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题 目: 花生中植物螯合肽PC的研究 学 院: 专 业: 姓 名: 指导教师: 完成日期: - 2 -摘 要重金属是我们熟知的环境污染物之一,近些年, 工矿业的发展,农药、 化肥的使用,使得重金属对水体,土壤的污染愈来愈严重,而在植物的器官中累积的重金属,最终经过食物链迫害人类。利用植物减轻重金属污染是国内外研究开发的热点。研究发现镉被人体吸收后,在体内变成镉硫蛋白,镉硫蛋白具有选择性,可累积于肾、肝中。其中,进入体内的1/3的镉可被肾脏吸收,肾脏是镉中毒的靶器官。其它脏器例如胰、脾、甲状腺和毛发等也会累积一定量。镉在体内可与含氨基、羟基、硫基的蛋白质分子结合,抑制许多酶系统,从而使肝、肾器官中酶系统的正常功能受阻。由于镉会损伤肾小管,病人会出现糖尿、蛋白尿和氨基酸尿的症状。更严重的会使使骨骼的代谢受阻,造成骨质疏松、萎缩等一系列症状,镉的危害已经受到人们极大地关注。本研究以花生形成的植物螯合肽含量为指标,探索了不同浓度的镉诱导花生产生植物螯合肽含量的影响。以在不同重金属铬的环境下生长的花生为原料,利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪来测定花生中植物螯合肽的含量。本实验利用C反相柱,用乙腈和1.5%的三氟乙酸检测了花生中在不同浓度镉诱导下形成的植物螯合肽含量。在以上的实验条件下,检出限为0.25mg/L;线性范围分布在0.60-0.25mg/L( R2=0.9988)之间,回收率在80% 以上,灵敏度相对较高。选用该方式对花生中的螯合肽做定量分析,证明了花生中有植物螯合肽。结果表明,重金属镉污染的花生中都检出不同浓度的植物螯合肽。本实验的目的在于为重金属镉污染的减弱做一份贡献。 关键字:镉污染;花生;植物螯合肽(PC);高效液相色谱-质谱Abstractheavy metals is known asone of environmental pollutants, in recent years, the development of industrials, the use of pesticides, fertilizers, makes the heavy metals in the aquatic and soil pollution becomes more and more serious, and heavy metals are accumulated in the plant organs, the finally, human is persecuted by heavy metals through the food chain.Using plants to reduce heavy metal pollution is a hotspot of research and development at home and abroad. The study found that cadmium absorbed by the body will turn into cadmium sulfide protein, cadmium sulfide is a selective protein, can be accumulated in kidney, a third of the cadmium can be absorbed by the kidney, the kidney is the target organ of cadmium poisoning. Other organs such as pancreas, spleen, thyroid gland and hair also be accumulated a certain amount. Cadmium in the body will be united by protein molecules containing amino, hydroxyl, inhibition of many enzyme system, so that the normal function of the liver and kidney organs in enzyme system will be damaged. Due to the cadmium, the patient can appear the symptom of diabetes, protein and amino acid urine, More seriously, which can make bone metabolism, cause osteoporosis, contraction and a series of symptoms, the harm of cadmium has been greatly concerned.In this study, Chelating peptide content in plants was used as an index, which explored the influence that different concentrations of cadmium induced the content of peanut plant chelating peptide, the study use peanuts grown in different heavy metal chromium as raw material and take advantage of high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry