translation15representationinonelanguageofwhat15writtenorsaid inanotherlanguage.asa.ptimarytoolformanconununieationevery language15partofeultureandcatrierofeulture.languageandeultureare inseparablylinkedandatranslatormustanalyzetheslwithineertain eulturaleontextearefully50astouseappropriatewordsinappropriate ordertorepresentinthetargetlanguagetheobjeettheideaorproeessthe originalwriterdeseribes.whatpathsareopentothetruetranslator?in 1813gennantranslationtheoristfriedriehsehleiermaeherarguedthati believethereareoulytwo.thetranslatoreither(1)distuthsthewriteras littleaspossibleandmovesthereederinhisdirectionor(2)disturbsthe reederasiittieaspossibleandmovesthewriterinhisdireetion.thetwo approachesare50absolutelydifferentthatnoxtureofthetwo15tobe trusted.anotheroermantranslationtheoristweeksupportedhis opinionin1876thatthetranslator15intheddleoftwodemandsthatseemalmostimpossibletoreeoneile.ononesidetheauthoreallsoutto him:respectmypropertydonttakeanythingawayfrommeanddont attributeanythingfalselytome.ontheothersidetheaudieneedemands: respeetourtastegiveusonlywhatwelandhowwelit lawreneevenutidefinedthetwotranslationapproaehesasforeignizing methodanddomestieatingmethodin1995.toquotehiswords adlnittingthattranslationeanneverbeeompletelyadequatetothe foreigntextsehleiermaeherallowedthetranslatortoehoosebetweena domestieatingmethodanethnoeentriereduetionoftheforeigntextto target-languageeulturalvaluesbringingtheauthorbaekhomeanda foreignizingmethodaneodeviantpressureonthosevaluestoregister thelinguistieandeulturaldlflrenceoftheforeigntextsendingthereader ro.xntheiropinionsallproachestoeulturesinvolvedin translationmayfallintotwomainstrategies:slcultureorientedandtl eultureorientedorratherforeignizationanddomestieationthough sometimesareasonableeomproseproposalmayberequired.thusthere appeartwoseenglyoppositesehoolsofthought:foreignizationand domestieation.heretheyareeonsideredandusedasseparatemeulodsin practicebythoseseholarsandtheyseemtobe50oppositethat50hold theonestronglyagainsttheother.15iteoftheease? 1.1.foreignization toargueaboutsomepointofviewlet5firstseeclearlywhat foreignizationanddomesticationare foreignizationmeansmakingthetargetlanguagereadertravel abroadandseetheeulturaldiflrences.thetranslatorshouldin sehleiaeher5opiniontakeashisaimtopreservethelinguistieand eulturaldiffereneeoftheforeigntextandgivehisreaderthesameinlage andthesamedelightwhiehthereadingoftheworkintheoriginal languagewouldabrdanyreaderedueated.atransationshould thereforesoundforeignenoughtoitsreaderandthereadereandiseern theworkingsoftheoriginallanguagethelanguagegametheeulture shiningiroughthewordsonthetranslatedpage. thoseadvoeaeyofforeignizingttanslationgivetheirreasonsasfollows:(l)it15quiteneeessarytoeultivatetargetlanguagereaders erossculturalawarenessthat15anawarenessoftheothemessand differeneesofforeigneultures:(2)owingtotheirwisdomand imaginationtargetlanguagereadersdopossessthecapacityfornotieing andeonsequenilyforunderstandingandtoleratingtheothernessofforeign eulturesandtheirliteraryproducts:(3)foreignizationcanpromoteopen- ndnessbeyondone5owneulturalbordercontributingtoabetter understandingbetweendifferentpeople:(4)tleulreandwaysof expressioncanbeeffeetivelyenriehedbyabsorbingslcultures nourishment:(5)ifa translationfailstorepresentintelligiblesleultural phenomenait15notfaithfultotheoriginal.foreignizationmakesit possibletoreaehphiliplewissabusivefidelity. culturaldisparities15thefoundationoftheapproaehofforeignization. eaehlanguagepossesseseertaindistinctivefeatureswhiehgiveitaspeeial eharacter.language15thebearerofeultureandeulturaldistinetiveness elingsveryelosetowords.peeuliareulturalbaekgroundusuallyleadsto peculiarwaysofexpression.asasenglishandcneseareeoneemed there15alargegapbetweenthem.thediffereneeliesnotoulyintheir soundsintheirvoeabulariesndintheirsyntactiestrueturesbutalsoin theirinnerthoughtandintheirpoayaloftheextemalworid.thusthe meaningofmetaphorsandsymbolsmayereateproblems.forinstaneein thewestthedragonusuallyasylnbolofevilwhereasinchinaitisa symbolofgoodluck.theprovethsbelowillustratediffereneesalthough thesayingshavesurfaee51larities. ywouldseemtobeaeloseapproximate . tothechinese such15noteeasefortheenglishinlnliesspoiling somethingalreadyfinegoodorbeautifulbyaddingsomethinginan attempttonakeitbetter.itexpressesanattitudeofdisapprovalwhereasthechinesemeansaddingsomethingtomakeagoodngeverbetter: addflowerstothebroeadem9exeelleneeintoperiction.theeressiongildingthelilyeanbetranslatedinto . qcouldberesardedas51larto 飬.thechinesesinghasroughlythesame eonnotationasthengllsh.however90tolawforasheepyoulosea eowalsocontainsthefollowingmeanings:thelawyereamsalotof moneyfromthelitigants:thepeopleinwestemeountrieshavethehabitof goingtolawtosolvetheirproblems.ifweadteditas鶪 wewilllosetheaboveinformation.thuswemayusetheapproaeh offoreignizingmethodandtranslateitinto .foreignizingmethodismainlyusedheretotranstthe eulturalimplieationsandimagesofthesourcelanguage.butit15never exelusivelyusedsineefoteizingtranslationeontainsdomestieation componentwcanseethatfromtheaboveexamples.the . reederswould bepuzzledifgildingthellly15onlyforeignizedto. 