初二英语语法知识重点总结[2].doc

初二英语语法知识重点总结一、知识强化1掌握本单元的重点词汇及句型。2谈论最好做某事和正确做某事，培养提高自己的交际能力。3正确使用should和ought to。二、重难点知识讲解1First, we decided to elect the chief editor. 首先我们决定选出主编。decide 动词，意为“决定”，常用结构：decide (not) to do sth. 决定(不)做某事decide on doing sth 决定做某事decide + 疑问代词/副词不定式 决定decide从句 决定e.g.I decided to go to Beijing on Monday.我决定星期一去北京。He has decided on going for a trip next week.他已决定下周去旅行。He decided when to go to Beijing.他已经决定了什么时候去北京。We decided that we didnt take part in the basketball match.我们决定不参加篮球比赛。2We should choose Joyce because she has experience.我们应该选乔伊斯因为她很有经验。（1）experience n. 经验；经历经验(不可数名词)e.g.He is a math teacher with 5 years experience.他是一名有五年工作经验的数学老师。经历(可数名词)e.g.It was a strange experience.真是一次奇特的经历。Please tell us your experiences in America.请你告诉我们你在美洲的经历。（2）experience v. 体验；经历e.g.Our country has experienced great changes in the last thirty years.我国在过去三十年经历了巨大变化。3Then we all voted for her. 然后我们都投票赞成（选乔伊斯为主编）。vote for sb. 意为“投票赞成某人”。e.g.I shall vote for Ben because he has experience.我将投票选本因为他有经验。Vote for Johnsonthe peoples friend!请投约翰逊一票他是人民的支持者。vote against 意为“投票反对”。e.g.People vote against Henry.人们投票反对亨利。4Then Joyce took charge of the meeting. 于是，乔伊斯主持会议。take charge of意为“主管，主持；负责”。e.g.Who will take charge of the meeting?谁将主持这次会议？She took charge of the family business after her father died.父亲去世后，家务事全由她负责。The department was badly organized until she took charge(of it).这个部门在她负责管理以前组织工作做得很差。5Then the others voted for me. 于是其他人投票选我。句中的the others指参加会议的除我以外的所有人即：Lucy, Joyce, Tony和Jessica。辨析：other, the other, the others与another（1）other表示“其他的”，表示泛指，没有特定的范围。e.g.Lei Feng always helped other people.雷锋总是帮助别人。(指其他的任何人)（2）the other意为“另一个”，一般用于两者之间。其句型为：onethe other一个另一个e.g.The old man has two sons. One is a soldier, the other is a worker.那位老人有两个儿子，一个是士兵，另一个是工人。注意：the other和other后均可加名词，但意思有所不同，“the other名词”表示一定范围内除一部分外其余的全部，而“other名词”表示除去部分以后的另一些，但不是剩下的全部。（3）the others 特指一定范围内的其余的全部人或事物。e.g.I have three pencils. One is long, and the others are short.我有三支铅笔，一支是长的，另外（两个）是短的。（代词）（4）another表示三者或三者以上的其他任何一个，意为“再一；又一”。e.g.Would you like another cup of tea?你还要一杯茶吗?6You will be responsible for different sections of the paper.你们将负责报纸的不同部分。be responsible for意为“对负责”。e.g.Who is responsible for breaking the mirror?镜子是谁打破的?The bus driver is responsible for the passengers safety.公共汽车司机应对乘客的安全负责。7Should it be free for readers, or should they pay for it?读者应免费阅读还是花钱购买呢？辨析：pay, spend, cost与take四个单词都可以表示“花费”，但用法却不尽相同。（1）pay的基本用法是：pay (sb.) money for sth. 付钱(给某人)买某物。e.g.I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month.我每个月要付给他们20英镑的房租。pay for sth. 付某物的钱e.g.I have to pay for the lost book.我不得不赔偿丢失的书款。pay for sb. 替某人付钱e.g.Dont worry! Ill pay for you.别担心，我会给你付钱的。（2）spend的主语必须是人，常用于以下结构：spend time/ money on sth. 在某物上花费时间/ 金钱。e.g.I spent two hours on this maths problem.这道数学题花了我两个小时。spend time/ money(in)doing sth. 花费时间/金钱做某事。e.g.They spent two years (in) building this bridge.造这座桥花了他们两年时间。（3）cost的主语是物或某种活动，还可以表示“值”，常见的用法如下：“sth. cost (sb.)金钱”表示“某物花了(某人)多少钱”。e.g.A new computer costs a lot of money.买一台新电脑要花一大笔钱。“(doing)sth. cost(sb.)时间”表示“(做某事)某物花了(某人)多少时间”e.g.Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time.