instrument to determine the content of peanut plant in chelating peptide.This experiment took advantage of reversed phase column C, acetonitrile and 1.5% trifluoroacetic acid, which detected the chelating peptide content of peanut under The induced of different concentrations of cadmium. In the above experimental conditions, the detection limit was 0.25 mg/L; distribution of the linear range was 0.60 -0.25 mg/L (R2 = 0.9988), and between the recovery rate was over 80%, relatively high sensitivity. Choosing the way of peanut chelating peptide was found quantitative analysis. The results showed that the Peanuts polluted by heavy metal cadmium were detected with different concentration of plant chelating peptide.The purpose of the study was to do a contribution for heavy metal cadmium pollution reduced.Key words:Cadmium pollution; Peanuts; Plant chelating peptide (PC); High performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry目 录序言1 0.1 植物螯合肽( PC)的简介10.2 植物螯合肽( PC)的合成1 0.3 PC对重金属的解毒作用3第1章 实验材料及实验方法51.1 实验材料、试剂及仪器51.2 实验方法5第2章 实验结果与分讨论7 2.1 PC标准样品混合物的色谱分离72.2 镉对花生体内PC和GSH含量和PC状态的影响72.3 花生样品中PC4的含量检测8第3章 实验结论12 3.1 实验结论12 3.2 研究展望12参考文献13致谢14序言0.1植物螯合肽( PC)的简介 0.1.1 PC的种类植物螯合肽(PC phytoehelatin),是在重金属诱导下,植物通过一个富含半胱氨酸的多肽的酶催化合成的一种巯基含量特别高蛋白质。研究表明PC由Glu、Cys、 Gly三种氨基酸组成,分子量位于1.5-4KD之间。研究表明PC最初是在用200 mMol/LCdSO4诱导蛇根木悬浮细胞时发现的,目前人们已经发现了5种带有不同的C-末端氨基酸种类的PC,分别是:(-谷氨酸-半胱氨酸)n-Gly,(-谷氨酸-半胱氨酸)n-Gly,(-谷氨酸-半胱氨酸)-Ala,(-谷氨酸-半胱氨酸)n-ser和(-谷氨酸-半胱氨酸)-n。0.1.2 PC螯合重金属的原理植物螯合肽对重金属离子具备很强的螯合能力,因此在重金属的积聚与解毒过程当中起着决定性功能。其机理是:重金属离子植物吸收到体内后,与细胞内的PC 作用构成复合物, 而后转运到特定的细胞器( 特别是液泡),然后区室化络合,降低细胞质中有毒的金属离子的浓度。0.1.3 PC的测定方法PC的测定方式包含高效液相色谱-氨基酸主动分析联用法、前衍生反相高效液相色谱荧光检测法、电化学法、 电泳法。其中,柱前衍生液相色谱荧光法的优点是能测定不同种类的 PC,但是衍生试剂难购买到,并且衍生过程复杂;电化学法和电泳法可测定总的PC,但不能确定不同作物的PC的类型;而高效液相色谱-氨基酸自动分析联用方式难达成;高灵敏度液相色谱-质谱法,具有分离率高,可在多肽复合物测定PC结构鉴定等优点,成为PC的主要测定方法。0.2 PC合成 Salt等研究者将植物对金属的解毒机制分为生物转化、细胞修复作用、区室化作用、螯合作用这四个方面。螯合效应是指在植物中的PC利用高亲和力螯合金属离子,金属浓度降低后,植物重金属毒性有所削弱。螯合作用是指植物中的重金属经过与PC这种高亲和力物络合成螯合物从而使重金属离子在植物体内的浓度降低,削弱其毒性。0.2.1 PC的合成需要金属离子的诱导PC 的合成可被金属离子激活,因为酶的活性能被金属离子诱导。当植物组织液、细胞生长介质或酵母培养液中加入微量重金属元素时,即可诱导细胞产生少量PC,其中Cd2+对PC 的影响最大。曾有学者用实验测定了金属离子对PC的合成的诱导能力比较,结果显示其中Cd2+对PC合成的影响最大,同时Ni2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Hg2+、Ag+、Sn2+、Zn2+、Sb3+、P2+、Au+均可诱导PC合成,然而将激活剂金属离子浓度降低或者是外加金属螯合剂( 例如EDTA)时,PC的合成就会被迫停止,这说明 PC 生物合成需要金属离子的诱导,同时实验表明不同金属对 PC诱导作用在不同种植物中有不同的强度。