翻译基础理论与技巧.ppt

翻译基础理论与技巧 Basic Theories and Techniques in Translation 一、概论 Essentials of Translation 1、翻译的意义 l Translation is of great importance in learning a foreign language. Today, it plays an increasingly important role in our countrys economy reform and opening to the world. Translation promotes mutual understanding between Chinese and foreigners, contributes to the speeding up of our countrys modernization, and thus, is absolutely necessary in the development of our market economy. 1）开设翻译课的目的 l以教育部指定的大学英语教学课程要 求中对“翻译能力”的要求为教学目标 ，培养和提高学生的实际翻译能力。通 过课程学习，使学生掌握翻译基础理论 与技巧，通过大量的翻译练习获得感性 认识，从中悟出一些道理，了解翻译的 一般规律，从而使学生能对题材熟悉的 文章进行英汉互译，并达到较高的翻译 质量。 2）学习翻译理论掌握翻译技巧的必要 性 lThere are many translation theories and techniques. Without knowing the theories and techniques, one will most likely take a roundabout course in the translation work.That is why it is necessary for us to have a good command of both the source language and the target language, and of the theories and techniques in translation. 3）了解翻译技巧的局限性 l必须指出：翻译技巧是人们从事多年翻 译工作的经验总结，应该认真学习。然 而， 翻译技巧只告诉我们在某些具体 情况下翻译应该使用的技巧，因此有其 局限性。 l如： l用词不同 lblack tea、black coffee、 an off season l词的搭配不同 lmake money、wet snow、a heavy snow l语言结构不同 lNo comments. lWe need talking heads. l严禁烟火 l配合默契 2、翻译的定义 l What is translation? l Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language. l翻译是把一种语言所表达的思想用另一 种语言重新表达出来的活动。 3、翻译的功能（过程） lTranslation is for interlingual communication, bridges the gulf between different-tongue speakers, and reproduces and spreads the message in the original language. Translation permits knowledge to be transmitted to different corners of the world and to succeeding generations. Translation gives information, reveals feelings, and affects peoples thought or behavior. Without translation, the worldwide civilization would not be possible. 1）语内交流 甲乙 TOTA M (S) (R) To:original thought M: message Ta: acquired thought S: source R: receptor (L ) (L) 从上述过程可以看出， 交流思想是通过 语言进行的， 因而语言是交流思想的媒 介。但必须有一个先决条件，即甲乙双 方都懂同一种语言，这个交流才可能实 现。这种在同一语言内部进行的交流叫 做：语内交流（intralingual communication)。这是最常见的一种交 流形式。 2）语际交流 丙 M -TO - MR MR: reproduced message (SL) (TL) 理解过程 表达过程 SL：source language TL：target language 倘若乙是个英（美）国人，不懂汉语 ，甲是个中国人又不懂英语，甲乙之 间就不能交流思想。这时，就需要丙 把甲所说的或所写的信息用英语重新 表达一遍，成为再现信息（ reproduced message)。这样，乙就明 白了甲的意思，交流就完成了。在这 个过程中，丙担任了翻译的角色。通 过翻译进行的思想交流，叫做：语际 交流（interlingual communication） 。 M-Mr 这个过程就是翻译。 4、翻译的标准（严复的信、达、雅） lBy the end of 19th century, Yan Fu,the president of Yanjing University, and great translator and professor, introduced a large number of books to the Chinese people by means of translation. He also put forward the well-known criteria for translation, i.e. faithfulness, comprehensibility and elegance. lMr. Lu Xun also put forward the criteria for translation: faithfulness and expressiveness. 根据翻译的定义提出现行的翻译标准 ： l翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁 。它的任务是把原文信息的思想内容及表现 手法， 用译语原原本本地重新表达出来， 使 译文读者能得到与原文读者大致相同的感受 。译文读者和原文读者的感受大致相同或近 似， 就是好的或比较好的译文；相去甚远或 完全不同，则是质量低甚至是不合格的译文 。从翻译效果，也就是以译文读者得到的感 受如何， 来衡量一篇译文的好坏，这就是翻 译标准。 5、翻译的要求 Our requirements are as follows: l1)Faithful to the original-不能任意歪 曲、篡改、增删、遗漏、不能加上译者 的观点和感情。 