他花了大量的时间才记住了这些新单词。（4）take 常见的用法有以下几种：“It takes/took sb.时间 to do sth. ”表示“做某事花了某人多少时间”。e.g.It took them three years to build this road.他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。“doing sth. takes sb.时间”表示“做某事花了某人多少时间”。e.g.Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon.他花了一整下午修这辆小汽车。8Well, I usually try to get one for free from outside the library哦，我通常试图从图书馆外免费拿一份try to do sth.,意为“尽力、设法去做某事”，强调付出一定的努力或想方设法地去完成。Ill try to come early tomorrow.我明天尽量早点儿来。辨析：try doing sth. 意为“尝试着做某事”，不一定付出很大努力。e.g.If you like, you can try watching it.如果你喜欢，你可以试着看一下。拓展：try/do ones best to do sth.意为“尽某人全力去做某事”。e.g.We should try our best to practice speaking English.我们应尽力来练习说英语。try on意为“试穿”。e.g.Can I try it on?我可以试穿一下吗?try也可用作名词，意为“尝试”。e.g.I cant open this doorwill you have a try?我打不开这扇门你来试试行吗?9I also have the habit of reading English for half an hour every morning.我也有每天早上读半小时英语的习惯。have the habit of doing意为“有干某事的习惯”。e.g.My mother has the habit of getting up early.我妈妈有早起的习惯。He has habit of smoking during meals.他有吃饭时吸烟的习惯。10Were you nervous before the speech? 在演讲前你紧张吗?nervous意为“焦虑的，紧张的”，形容词作表语，可以与动词get/ feel，系动词be连用。e.g.Dont be nervous! The doctor just wants to help you.别紧张!医生只是想帮助你。I felt very nervous when I went into his office.当我走进他的办公室时，我感到很紧张。11She was on her way to the library to return the books.她正走在去图书馆还书的路上。（1）the way to意为“去的路”。其中the可以用物主代词替换。如果表示地点的词是副词home, there, here等时，则不用介词to。way为名词，意为“路；道路”，其常用的搭配还有on ones way ton. 或on ones wayadv.，意为“在去的路上”。e.g.I see some beautiful flowers on my may home.在回家的路上，我看到一些美丽的花。On my way to the school I met my head teacher.上学路上我遇到了班主任。（2）return在句中意为“归还”，相当于give sth. back.e.g.Return the book to the library.把书归还给图书馆。12but I havent felt lonely at all. 但我一点也不感到孤独。（1）辨析：lonely与alonelonely一般只用作形容词，表示“孤单的，孤独的，寂寞的”，在句中既可作表语，又可作定语。lonely修饰物时，意为“荒凉的”。e.g.When his wife and two little children left him, he was very lonely.妻子和两个孩子离他而去后，他很孤独。This is a lonely mountain village.这是一个荒凉的小山村。alone作形容词时，意为“单独的，独自的；独一无二的”，通常只用作表语。用作副词，表示“独自地，单独地”之意，相当于by oneself。此外，alone用在名词或代词之后，意为“只有，唯有，仅仅”。e.g.Tom alone knew what had happened.只有汤姆知道发生了什么事。lonely指人孤独寂寞，或指地方荒无人烟，有浓厚的伤感色彩。alone表示“单独，独自一人”，不含感情色彩。e.g.He doesnt feel lonely though he lives alone.尽管他独自生活，但他并不感到孤独。（2）notat all 意为“一点也不；根本不”，是完全否定。e.g.I dont like it /them at all. 我根本不喜欢它（它们）。He can not swim at all. 他根本就不会游泳。She doesnt love me at all. 她根本就不爱我。三、语法点拨should与ought to的用法1一般说来，两者可替换，只是ought to语气稍重。e.g.You ought to (should) go and see Mary sometime.你应该什么时候去看看玛丽。The train ought to (should) have arrived at six.火车本应该6点钟到的。 Such things ought not to be allowed.这种事情是不允许的。2表示出于法令规则、行为准则、道德责任等客观情况而“应该”做某事时，一般应用ought to，若用should则含有个人意见，强调主观看法。e.g.We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I dont think we will.明天我们按理应该去看看玛丽，但是我认为我们不会去(此句不宜用should)。3在公告、须知或条例中，出于礼貌，常用should。如：e.g.You should not run alongside the swimming-pool.不准在游泳池边奔跑。【句型一】Be + 主语 + ?Are these books on the desk? 这些书在桌子下吗？Is your mother at home? 你妈妈在家吗？Was he here a moment ago? 他刚才在这儿吗？【用法说明】在含有连解动词be的将来时(shall / will + be) 或完成时态(have / has + been) 的句子，改为一般疑问句时，只需将shall / will 或have / has提到句首。如：Will they be at home tonight? 他们今晚在家吗？