1.2domestication domestieationmeansbringingtheforeigneultureelosertothereader inthetargeteulturemangthetextrecognizableandfaliar.it15 eonsideredasnaturalbyandrelefevere50inhiswordswhatever15 strangedirentorotherhastobenaturalizedintothetetlangue andeulture50thatit15immediatelyunderstle.it15saidine westernhistoryofzranslationthegoldenageofdornestieationwasinthe seventeenthandeighteentheenturies.theveryfreetranslationscarriedout dug5periodwerejustifiedintenmoftheneedforforeigntextstobeadaptedtothetastesandhabitsofthetargeteultureregardlessofthe damagedonetotheoriginal.theninetetheenturywituessedareaetion tosiofidelityanddomestieationcontinuedtopredonateinthe theatre.inthetwentiethcenturytheprollferationoftechniealseientifie andeommercialdocumentshasgivenrisetoapreferencefortransparencyintranslation.withanemphasisonefficientconllnunicationthiscouldbe seenaslicensingafonnofomesticationwhichinvolvesrewritingatext foranewreadership.thlsmethodhaslongdonatedtheanglo- anerieantranslation. thosewhoareinfavorofdomesticationputforwardthefollowing reasons:(1)translatingmeanseolnnlllnieating.it15thetranslators responsibilitytoavoideulturaleodictswhichusuallyleadtovarious kindsofsunderstanding.toaehieveabetterunderstandingbetween eulturesanslatorsmusttakeintoaeeounttheeornrnunieativevalueof thetextandpaymoreattentiontoreadersresponse.inotherwords theyshonldstrivetotranstanimageofthesoureeeulturetothetarget reeeptorsthateonspondstotheimagethesourceeulturewouldelaimfor. (2)rslonstranslatedbyforeignizingmethodfailtoantieipatetheground onwhiehthetargettextlles.that15theyforgetaboutthetarget reeeptorandhisspeeificbaekground.this15whysuehtranslationsdonot servetodevelopanunderstandingbetweeneultures.theyeannotbe describedasrepresentingresponsibletranslationaetioneither.(3) the translatorshouldnotposeanexeessivelyhighdelrlandtotlreaders wisdomandimaglnationandforcethemtounderstandadifferenteulture. generallyspealdngmosttetaddresseesexpecttoreadatextina reeognizablefamiliarform. theadvocaeyofdomestication15expliciilygroundedonaeoneeptof humanityasanesseneethatremainsgenerallyuniversal.aslinguistsandanthropologistshavediseoverednidastatedthatwhiehunites mand15muchgreaterthanthatwhichdividesandhencethere15even ineasesofverydisparatelanguageandculturesabasiefor collununication.(nida1964:2).humanbeingsasaspeeiesfirstofallhave51larphysiologieal struetureandshareagreatdeaiinbothphysiealandmentalaetivities.as anoldcnesesayinggoeshuanbeingswhatevertheirraeeorcolor haveatleastsevenhunaanemotionsineonnonnamelyjoyanger sormwfearlovehateanddesire.ingeorgesteiner5wordsthe 51laritiesbetweenmenarefinallymuehgreaterthanthedifferenees.all membersofthespeciesshareprimalattributosofpereeptionandresponse whieharemanifestinspeeehutteraneesandwhiehean . thereforebe graspedandtranslated.(steiner1975).eugenenidamakesamore penetratinganalysisofthisproblembystatingthatdespitethefaetthat absoluteeolununication15impossiblebetweenpersonswhetherwithin thesaroespeeeheonnunityorindirenteonununitiesahighdegreeof eflctiveeolnlnunieation15possibleongallpeoplesbeeanseofthe 51larityofmentalprocessessemanticresponsesrangeofcultural experieneeandeapaeityforadjustmenttothebehaviorpattemsof others.(nida1964:2).asforengllshandchinesetherearemany idiomseaningalmostthesamesemanticandpragmatiemeanings thoughweeanfindsomethingmorelater.e.g strikewhiletheiron15hot. tobeonthethiniee hastemakeswaste. outofsightoutofnd. b5ofafeathernoektogether.lookbeforeyouleap. wheretherc wherethere 5srnokethefc5fire. swilltheresaway. 粻 giveapersonadoseofhisownmedieine. allgoodthingsmustcometoanend. intheseeasesere15noprobleminestablishingtranslation equivalencebetweenthetettextandthesourcetext.that15the approachofdomestieation15aticastprimarilyusedthoughweeanfind somethingmorelater. 1.3.aheateddisputebetweenthetwoschools therearetwoseennglyoppositopointsofvieweoncengthe treatlentofculturaicompoentsintranslationnamelytheforelgnization anddomestieation.theheateddisputebetweenthetwosehoolshaslong exjsted. sehieiermachermadeelearthathisehoieewasexehisively reignizin