l 2)With standard language-译文通俗 、合乎行文习惯；不能生搬死译。 l3)Keeping the style of the original-保 持原作的语体风格；民族风格；个人风 格。 6、翻译的种类 lThere are some kinds of translation: l translation from ancient language into modern language;translation from Chinese into foreign language and vice versa, and translation from one local language into another local language within a country. lAs far as the translation form is concerned, we have oral and written translation;as far as different articles, we have translation of essays, editorials, literature and that of science and technology. As far as method is concerned, there are literal translation（直译) and free translation.(意译） 7、翻译的最高标准和最低标准 l最高标准是翻译的理想境界，是翻译工 作的努力方向。最低标准是指译文起码 应该达到的水平， 低于这个水平就是 不合格的翻译， 失败的翻译。 l不合格的翻译 l译文中若出现下列情况，译文读者得不 到与原文读者大致相同的感受，即属于 不合格的翻译。 （1）、错译 lThe clerk had to break off the conversation in order to wait on a customer. l原译：为了给顾客服务， 职员门得擅 长交谈。 l改译： l那位职员只得中断谈话， 以便去接待 一位顾客。 lRegardless of appearance, Jack is innocent. l原译： l不管迈克的相貌如何， 他都是无辜的 。 l改译： l不管迈克的外表如何， 实际上他是一 个头脑简单的人。 （2）、漏译 l学生是复杂的， 工作又很多。 l原译： lThe students are complex. Especially in the present there are complex elements. l改译： lThe situations are very complicated with the students. And we have a lot of work to do. （3）、马虎翻译 lTry to be modest and prudent, guard against complacency. l原译： l要谦虚谨慎，戒骄戒躁。 l改译： l要谦虚谨慎， 防止自满情绪。 l可是，凭我的感觉，这个家庭好像还有 什么问题。 l原译： lBut in my opinion there was a problem in this family. l改译： lBut as I saw it, there seemed to be a problem with this family. （4）、表达失误 lHe is physically weak but mentally sound. l原译： l他身体虽弱，但思想健康。 l改译： l他身体虽弱， 但精神尚佳。 （5）、词不搭配 lAnd the body lay white and still beneath the pines l原译： l这具尸体苍白而安静地躺在松树下 l改译： l这具苍白的尸体静静地躺在松树下 （6）、译文费解 lThe alternatives are now clear to see. l原译： l代替的办法， 现在已经清楚在望。 l改译： l现在有两条路已经清楚地摆在我们面前 。 （7）、“洋”化现象 lIt is now thought that the more work we give our brain, the work they are able to do. l原译： l现在人们认为， 我们让脑子工作得越 多， 它就能干更多的工作。 l改译： l现在人们认为，脑子越用越好使。 （8）、白水翻译 lShe looked up at him in question. l原译： l她询问似地抬起头来望着他。 l改译： l安娜疑惑不解地看着他。 l motherland, blackboard, handwriting l8、翻译应具备的能力 英汉对译是英汉两种语言的转换活动。因此， 要 求译者应有较高的外语和汉语水平。 同时， 还要 有较宽的知识面。否则，翻译时在理解和表达两 方面都会出现这样或那样的问题。也就不能圆满 地完成翻译任务。 通过翻译训练，学生的英语水平和汉语水平 都会有一定的 提高。 9、英汉特点对比 lAs you know, our native language Chinese is quite different from English. There is really a big gap between the characteristics of the two languages. In order to learn the translation course better, we have to study the comparison between the source language and the target language. Just because all the theories, methods, techniques concerning English-Chinese translation are based on the comparison, it is very important to master the languages peculiarities. (1). Vocabulary l It is said that English has more than 500,000 words, the biggest amount of the various languages in the world. l （1）英汉两种语言中的词义宽窄常常不同 ，如： l 英语：sister（姐、妹）marry（娶、嫁） director（主任、理事、局长） l 汉语：阳台 (balcony,veranda)商品 (goods,commodity,merchandise)事情(thing, matter, affair, business) 1）Word-building la. composition: l 语言，街道，改革 l b. conversion: l paper the window, empty the basket l 一棵大树（名），十年树（动）人 l 今天真热。