Has he been to New York? 他去过纽约吗？【句型二】Do / Does / Did + 主语 + 谓语 +?Do you like English? 你喜欢英语吗？Did he pass the exam? 他通过了这次考试吗？Does she have a computer? 她有一台电脑吗？【用法说明】助动词 do 要随人称和时态而变化。在一般现在时中，除第三人称单数用 does 外，其他人称用 do。而在一般过来时中，任何人称都用 did。同时，借应注意把原陈述句的止为动词改为动词原形。【句型三】情态动词 + 主语 + 谓语 +?Must I finish my homework now? 我必须现在完成我的家庭作业吗？Dare you swim in the lake? 你敢在这个湖里游泳吗？May I come in? 我可以进来吗？【用法说明】有的情态动词(如 need, dare) 既可作情态动词，也可作止为动词，因此它们的一般疑问句有两种形式。如：Need you go so soon? 你非得这么快就走吗？(情态动词)Do you need to go so soon? 你非得这么快就走吗？(止为动词)【句型四】Have / Has + 主语 + 过来分词 +?Have you heard from him? 你支到他的来信吗？Has he finished his homework? 他完成了家庭作业吗？【用法说明】原句型是现在完成时的一般疑问句句型。have / has 在此作助动词，没有实际意义。另外，在美国英语中，无论 have 表示有或用作止为动词，其一般疑问句都要借助于助动词 do 的适该形式。而在英国英语中，只有该 have 作止为动词时，其一般疑问句才要作助动词 do 的适该形式。如Has she got a computer? 她有一台电脑吗？(英国英语)Does she have a computer? 她有一台电脑吗？(美国英语)Did you have a pleasant time? 你过得快乐吗？初中英语语法知识精讲精练：代词来源：网络 文章作者：匿名 2009-12-03 11:14:58标签：语法 英语(一) 知识概要英语中代词可以分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词。?人称代词主要有主格和宾格之别。请看下表人称 我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们主格 i you he she it we you they宾格 me you him her it us you them物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。请看下表?人称 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他们的形容词性 my your his her its ours your they名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs反身代词可见下表人称 我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们反身代词 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourself themselves指示代词主要有this, that, these, those疑问代词有：who, whom whose, what, which,还有疑问副词when, how, where, why。不定代词在初中课本中主要有some, any， many, much, each, neither, other, another, all, both, one, none, either(二) 例题解析1 These are books. Yours are over there.A I B my C me D mine?答案B.析这里应用形容词性物主代词。?2 - is she?- She is a teacher.A What B How C Who D Where?答案A.析这里的四个疑问词放在问句中全都成立，但其意义不同。What is she?应译为她的工作是什么?或她是做什么的?而How is she?应译为她身体如何?而Who is she?应译为她是谁?其答语应为她叫什么名字。而Where is she?应为她在什么地方?由答语决定了这道题的选择。3 is wrong with my watch. It has stopped.A Something, working B Something, to workC Any thing, working D Anything, to work?答案A.析因为是肯定句所以应用Something,其后由于表停止工作了，则stop后要用动名词。4 Mary, help to the bananas, please.A you B your C yourself D yourselves?答案C.析help oneself to something为自己拿某物。yourself为你一个人，而yourselves为你们。5 - do you go to school every day?- By bus.A How B Why C When D Where?答案A.析这题的答案是由问句决定的。?6 My skirt is popular than.A much, her B much, hers C more, her D more, hers?答案D.析因句中有than,所以应选用比较级，而than后要选用名词性物主代词。7 - Can you speak English?- Yes, but only.A few B a few C little D a little答案D.析因会讲某种语言的多少要用a little,把它看作不可数名词对待，此答语为：是的，但仅仅会讲一点。8 Mr.Smith is an old friend of.A I B me C my D mine?答案D.析这里应选名词性物主代词，这也是英语的一种习惯用法，而不要选择my。9 do you hear from your parents?About once a month.A How long B How manyC How often D How much?答案C.析How often问的是某一动作发生的频率，即在单位时间内发生多少次。10 Mr Green wouldnt say at the meeting.A everything B nothing C anything D something?答案C.析在否定句中应用anything11 Mum, Anns coming tonight. Lets give her to eat.Good idea!A anything nice B nice anythingC something nice D nice something?答案C.析肯定句中用something而不用anything,不定代词的修饰词应放其后而不要放在其前面。