0.2.2 PC是以谷胱甘肽(GSH)为底物的酶促反应关于GSH合成 PC的过程,研究者普遍认为按一下方式进行的:-GCS-Glu-Cys+GlyGlu+Cys- ATP -PCGSHGS-ATP-PCS+ Cd2+ 图 1.1PC 的生物合成过程半胱氨酸:Cys;谷氨酸:Glu;甘氨酸:Gly;谷胱甘肽:GSH 谷胱甘肽酶:GS;-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶:GCS;植螯合肽:PC;植物螯合肽合成酶:PCS 第一步-GCS使用ATP把Cys和Glu连接成- Glu- Cys,再由ATP供应能量, 谷胱甘肽合成酶(GS)在-谷氨酸-半胱氨酸连接甘氨酸残基,从而合成一个-谷氨酸-半胱氨酸甘氨酸分子即GSH,植物螯合肽合成酶(植物chelatin合成酶,PCS)N端具有有源区和信号区,没有Cd2 +的存在时,C端检测领域不会触发信号,则N端的激活结构域的酶就无活性;而当溶液中有 Cd2+时,信号检测域感受到Cd2+,与Cd2+、Cys连接构成特别的空间结构,使酶的N端区域拥有催化活性。在这个地区,一个分子的PC合酶催化另一种分子GSH合成PC2,PC2可以继续被GSH催化,使 PC3进一步合成。0.3 PC对重金属的解毒作用0.3.1 PC可提高植物对重金属的抗性 斯特芬和其他科学家在1986年使番茄品种细胞用足以致死的浓度处理,获得了抗Cd2+的细胞,获得的抗性细胞中,植物螯合肽的累积量远远高于正常细胞, 但随着-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶抑制剂BSO(丁亚磺酰亚胺)作用于Cd2+抗性细胞之后,其又恢复了对Cd2+的敏感性,所以他们认为PC含量与细胞对Cd2+的抗性有关,做了不同植物的实验得到的结果是一样的。研究人员发现,吃蘑菇的美味牛肝菌(牛肝菌)通过PC螯合Cd(Collin汉森2007),当线虫cepcs3和烟草耐Cd能力改进以后,胞浆中PCCD所占的比重也增加了。许多试验表明,随着镉浓度的增加,镉螯合肽细胞数量也增加,高分子螯合肽含量也增加,这些研究表明,PC可以减轻镉的毒性作用,越来越多的研究表明,PC不仅可以缓解重金属镉对植物的毒性作用还可以提高对重金属镉的抗性。0.3.2 PC解除重金属的毒害作用机理 植物螯合肽的功能主要是通过络合重金属与将重金属区室化来减轻重金属对细胞的毒害,多数金属离子都能被PC 络合,但是研究较清楚的是植物螯合肽与金属Cd的络合机制,并且日前分离出的PC大多是PC-Cd型复合物。Howden等从被Cd2+诱导的植物中分离出两种 PC-Cd复合物,一种是硫含量低的Pc-Cd复合物和含硫量高的pC-CdS 复合物,它们均是可溶性化合物,硫含量低的Pc-Cd是Cd2+ 的运输载体,大多数在细胞质中;硫含量高的pC-CdS是液饱中Cd 2+存在的主要方式。植物对Cd2+解毒方法可以分为硫含量低的Pc-Cd复合物的跨液泡膜转运、硫离子在液泡中的累积导致的含硫量高的pC-CdS 形成这两种方式。当Cd2+进入到细胞后,PC合酶与Cd2+形成硫含量低的Pc-Cd复合物,它在重金属转运蛋白hmtl( heavy metal toleranee)(位于液泡膜上)的帮助下进入到液泡里面,接着和液泡中的Cd2+、硫化物结合形成毒性较低的HMW,从而解除了Cd2+的毒性。研究还发现在酸性环境下,液泡中的HMW复合物上的金属离子还能和柠檬酸、苹果酸相结合,失去金属离子的PC 分解成形成氨基酸,又返回细胞质中参与 PC的合成。见图1.2图1.2 PC解除重金属的毒害作用机理示意图第1章 实验材料和实验方法1.1实验材料、试剂及仪器 该实验所用的实验试剂有:三氟乙酸(分析纯,沈阳新纪化学公司);乙腈(色谱纯,沈阳新纪化学公司);(- G l u-Cys) 4- A la(北京盛科博源生物科技有限公司);PC标准品(纯度 97%的丙氨酸类植物螯合肽PC4 );去离子水;花生。该实验所用的实验仪器有:配备二极管阵列检测器;色谱仪 (美国公司 );单极质谱联用仪 (美国公司) ; 有50mm、1 mm、 3.5mm规格的C18色谱柱(美国公司),配有电雾化学源,质谱工作站。1.2实方法验1.2.1 花生样品的处理 花生种植后,样品被粉碎,利用索氏提取脱脂,脱脂干燥后是一种粗蛋白粉,称 0 .6-2.5 g蛋白粉末。1.2.2 花生中PC的提取 根据sneller(2000)的方法,把花生鲜样用液氮在研钵中磨碎,然后冷冻干燥达70小时,冷冻干燥以后称量约0.1g的花生,再加入7mL的0.1% TFA(含6.3mmol/LDOTA,PH1),充分振荡 30min ,然后4度下, 在约10000 r/m in离心率下离心20 m i n ,吸取上清液以备待测用。1.2.3 巯基化合物标准品的配制 选用0.1% TFA(含6.3mmol /L的LDTPA) 制成4种巯基化合物贮备液,浓度均为1mmol /L的,分别为:Cd- PC 标准品((美国 Waters公司),Cys和GSH 备用液,置于4冰箱保存。1.2.4 花生中GSH,PC等总含量的测定 配置含1.6 mmol /L 的埃尔曼试剂试剂显色剂(含6.3 mmol /L的DTPA)的200 mmol /L的HEPPS 缓冲液(pH = 7.6),避光保存,取花生组织提取液 300 L 加到300L DTNB显色剂中,混匀后在30下反应3 min,其中GSH,PC和TNB会发生反应,生成黄色化合物,非蛋白巯基化合物与黄色化合物含量符合1:1的比例关系,依据有差别的花生样品在420 nm下的吸光度值不同,便可计算出花生样品中巯基含量。1.2.5 衍生试剂(mBBr)的配制及柱前衍生反应 衍生试剂必须现配现用,用100%的乙腈正确配制250mmol /L的mBBr衍生试剂,摇匀后,置于4冰箱避光保存。