（形） 热（动）饭。 1）Word-building l c. derivation: l ableunable; takemistake; hope hopelesshopelessness; act-inaction l 无限(infinite)， 无效(invalid)， 无意 (unconscious)，无比(unmatched)， 无畏 (fearless) l 非正式(informal); 非法 (illegal) l “无”与“非” 相当英语中的前缀un-,in-,il -,和后缀“less” 2)Collocation l 英语与汉语在词的搭配能力方面往往有差异 ： l take off glasses take off overcoat l 摘下眼镜 脱掉外衣 l have a cup of tea, have a cigarette, have dinner l 喝茶 吸烟 吃饭 l do ones hair, do the dishes, do ones nails l 做头发 洗碗碟 剪指甲 2）Collocation l参加俱乐部 l参加会议 l参加建议 l 看黑板 l看地图 l 看报纸 l 碰到困难 l 碰到老同学 l 碰到机会 lJoin the club l attend the meeting l give ones view l look at the blackboard l study the map l read the newspaper l meet with difficulties l run into a former classmate l take ones chance Collocation with mind- l公众意见 l爱国心 l崇高的志向 l失去理智 l下决心 l解放思想 l心不在焉 l 改变主意 l 记住 l the public mind l patriotic mind l high-aspiring mind l lose ones mind l make up ones mind l emancipate the mind l absent-minded l change ones mind l bear(keep) in mind 3) study of the meaning of words l goods l colors l ices l irons l greens l spirits l letters l oils l quarters l商品 l 旗帜 l 冰激凌 l 镣铐 l 蔬菜 l 酒精 l 文学 l 油画 l 住处 4)order of some phrases contrary to that of Chinese phrases l flesh and blood l rain and shine l rich and poor l old and new l heavy and light l track and field l land and water l right and left l血肉 l晴雨 l 贫富 l 新旧 l 轻重 l 田径 l 水陆 l 左右 5) Cultural and Lexical meaning l Lexical meaning of a word is the basic meaning of the word, especially when it comes into the language originally. l Cultural meaning of a word is the meaning of the word connected with a specific civilization of the state of cultural development of a particular people. 5) Example: meaning of RED: l lexical meaning: l red color l the color of fresh blood or its like l cultural meaning: l high political consciousness l revolution l power 制度、信仰和世界观不同 l关于颜色词语的理解 lRed lGreen lYellow lBlue lWhite lBlack Red (1) l红旗 red flag l红糖 brown sugar l红茶 black tea l红榜 honor roll l红豆 love pea l红运 good luck l红利 dividend l红事 wedding lred wine 红酒 lred ruin 火灾 lred battle 血战 lred sky 彩霞 Red (2) l贾宝玉神游太虚境，警幻仙曲演红楼梦。 lJiao Baoyu visits the Land of Illusion; lAnd the fairy Disenchantment performs the Dream of Golden Days. l贾宝玉品茶栊翠庵，刘姥姥醉窝怡红院。 lJia Baoyu tastes some superior tea at Green Bower Hermitage; lAnd Grannie Liu samples the sleeping accommodation at Green Delights. Green (1) l“嫉妒、眼红” lgreen with envy lgreen as jealousy lgreen-eyed monster Green (2) l“钱财、钞票、有经济实力” lIn American political elections the candidates that win are usually the ones who have green power backing them. l在美国政治竞选中获胜的候选人通常都 是些有财团支持的人物。 Green (3) l“没有经验、缺乏训练、知识浅薄” lThe new typist is green at her job. l 刚来的打字员是个生手。 lYou cannot expect Mary to do business with such people. She is only eighteen and as green as grass. l你不能指望玛丽同这样的人做生意，她 只有十八岁，还毫无经验。 Yellow (1) l“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙” la yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人 la yellow livered 胆小鬼 lHe is too yellow to stand up and fight. l他太软弱，不敢起来斗争。 