12 - When shall we meet, this evening or tomorrow evening?- I dont mind. time is OK.A Some B Neither C Either D Both?答案C.析因如选用both则名词要用复数名词，也要用复数谓语动词，由于答语前有I dont mind 则决定不能选择neither.13 This is not her kite,but.A hes B him C he D his?答案D.析要注意他的名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词是同形的。?14 Dont worry, Mum! news is good news. Im sure daddy will come back soon.A No B Many C Those D Two?答案A.析这是一条谚语，即没有消息就是好消息。?15 Mary has six apples. Her brother has three. She has apples than he.A few B many C more D fewer?答案C.析由于是比较级，根据题意应选多于而不是少于。?16 There isnt in todays newspaper.A anything interestingB something interestingC nothing interestingD interesting anything答案A.析由于句子是否定句，应选择anything，而且不定代词的修饰语应放在其后面。17 September 10th is Day?A Teacher B Teachers C Teachers D Teachers答案D.析教师节Teachers Day,儿童节 Childrens Day, 妇女节 Womens Day18 - In England, people eat a lot of takeaway food. What about people in your country?-A So we do. B We do so. C So do we. D We so do.?答案C.析在答语中用简略方式表达上文的一个动作同样适用于另一个主语时，则要采用倒装句，但如果仅仅是对上句的重复则不要倒装。?19 - Shall we go into that shop and have a look?- Sorry. I wont. I have to do there.A everything B anything C something D nothing?答案D.析这个答案的选择应由上下两句对话内容作出决定。?20- Oh, dear! Who broke the glass?- Sam Bruce. It was the cat.A Both, and B Not, but C Neither, nor D Either, or?答案C.析neithernor意为既不也不21 The students are having a good time in the park. Some are drawing by the lake.are climbing the hill.A Others B Other C Another D The other?答案A.析这里因为是代替复数名词，所以应用名词性的复数代名词。?22 She is not a nurse. Im not.A also B either C neither D too?答案B.析在否定句中该用either,而不用too和also.23 I have two pencils. One is red, is blue.A the other B another C others D the others?答案A.析两者中的另一个应为特指。而且应为单数形式的代名词。而another是泛指单数代名词。others是泛指复数代名词，而the others是特指复数代名词。24 Sorry, I cant answer your question.I know about the subject.A little B a little C few D a few?答案A.析中文讲我对此知道的不多，而英文中要用little。其含意为否定句。25 My sister doesnt like skating.A So do I B So I dontC Neither I dont D Neither do I?答案D.析这是表达上面否定句中的动作，也同样不适合于第二个人。所以要用neither,并要采用倒装句。26 Yesterday morning there were only three boys in our room,.A you, he and I B I, you and heC he, I and you D you, I and he?答案A.析这是若干人称代词并列时的顺序问题。请参看辨析中的例子。?27 All the students are busy, soof them will go to the concert.A many B little C a few D few?答案D.析student为可数名词。28 The teacher gave student a new book.A nobody B both C each D any?答案C.析both其后的名词应为复数，而any用于疑问句和否定句中只有each可以修饰单数可数名词。29 Black is neither a teacher a worker.A or B either C nor D and?答案C.析neithernor为既不也不的固定搭配。30 Our teacher gave uson studying.A many advices B some advicesC an advice D some advice?答案D.析advice为不可数名词。some可用于可数或不可数名词之前。31 There are two foreign friends in the park. One is from Japan, is from America.A other B others C the other D the others?答案C.析因为是两者中的一个，所以另一个应用单数特指代词。?32 Are there on the table?A some cups B any cup C some cup D any cups?答案D.析此句是疑问句，应用any cups, 因提问时的be动词用的是are。33 Ive just bought five stamps. One is a German stamp, are American stamps.A the other B the others C other D others?答案B.析此空应填入主语。又因其范围已定，所以应选特指的代名词。the other只能用作单数，而others是泛指复数代名词，故只能选B。