柱前衍生化反应为将10 L 25mmol/ L的mBBr和670 L 200 mmol/LHEPPS(pH = 8.0 )加到300L 的4种标准液和植物组织上清液中,充分混合,37孵化反应40min,于200 L 的1 mmol/L MSA激波旋涡抖动,停止反应,并作试剂空白的衍生反应,反应液在4冰箱避光保存,等待高效液相色谱法测定。1.2.6 色谱质谱条件 (1) 实验的色谱条件:选用洗脱剂为 0 .1 % 三氟乙酸 ( TFA)乙腈进行梯度淋洗, 流速为0.2mL /min;淋洗梯度条件见表1.1;设置柱温为30;220-280 nm的二极管阵列检测;进样容量为10ml。表1.1 淋洗梯度时间(M)三氟乙酸(0. 1%)乙腈(色谱纯)流速(0.2mL/mi n)0100200.210100200.240201000.260100200.2(2)质谱条件:柱子型号为SB- C18;电喷雾电离的方式,喷雾电压:3.5 kV;扫描范围是:m / z 600-1500;锥电压为:25 V;采样锥电压:20 V;溶剂气体温度为:360;采样锥电压:20 V;气体温度和溶剂:360;脱溶剂气流量:110m L /h。第2章 实验结果和讨论2.1 PCs标准样品混合物的色谱分离 经提取的GSH,PCs巯基化合物和衍生试剂(mBBr) 在45的条件下衍生反应40min 以后,生成带有荧光的衍物mBSR, 在MBSR流线(ACN 0.1% TFA)下,一定浓度的混合样品的4种化合物和GSH的分离是很清楚的,依次是GSH PC2 PC3 PC4这样的分离顺序。见图2.1 0 10 20 30 40t/min图2.1 混合样品中标准PC,GSH化合物的色谱分离2.2 镉对花生体内PC和GSH含量和PCs状态的影响由图2.2可得到,在浓度为60 mol/L的Cd 的胁迫作用下,花生体内GSH与未加毒的比较相比含量无有明显差别,这是由于土壤环境中有Fe 或者Zn等金属离子的存在使得在无Cd的对照组中也检测到 了PC2 ,通过设置多重比较,可知,花生经Cd 处理后诱导花生产生了PC4,在Cd的影响下花生体内产生的含量最大的是PC3,PC4与PC2 含量没有明显的差异。图2.2 花生样品中GSH,PCs的分离色谱图图2.3 Cd胁迫下花生中GSH,PCs的 含量2.3 花生样品中PC4的含量检测2.3.1选择HPLC质谱条件 选用正离子模式,负离子形式分别扫描浓度为 1.0mg /L 的PC标准溶液,证实PC4在负离子模式下信号反应很弱,在正离子模式下反应信号比较灵敏。优化正离子扫描条件下各种条件,例如锥电压为:25 V;喷雾电压为:3.5 kV; 溶剂气体温度的去除:350;采样锥电压:20 V;透镜电压l2.0 V; 锥孔温度为:105;脱溶剂气流量为:110m L/h ; 全扫描范围m /z 为:500-1200,反吹气流量为:80m L /h。图 2.4为条件优化以后PC4的总离子流图,图 2.5为PC4化合物在正离子模式下的扫描质谱图。 图2.4 PC 的总离子流图图2.5 正离子质谱图 PC4分子式为(-G l u-Cys) 4-A la ,分子量为1018.22。从图6b可以得出,信号反应最强的是m/z1018的M +母离子峰;m /z 698的是M-Glu-Cys-Ala+离子峰,m/z 929的为M-Ala+离子峰,均为断裂峰;m/z1019为 M + H +离子峰,m /z 521为M+H+ Na2 +离子峰,m /z 1056为 M- H + K +离子峰,大概是由于环境,样品和容器含钾,N和其他碱金属,由于去除碱金属样品存在困难,所以在质谱,K离子往往往作为一个特征离子。2.3.2线性范围和检出限 将PC标准溶液稀释成浓度为 0.5、1.0、5 .0、10.0和 20.0mg /L的梯度溶液,用色谱-质谱方式测定,横坐标用标准溶液浓度表示,纵坐标用峰面积表示,绘制这个条件下标准线性回归曲线。当浓度为0.520.0mg/L时,线性方程为 y = 4351.3x+ 80275(r=0.9972)当信噪比 S/N=3时,仪器检出限为0.21mg /L,定量限为0.62mg /L。2.3.3 回收率和精密度选用统一花生样品进行重复的精密度实验,同时设置试剂作为空白,结果见表 2.1,结果表明,本方法对浓度水平为 25.5mg /kg的样品中 ,测定的PC4平均回收率达 89.3 % ;相对标准偏差达4.26 %。表格 2.1反映了回收率与精密度分析的结果 。表格2.1 实验的回收率与精密度的分析结果 ( n = 3)NUMBER分析结果mg/kg回收率(%)RSD124.688.14.26223.382.64.26325.589.34.262.3.4 实际花生样品的分析 选用HPLC-MS检测方法,在两种不同镉水平下测定了两个花生品种。实验结果表明,花生样品均有不同浓度的PC4化合物的发现,表2.2是测定结果,PC4花生样品谱图如图2.6所示。文献表明,含(-谷氨酸-半胱氨酸)植物螯合肽的N-丙氨酸肽链结构,有豆类,但没有报告花生中包含植物螯合肽。本实验建立了独特的检测方法被证明花生含有丙氨酸类PC化合物。表 2.2 花生样品中植物螯合肽测定结果第1组PC4含量(mg/kg)第2组PC4含量(mg/kg)13.27.519.412.444.559.5图2.6 花生样品中PC4的质谱图第3章 结论3.1实验结论 植物螯合肽在花生里存在,而且主要以PC4的形式存在;植物螯合肽可以螯合多种重金属离子,在花生中,对金属镉的螯合能力最强;关与测定方法,目前有:液相色谱法,分光光度比色法,凝胶过滤法,毛细管电泳法比较被认可,而液相色谱法测定方法应用最广,选用mBBr 柱前衍生与高效液相色谱测定 PC则更简单,重现性更好,灵敏度更高,也具有较好的分离能力。3.2研究展望本研究性实验在先前的基础上进行了进一步的研究,还有好多工作需进一步研究。