Yellow (2) l特定颜色 lYellow Pages 黄页 （电话号码簿，用黄 纸印刷） lYellow Book 黄皮书 （法国等国家的政 府报告，用黄封面装帧） lyellow boy （俗）金币 Yellow (3) l象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵 lpornographic（色情的） lvulgar（庸俗下流的） lobscene（猥亵的） lblue jokes（下流的玩笑） lblue films（黄色电影） Blue (1) l“情绪低落”、“心情沮丧”、“忧愁苦闷” lThey felt rather blue after the failure in the football match. l球赛踢输了，他们感到有些沮丧。 lShe looks blue today. Whats the matter with her? lShe is in holiday blue. l 她今天显得闷闷不乐，出了什么事情？ l 她得了假期忧郁症。 Blue (2) l“黄色的”、“下流的” lblue talk 下流的言论 lblue video 黄色录像 Blue (3) l社会地位高、出身名门的意义，如blue blood（贵族血统） lothers lout of blue 意想不到 lonce in a blue 千载难逢 ldrink till alls blue 一醉方休 White (1) l英语中的white有时表达的含义，与汉 语中的“白色”没有什么关系 la white lie 善意的谎言 lthe white coffee 牛奶咖啡 lwhite man 善良的人，有教养的人 lwhite-livered 怯懦的 lwhite elephant 昂贵又无用之物 White (2) l汉语中有些与“白”字搭配的词组，实际 上与英语white所表示的颜色也没有什 么联系，而是表达另外的含义 l白开水 plain boiled water l白菜 Chinese cabbage l白字 wrongly written or mispronounced character l白搭 no use l白费事 all in vain Black (1) l象征气愤和恼怒 lblack in the face 脸色铁青 lto look black at someone 怒目而视 Black (2) l“阴险”、“邪恶” l黑心 evil mind lbackstage manipulator黑幕 linside story黑线 la sinister line black sheep 害群之马 lblack day 凶日 lblack future 暗淡的前途 Others (1) l历史方面： lto raise to the purple升为红衣主教 lto be born in the purple 生于帝王之家 lto marry into the purple 与皇室或贵族联 姻 Others (2) l社会方面： lblue-collar workers 蓝领阶层，指普通体力劳 动者 lgrey-collar workers 灰领阶层，指服务行业的 职员 lwhite-collar workers 白领阶层，指接受过专门 技术教育的脑力劳动者 lpink-collar workers 粉领阶层，指职业妇女群 体 lgolden-collar personnel 金领阶层，指既有专 业技能又懂管理和营销的人才 Others (3) l经济方面： lred ink 赤字 lin the black 盈利 lwhite goods 白色货物，指冰箱、洗衣机 等外壳为白色的家电产品 lbrown goods 棕色货物，指电视、录音 机、音响等外壳为棕色的电子产品 社交礼节上的不同(1) 你辛苦了 lYou must have had a tiring journey. You must be tired from a long trip? lWell done! That was a hard job. Youve got a hard job. 社交礼节上的不同(2) l饭桶 good- for-nothing l吃不开 be unpopular l吃不了兜着走 land oneself in serious trouble l吃不消 be unable to stand l吃不住 be unable to bear or support l吃老本 live off ones past gains l吃软不吃硬 be open to persuasion but not to coercion l吃闲饭 lead an idle life l吃香 be very popular lHe has taken the bread out of my mouth l他砸了我的饭碗 翻译方法 l直译 l意译 l其他 直译（1） lEasy come, easy go. l来得容易，去得快 lStrike while the iron is hot. l趁热打铁 lPractice makes perfect. l熟能生巧 lExample is better than precept. l身教胜于言传 直译（2） lAll roads lead to Rome. l条条大道通罗马 l雪中送炭 lto offer fuel in snowy weather l一人得道，鸡犬升天 leven the dog swaggers when its master win favor l“瓜田李下” “瓜田不纳履，李下不整冠” lNeither adjust your shoe in a melon patch，nor your hat under a plum tree。 意译（1） lWhen in Rome，do as the Romans do. l“入乡随俗” “到什么山，唱什么歌” l 望子成龙 lto expect ones son to become an outstanding personage la cat on hot bricks l热锅上的蚂蚁 l天有不测风云 lSomething unexpected may happen any time. 意译（2） lAchilles heel l“阿克勒斯的脚后跟” l“唯一致命的弱点”更恰当。 lThe dog that will fetch a bone will carry a bone. l你说别人坏话，他也会说你的坏活。 lWe still love each other very much ，but we fight like cat and dog. l“我们常吵吵闹闹，但仍很相爱。” 