34 It was fine day that they went to the park.A a so B so a C such a D a such?答案C.析在单数可数名词前可以有两种表达法，即such+不定冠词+形容词+可数名词单数形式，如：such a good day，或者用so加形容词+不定冠词+可数名词单数，如：so good a day.35 At that time the train was slow and noisy. Sopeople liked taking trains.A little B a little C few D a few?答案C.析这是英文的表达法与中文不同之处。中文讲只有少数人喜欢坐火车，英文要选用few。36 We must help and understand each.A other B another C others D the other?答案A.析each other意为互相，是习惯用语。37 is difficult to walk on the moon.A Man B One C That D It?答案D.析这里的真正主语应为不定式to walk on the moon.而形式主语只能用it.38 Jane has sent several letters, but of them have been answered.A all B both C either D none?答案D.析several letters意为若干信件，应看作多于两者，则在A、D中作选择，仅D符合句意。39 I dont know about the new headmaster.A something B everything C nothing D anything?答案D.析否定句中应用anything.40 of the students in the whole class could do this physics question.A No B None C Not D Neither?答案B.(三) 正误辨析误Toms mother is taller than my.正Toms mother is taller than mine.析形容词性物主代词可以作定语，也就是讲它可以作形容词，如：my book，而这句话的意思是：汤姆的妈妈比我的妈妈高。比较的对象是my mother,也就是mine。误We have a lot of homework to do today. So we need two or three hours to finish them.正We have a lot of homework to do today. So we need two or three hours to finish it.析在应用代词时，要注意人称，格与数的一致性。这里it所代替的是不可数名词homework， 所以应用it。误He and you should go to the library to return the books.正You and he should go to the library to return the books.析这主要是英语习惯上的用法。当两个以上的人称代词并列时其排列顺序一般为you, he, she, I,而复数时为we, you， they:如男女并列时，应先男后女，如：He and she 如果在表示不好意思，承担责任时，单数时用，I, he, she, you, 复数时用They, you， we, 如：Tom and I are good friends.You, he and I must go to play the game for our team this afternoon.We, you and they have been there before.I, he and you have to pay for it.误He or his brother is doing their homework.正He or his brother is doing his homework.析由eitheror, neithernor, or 连接两个主语时，如果两主语是单数时，用单数代词，如两主语是复数时，用复数代词，如：Either teachers or students want to do their best to help the old man.如是一单一复两名词时，一般将单数名词放在前，复数名词放在后，要用复数代词，如：The teacher or his students will clean their classroom together.误His brother is taller than him.正His brother is taller than he.析than是连词，其后应视为省略句，than he is.所以要注意区分其主格与宾格的用法。I like you as much as she.正I like you as much as her.析asas 其后也应看作是省略句。应为as I like her.所以应用宾格。而第一句应译为我像她那样喜欢你。两句语法都是对的但含义不同。误Myself did it yesterday.正I myself did it yesterday.正I did it myself yesterday.析反身代词不可作主语，但可以用作主语的同位语。?误Take care of ourselves.正Take care of yourselves .(yourself)析祈始句的主语应看作第二人称you.误Please bring your daughter with yourself.正Please bring your daughter with you.析反身代词不能作介词宾语，除非是由不及物动词与介词组成的动词短语，如： The old woman spoke to herself.误Make yourself home.正Make yourself at home.析这是英语中的习惯用法，意为像在家里一样。这样的用法还有：?enjoy oneself 玩得开心make yourself at home 像在家中一样help yourself to something 自己拿某物lost oneself 迷路seat oneself 就坐dress oneself 穿衣误-Whos this speaking.-Thats Mary.正-Whos that speaking.-This is Mary.析在电话用语中，this指讲话人自己，而that指对方。误The days in summer are longer than this in winter.正The days in summer are longer than those in winter.析在比较句中往往为了避免重复，可以用that或those取代前面提到的事物，如是单数时用that,复数时用those，如：The weather in Beijing is hotter than that in Chang Chun.误It is so a good book that everyone likes to read.正It is such a