毕业论文-英国饮食文化中的高贵与务实Nobility and Pragmatism in British Food Cultu.doc

山西大学继续教育学院毕 业 论 文类 别 函 授 站 点 临汾教学点 年 级 2013级 专 业 英语教育 层 次 专升本 姓 名 学 号 手 机 论文题目 NobilityandPragmatisminBritishFoodCultureNobilityandPragmatisminBritishFoodCultureAbstractInBritishnationalCharacter,therearetwodistinctiveaspects:nobilityandpragmatism.Britishsnobilityandpragmatismisnotacquittingthemselveswellinallaspectofsociallife,butalsoshowthemselvesintheBritishfoodculture.Britainhasalongfoodanddrinkculture.Inthelongdevelopment,Britishfoodanddrinkformsitsownsystemandbecomeanimportantpartintheworld.ThecharacterofnobilityandpragmatismshowthemselvesinmanyBritishfoodsanddrink.Theafternoonteaistherepresentativeofshowingnobility.Pragmatismmainlyembodiesinthepursuingofnutrientinfoodmaterial,thesimplecookingmethodandtheideaofeatingofBritishBritishsnobilityandpragmatismwhichrevealinBritishfoodanddrinkissignificant.TheygiveothercountriespeoplewhohavenotbeentoBritainagoodimpression.ForeignersrealizeBritishsnobilityandpragmatismthroughBritainsfoodanddrinkandgetagoodimpressionaboutBritain.ThatgoodimpressioncontributestoimprovementofBritainsnationalstatus.Keywords:Britishfood;NationalCharacter;nobility;pragmatism;英国饮食文化中的高贵与务实 摘要英国人的民族性格中有非常与众不同的两点：高贵与务实。英国人高贵与务实不仅表现在社会生活的方方面面，其中也包括表现在饮食方面。英国有很长的饮食文化历史，在漫长的发展过程中，英国饮食形成了自己的体系，也变成了世界饮食中重要的一部分，英国人民族个性中的高贵和务实在英国的许多食物中都得到了表现，其中高贵品质主要表现在下午茶中，务实品质主要表现在对食物原料营养的追求，对简单烹饪方法的追求以及在饮食观上的体现。饮食中所表现出来的英国人民族个性中的高贵与务实有一个重要的意义。那就是给没有去过英国的外国人一种好的印象。外国人通过英国的饮食了解到英国人的高贵与务实使他们对英国产生一种好的印象。这种好的印象有助于英国国际地位的提高。关键词：民族个性;英国；茶；食物;高贵;务实ContentsAbstract3摘要4Contents5NobilityandPragmatisminBritishNationalCharacter81.1TheSourceofNobilityinBritishhistory81.2PragmatisminBritishHistoryCulture9NobilityinBritishDrinkAfternoonTea102.1NobilityintheOriginationandDevelopmentofAfternoonTea102.2NobilityintheEtiquetteofAfternoonTea13PragmatisminBritishFoodandBritishsFoodConception153.1PragmatisminFoodMaterialsandCookingMethods153.2PragmatisminBritishsFoodConception18TheSignificanceofNobilityandPragmatisminBritishFoodandDrink204.1TheSignificanceofNobilityinFoodConception204.2TheSignificanceofPragmatisminFoodStyle21Conclusion22Bibliography25Introduction BritainisoneofWesternEuropeancountries,itslocationonthewestsideoftheAtlanticcontinental,its50degreesNlatitudeinthenorth,duetotheregulationoftheNorthAtlanticoceancurrentsandwesterlywindsblowingthroughouttheyear,acool,temperatemaritimeclimatewithrainthroughouttheyear.Majordevelopmentsare:plantedforagecropsandpasture,andthedevelopmentofdairyfarming,butbecauseoftheirownfoodandlivestockproductsarenotself-sufficiency,torelyonimports,somuchsothatthedishesarecookedbyexternalinformationontheringshadow.However,theUKitselfisahistorical,culturalhistoryofthecountry,sohowmuchfoodtheystillretaintheoldtraditionofeatinghabitsandcookingskillsinclever.Logicallyspeaking:theBritisharegenerallymorepopularwayofcooking:braise,grill,friedandfried.Ofmeat,seafood,gamehasauniquewayofcooking;However,theyhavebeefinspecialpreferences,suchasbarbecuebeef(ROASTEDBEEF),whenthefoodisnotonlyaccompaniedbyseasonalvegetables,bakedpotato,alsowilladdalittlemustardonsteaksauce;theuseofthesauceislikebutterandwine;thespicesonthemeatlikeKou,cinnamonandotherfreshspices.BetterknownBritishfooddishare:beef,kidneyssent(STEAKKIDNEYPIE),friedfishrow(ENGLISHFISHCHIP),Royalcreamofchicken(CHICKENALAKING)andsoon.Britishlikehunting,huntinginonlyonceayearperiod,therearemanyhotelsandrestaurantswilllaunchagamedinner,suchasdeer(VENISON),rabbits(HARE),pheasant(PHEASANT),goat(WILDSHEEP)suchascooking.Andgeneralcookinggame,theberriesareusedorsomeginandwine,thispracticeistoremovethesmellofmuttonsmellthefooditself.Theyareveryparticularaboutbreakfast,butoh!Britishrestaurantsinthesupplyofawidevarietyofmealshavefruitjuice,fruit,eggs,meat,wheatporridge,bread,jamandcoffee.Andnowadaysthepopularafternoontea(HIGHTEA)ispassedfromtheUnitedKingdom,therearemorewell-knownVictoria-styleVICTORIANSTYLE),thecontentcanbesaidtobeall-inclusive,includingallkindsofsmallpoints,spongecake，fruittarts(TARTE)andsandwiches.NobilityandpragmatismarethetwodistinctaspectsinBritishnationalcharacter.ThetwoaredevelopingfromBritishlonghistoryandgivegreatimpacttothesociety.TheyalsoinfluenceBritishfoodanddrink.Britainisanotionwhoiscrazyfornobility.IntheBritishfoodanddrink,afternoonteaisthemostexcellentrepresentativetoembodynobility,oneofthereasonswhyafternoonteaissopopularisthatenjoyingafternoonteajustlikeenjoyinganoblelife.FormostordinaryBritishthatenjoyingafternoonteajustlikesenjoyingamomentofnoblelife. BritishfoodsmaterialcookingmethodandBritishpeoplesideaofeatingembodyBritainspragmatism.Theypursuenutrientbutnottaste.Britishpeopledonotcareabouttaste.Theybelievenutrientismoreimportantthantaste. BritishsnobilityandpragmatismwhichdisplayinBritishfoodanddrinkhasasignificantmeaning.TheygiveothercountriespeoplewhohavenotbeentoBritainagoodimpression.ThatgoodimpressionisanationaltreasurebecauseithelpsBritaintoimproveitsnationalstatusintheworld.ChapterOneNobilityandPragmatisminBritishNationalCharacterTherearetwothingswhichdifferremarkablyintheEnglishnotionalcharacter:nobilityandpragmatism.Thejuxtapositionofthetwofeaturesisratherrareinothercountriesaswellastheirnationalcharacters.TheyarethemostimportanttwofeatureswhichdistinguishtheEnglishnationoutofothers.1.1TheSourceofNobilityinBritishhistoryNobility,partoftheEnglishnationalcharacter,isgenerallyrecognized.ThereasonfortheformationoftheunrivallednobilitydatesbacktotheperiodonethousandyearsagowhenEnglandwasinvadedbyFrance.TheFrencharistocratsdisdainedthepopulaceofEngland.TheywereunwillingtoliveliketheseEnglishcommonpeople.Thoughtheirownspeciallifestyleandexperience,theFrencharistocratsdisplayedtheirnobility.FortheancientEnglishmen,thegracefullifestyleoftheFrencharistocratswastheaspirationfortheentireAnglo-Saxonnation.ThisistherootoftheEnglishmenslongingforgracefullife.Inthefollowingyears,thispeculiaraspirationoftheEnglishpeoplehasgraduallyturnedintoanationalhabit.ThemonarchyexistedinEnglandmorethanonethousandyears.Theupperclassalwayshasgreatinfluenceontheaveragepeople.Forexample,KnifeandforkplacementaregreatimportancetothetraditionalBritishtablemannerswhounderstandthesemayberegardedasthedetailsofmanyeducatedpeoplehereandbrieflyexplaintheneedfortherestoftheBritishinthepractice.Dinnerforeightshaped,half-wayifthetemporarydiningrestforashortknifeandforkpointscanputaplateandforkbladetiprelativetoAshapeoreight-shaped,knifetowardhimself,thatstillcontinuetoeat.Ifyouaretalking,youcanholdknifeandfork,noneedtogo,butneedtomakegestures,itshouldbeputdownknifeandfork,donotbearmedwithknifeandfork,wavingintheairshaking.TheEnglishsocietypursuesthenoblelifeoftheupperclasswiththegreatest enthusiasmoftheworld.TheEnglishpeopleregarditassomekindoffashion.Thoughthepursuitofaristocratic,theyhavealreadybroughtthequalityofdignityintothestandardtojudgewhetheramaniswelleducated.Aftermorethanonthousandyearsaccumulation,thequalityofnobilityhasbrandeddeeplyonthemindofboththeEnglisharistocratsandthepopulace.Asaresult,nobilityhasbecomeaveryimportantpartoftheEnglishnationalcharacternowadays.1.2PragmatisminBritishHistoryCulturePragmatism,whichisanindispensablepartoftheEnglishnationalcharacter,isgenerallyrecognized.Itisanationwheredaydreamandemptytalkscanhardlyexisted.Peoplethereliketotrytheirbesttorealizewhattheythinkabout.Inthehistoryofthecountry,Englishpeoplealwaysemphasizethespiritofpragmatism.Especiallyintheperiodofindustrialrevolution,thequalityofpragmatismhasbeenfulldemonstrated.Theydidallkindsofcreationandinventionwiththespiritofpragmatism.Fromtheinventionofvariousmachinestotheprogressofpolitics,scienceandliterature,thequalityofpragmatismdevelopedtremendouslyduringthatperiod.ThechangewhichtookplaceineveryaspectofthecountryenhancestheimportanceofpragmatisminthemindofEnglishpeople.InBritishfoodculturetheyconsiderthecuisineisasense.Theythinkwhetherthecolorsandthetasteofthefoodaredelicious,thenutritionisthemostimportant.Thoughsometimesthetasteisnotverywell,theystilleatallthefoodbecausethesefoodshavemuchnutrition.Secondlytheythinkthefoodisusedforeatingwhenhungry.Sotheyusuallychoosethemeatorthebeef.Meanwhilethefoodindustryhasdeveloped,suchascanned,althoughtaste,butsavestimemachine-made,andnutrition.Consequently,pragmatismbecomesoneofthemostvaluedqualitiesofEnglishpeople.Eventoday,Englandisstilloneofthemostpowerfulcountriesintheworld.Itsprosperityisindispensablewiththequalityofpragmatism.Thetwodistinctiveaspectsinnationalcharactershowthemselvesinallaspectsofthesociety.Atthesametime,nobilityandpragmatismrevealthemselvesonBritishfoodanddrink. ChapterTwoNobilityinBritishDrinkAfternoonTeaThereisalotofBritishbeverageproducingimpactonnoblemannerofaristocracy,especialafternoon.Afternoonteaistheveryrepresentative.2.1NobilityintheOriginationandDevelopmentofAfternoonTeaAfternoonteabeganinVictoriaTimes.Anoblewomanfeltverydullatafternoon.Onsomedaysafternoon,shegotveryhungry.Sosheaskedherservanttogiveheracupofteaandsomesandwiches.Then,shesatonacomfortablechairandatesandwichesslowly.Intheprocessofeatingshefounditwasreallymakingherpleasant.Thattimewasnolongerdull.Thusshedecidedtodrinkingteaandeatingfoodineverydaysafternoon.Thelongafternoonbecamemoreinterestingbecauseofafternoontea.Laterwhenherfriendswenttoherhousesheentertainedthemteaandcakesinafternoon.Allofherguestslikedsuchkindofentertainment.Gradually,drinkingafternoonteabecamepopularinaristocracy.Aftermanyyears,ordinarypeoplewerealsodrinkingafternoonteatoo.Inthelongdevelopment,afternoonteaistheproud.Nowitbecomespopularintheworld.Infact,themostpopularstyletodrinkteaishighteabuthighteaisoftenamisnomer.Mostpeoplerefertoafternoonteaashighteabecausetheythinkitsoundsregalandlofty,wheninallactuality,hightea,ormeatteaisdinner.Hightea,inBritain,atanyrate,tendstobeontheheavierside.AfterBritishtookafternoonteatoAmerica,Americanhotelsandtearooms,ontheotherhand,continuetomisunderstandandoffertidbitsoffancypastriesandcakesondelicatechinawhentheyofferahightea.Afternoontea(becauseitwasusuallytakeninthelateafternoon)isalsocalledlowteabecauseitwasusuallytakeninasittingroomwithdrawingroomwherelowtables(likeacoffeetable)wereplacednearsofasorchairsgenerallyinalargewithdrawingroom.Britainistraditionallybrewedinawarmedchinateapot,addingonespoonfulofteaperpersonandoneforthepot.MostBritishliketheirteastronganddarkandwithaddalotofmilk.Aboutonehundredyearsago,Britaingraduallydevelopedintoasystemofmakingtea.Atthattimepeoplethoughtthemilshouldpouredintothecupfirst,soasnottocracktheporcelain.Thetraditionalwayofmakingteais:1.Boilsomefreshcoldwater.2.Putsomehotwaterintotheteapottomakeitwarm.3.Purlthewateraway4.Putoneteaspoonoftea-leavesperperson,andonetea-spoonintothepot.5.Pourboilingwaterontothetea.6.Leaveforafewminutes.7.Service.Itisamazingthataplainafternoonteahassuchcomplicatedprocedure.ThatcomplicatedprocedurehasacloserelationshipwithBritishtradition.Watchingcarefullythemethodtomakingafternoontea,peoplewillfindeverysteparecourteousandnotfallintoaflutter.Itseemsthatthetraditionalafternoonteacaresabouthowtoshowaseriesofnoblemannerbutnotcarehowcomplicatedtheprocedureis.SuchcustomcomesfromBritainstraditionofnobility.Britishareparticularabouttheirlifeandpayattentiontoeducationandbearing.Theythinkdrinkingteacouldshowtheirbearing.Britainisacountrywhichattachesimportancetotraditionofnoble.Theyusedtoshowtheirnobleinthelife.So,theafternoonteacanbeconsideredasthetimetoshowtheirbearing.Thosearethreedifferentafternoonteas:Creamtea,Lighttea,Fulltea.Everyonehasitsdifferenttaste.Somehaveheavytasteandsomearelight;somehavecreamandsomehavesweet.Everyonecouldchoosethebestaccordingtohistaste.SuchdifferenceprovesBritishareparticularabouttheirlifequality.AnoblewomanwholivedinVictoriaTimeswasthefirstonewhoenjoyedafternoontea.Themtheafternoonteabecameatrend.Atlastitdevelopedintoacustomofthewholenation.Althoughafternoonteahasnot beenconfinedtothenoble,butitsnobleoriginationdecideditsnobleblood.Inface,inordinaryBritishseyesthatdrinkingteaisanoblemovement.Peopletransmitthenobleelementcarefullywhichlivesintheafternoontea.Adistrictsfoodanddrinkingcultureinfectthelocalpeopleinsomedegree.Inthepassedhundredyears,bothnobleandcommonpeoplebothwereinfluencedbynoblemannerofafternoontea,butalsotheyarejusttakingshapeanationalnature-lookingforthenoblecharacter.InEngland,thetraditionaltimeforteawasfourorfiveoclockandnoonestayedaftersevenoclock.Mosttearoomstodayserveteafromthreetofiveoclock.Themenuhasalsochangedfromtea,bread,butterandcakes,toincludedthreeparticularcoursesseveredspecificallyinthisorder.SavoriesTinysandwichesorappetizersSconesServedwithjamandDevonshireorclottedcreamPastriesCakes,cookies,shortbreadandsweetBritishpeoplearesolovingtheirtea,eventheafternoonteabecomesanationalmovementatabout5clockinafternoon.TodayBritishfamiliesdonothavetimeforafternoonteaathome,butinthepastitwasatradition.Itbecamepopularaboutonehundredandfiftyyearsago,whenrichladiesinvitedtheirfriendstotheirhousesforanafternooncupoftea.Theystartedofferingtheirvisitorssandwichesandcakestoo.SooneveryonewasenjoyingAfternoontea.Therefore,theauthenticafternoonteahasaseriesofetiquette.Whentheyaredrinkingafternoontea,theyshowtheirpolitethoroughly.Nomatterthenobleorordinarypeople,whowanttodrinkafternoonteaheorshemustknowtheetiquetteofafternoontea.2.2NobilityintheEtiquetteofAfternoonTeaTheetiquetteofdrinkingafternoonisasfollows.Pickupyourcupandsaucertogetherholdingthesaucerinonehandandcupintheother.Thebestwaytoholdateacupistosliptheindexfingerthroughthehandle,uptoalmostthefistknuckle,thenbalanceandsecurethecupbyplacingthethumbonthetopofthehandleand allowingthebottomofthehandletorestonthemiddlefinger.Holdthecuplightly,bythehandlethepinkydoesnthavetobeextended(contrarytopopularbelief,theringandpinkiefingersshouldnotbeextended,butshouldrestbycurvinggentlybacktowardyourwrist).Holdthesaucerunderthecupwhilepeoplesiptea.Whenstirringthetea,pleasedonotmakenoisesbyclinkthesidesofthecupwhilestirring.Gentlyswishtheteabackandforthbeingcarefulnototouchthesidesofthecupifpossible.Neverleavethespooninthecupandbesurenottosiptheteafromthespooneither.Afterstirring,placethespoonquietlyonthesaucer,behindthecup,ontherighthandsideunderthehandle.Milkisservedwithtea,notcream.Creamistooheavyandmasksthetasteofthetea.Althoughsomepourtheirmilkinthecupfirst,itisprobablybettertopourthemilkintheteaafteritisinthecupinordertogetthecorrectamount.Whenservinglemonwithtea,uselemonslices,notwedges.Eitherprovideasmallforkorlemonforkfortheguests,orhavetheteaservercanneatlyplaceasliceintheteacupaftertheteahasbeenpoured.Besurenevertoaddlemonwithmilksincethelemonscitricacidwillcausetheproteinsinthemilktocurdle.Becauseofafternoonteafirstlyprevailinaristocracy,soitmustsucceedtotheetiquetteofthenoblepeople.Nowinsomedegreepeoplecansaytheetiquetteofafternoonteaiscomplex.Duringthetimepeopledrinktea,peoplehavetoabidebyth