6)different meanings in Br.English and Am. English l You are very homely. l Br. English: 朴素的 l Am.English: 丑陋的 l You are looking very fresh! l Br. English: 朝气蓬勃 l Am.English: 卤莽厚颜 Leisure time l An Englishman-an aristocratwas on a tour in America, once invited to a dinner. He met a lovely girl and wanted to flatter her by saying the above sentence. But the girl, after hearing what he said, got angry at once and said” Dont get fresh with me, or Ill slap your face.” The man was embarrassed. (2). Structure l 1) There can be no subject in Chinese sentences, whereas there can not in English. l 学校里正在上课。 l Classes are going on in the school. l 从那边走过来两个人。 l Two people walked along. l An English sentence can be compared to a huge tree with branches, sub- branches and mini-branches. A sentence has many elements, each of which may have its own modifiers and each modifier may also have its own modifiers. Thus a sentence may be made very complicated in structure and very long. 2) Feature of sentences l The order of sentences of both language are basically the same. But English sentences are fairly free in structure. Chinese sentences are usually short, but English long with complex sentences in structure. contrast l 这是我昨天买的书。（单句） l This is the book I bought yesterday.( 主从复合句） l 虚心使人进步， 骄傲使人落后。（并 列复句） l Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. （并列句） 3)contrast between parts of speech l example of “down” l 他还没下楼呢。 l He is not down yet. （形容词作表语） l 他会下楼来见你。 l Hell come down and see you. （副词作状语 ） l 他沿街走去。 l He walked down the street. （介词） l他们击落了两架敌机。 l They downed two enemys planes.（动 词作谓语） l我们和你同甘共苦， 风雨同舟。 l Well share ups and downs with you. （名词作宾语） 4) Contrast of the verb tenses l There is a complete series of tenses employed in English language. But there isnt any in Chinese. l Old Li used to be an army officer, but he is in prison now. l 老李以前是个军官， 现在是犯人啦。 l 我已经有很多年没有溜冰了， 现在溜得不如 以前快。 l Its been years since I skated last. Now I cant skate as fast as I could. 5) Contrast of passive voice l Passive voice is widely used in English language. Almost all the transitive verbs and part of intransitive verbal phrases can be used in passive voice. l Passive voice can be used in the following cases: 1、不必说明行为者 l 这本书已经译成了好几种语言。 l The book has already been translated into many languages. 2、不愿说出行为者 大家认为这样做是不妥当的。 It is generally considered not advisable to act that way. 3. 便于连贯上下文 l 他们明年要在这里建一座住宅楼， 就 建在办公楼旁边。 l They are going to build an apartment house here next year. It is going to be built beside the office building. l 以上几种情况，汉语均不可使用被动 语态。 Exercises l 1、问题解决了。 l The problem has been solved. l 2、 明天下午两点开教学研究会， 全体教师 务必参加。 l There will be a teaching symposium at 2:00p.m. tomorrow. All the teachers are expected to attend. l 3、 书到后应立即付款。 l You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered. 6) Contrast in repetition l 为了避免文章单调乏味，英语写作时要尽量 避免重复。汉语则不怕重复，重复并不会给 人单调乏味的感觉。如： l 时间就是生命， 时间就是速度， 时间就是 力量。 l 所以，英译汉时要特别注意英语的这个表达 习惯。 Example: l is the most popular magazine in the United States. Its weekly sale reaches 18870730 copies. is second with a circulation of 18193255. , a popular travel and nature magazine, distributes 10560885 copies each month. has a circulation of 8057386 copies. is a popular womens magazine selling 7574478 copies each month. has a monthly sale of 7366482 copies. Chinese version: l 电视周刊是美国最受欢迎的杂志， 每期 销售量达18870730册。读者文摘居第二 位， 销售量达18193255册。国家地理是 人们喜爱的有关