前期实验已经证明豆科植物及花生中植物螯合肽的存在,而且螯合肽的种类主要以PC4的形式存在,螯合肽PC的生成受哪些基因调控,或者细胞所处周期时间不同会不会影响PC的种类,有待我们进一步验证。 参考文献1张红,王艳红,王珊珊.高效液相色谱-质谱法测定花生中的螯合肽J.分析化学简报,2009,37(6):881-883.2 张静,常青晓,孙传范,段桂兰.HPLC法测定镉和砷胁迫下水稻根系的植物螯合肽J.环境科学学报,2011,31(7):1550-1555.3 娄来清,沈振国.金属硫蛋白和植物螯合肽在植物重金属耐性中的作用J.生物学杂志,2001,18(3):1-4.4 李安明,李德华,邓青云汪宜宇.植物螯合肽合成酶的研究进展J.植物生理学报,2011,47(1):27-36.5 蔡保松,雷梅,陈同斌,张国平,陈阳.植物螯合肽及其在抗重金属胁迫中的作用J.生态学报,2003,13(3):2127-2131.6 全先庆.植物鳌合肤及其功能J.生命的化学,2007,27(3):213-215.7 姜瑛楠.重金属镉污染J.植物生态学报,2005,29(4):659-66.8 蔡保松,雷梅.土壤砷污染对蔬菜砷含量食用安全性的影响J.生态学报 2003,23(10):2125-2132.9张玉秀,柴团耀.植物耐重金属机理研究进展J.植物学报,1999,41(5):453-457.10 茹炳根,潘爱华.金属硫蛋白J.分析化学简报1991,18(4):254-259.致谢请您删除一下内容,O(_)O谢谢!Many people have the same mixed feelings when planning a trip during Golden Week. With heaps of time, the seven-day Chinese请您删除一下内容,O(_)O谢谢!National Day holiday could be the best occasion to enjoy a destination. However, it can also be the easiest way to ruin how you feel about a place and you may become more fatigued after the holiday, due to battling the large crowds. During peak season, a dream about a place can turn to nightmare without careful planning, especially if you travel with children and older people. As most Chinese people will take the holiday to visit domestic tourist destinations, crowds and busy traffic are inevitable at most places. Also to be expected are increasing transport and accommodation prices, with the possibility that there will be no rooms available. It is also common that youllwait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to only see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the week-long holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the upcoming Golden Week it may not be a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now. There is always a place so fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the changing of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mountains are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial destination for the recommended travelling route, China Inner Mongolia Arxan Hailar Manzhouli. It is also the joint of the four prairies across the Sino-Mongolian border, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese, Russian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still embodies the spirit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors all the year round - the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in the breeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanic traces, and the Winter woods shining white on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Its full name Haren Arxan means hot holy water in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest, grand prairies, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base filled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled green. Nestled close to the countrys largest virgin forest, and known for its spring and ecological environment, Arxan is marveled at by many tourists as the purest land on earth. You cannot miss out the Autumn of Arxan. It is definitely the best with brightly-colored scenery full of emotions. Autumn in the northern part of the country comes earlier than the South. A September rain followed by the footprints of Autumn brings more colors to the once emerald green mountain and blooming grassland. Shutterbugs flock to see for themselves the marvel of splendid colors around the mountains and waters, many of whom have travel a long distance and even camp here only to capture a moment of the nature wonder. The silver birch turns golden, while the larch is still proudly green. You will find yourself drowned in the intoxicating red of the wild fruits as well as the glamour of flowers in full blown. And your heart will be lingering on the woods as its time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If itrains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly Chinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an old cow for company. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first sight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catch Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulangs misery, the cow told him to turn its hide into a pair of shoes after it died. The magic shoes whisked Niulang, who carried his two children in baskets strung from a shoulder pole, off on a chase after the empress. The pursuit enraged the empress, who took her hairpin and slashed it across the sky creating the Milky Way which separated husband from wife. But all was not lost as magpies, moved by their love and devotion, formed a bridge across the Milky Way to reunite the family. Even the Jade Emperor was touched, and allowed Niulang and Zhinu to meet once a year on the seventh night of the seventh month. This is how Qixi came to be. The festival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Traditionally,

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