Lexical词汇学讲义.ppt

Lexicology Study of words: etymology of words, word formation, idioms, morphological structure of words, degeneration of words and elevation of words, sense relation of words, etc Purposes of the Course -learn some knowledge of lexicology -enlarge vocabulary How to Assess 10% word test 10% class performance 80% final I. A General Survey of English Vocabulary Whats a word? Definition of a word: Aristotle: a word is the smallest significant unit of speech(Morpheme is the smallest). Bloomfield:a word is a minimum free form. Happy(free form) ment(bound form粘着) A word is a combination of form (phonological) and meaning (lexical and grammatical). word In addition, a word acts as a structural unit of a sentence. The young man leftgrammatical, lexical, phonological meaning The development of English Vocabulary History of English Vocabulary: Before 450: Celtic used by 750 million people; half publishing materials in English; 80% stored information in computer is in English; Oxford English Dictionary 1928:414829 words; in 1989 5000000 Shakespeare: 24000; Milton:16000; Churchill: 90000: T.S. Elliot: 100000; The Bible: 5469 English Vocabulary 1000 basic English words: 80.5% understandable; 4000: 95%; 5000: 97% Educated English: 25000 words Most frequently used words: the, and, a, be, have, it, for, as, I, etc; verbs: say do go make see find use think take come get state know give seem Vocab:4 levels: speaking vocab; writing vocab; reading vocab; guess vocab- the first two belong to the active vocab and the last two passive vocab Basic words 100 English basic words most often used are all from native English native French Latin others 1000 words: 83% 11% 2% 4% 2000 words: 34% 46% 11% 9% 3000 words: 29% 46% 14% 11% 4000 words: 27% 45% 17% 11% 5000 words: 27%47% 17% 9% Basic words 80% loan words, but 70-90% most often used words are native words:Milton-81%, Tennyson-88%, Shakespeare-90%, King James Bible-94% Most often used words:and, be, have, it, of, the, to, will,you basic words words denoting the commonest things necessary for life, natural phenomena, divisions of the year, parts of the body, animals, foodstuffs, trees, fruits,etc. aux. modal verbs, pronoun, numerals, prep. conj. Though small in number, they play no small partAnglo- Saxon,native words C.K. Ogdens 850 Basic words Operations etc 100: come get give go keep let make put seem take be do have say send may will about across after against among at before between by down from in off on over through to under up with as for of till than a the all any every no other some such that this I he you who and because but or if though while how when where why again ever far forward here near no out still then there together well almost enough even little much not only quite so very tomorrow yesterday north south east west please yes 2 Things 400 General: account act addition adjustment advertisement agreement air amount amusement animal answer apparatus approval argument attack attempt attention attraction authority back balance base behavior belief birth bit bite blood blow body brass bread breath brother building burn burst business butter canvas care cause chalk chance change cloth coal color comfort committee company comparison competition 3 condition connection control cook copper copy cork cotton cough country cover crack credit crime crush cry current curve damage danger daughter day death debt decision degree design desire destruction detail development digestion direction discovery discussion disease disgust distance distribution division doubt drink dust earth edge education effect end error event example exchange existence expansion experience expert fact fall family 4 father fear feeling fiction field fight fire flame flight flower fold food force form friend front fruit glass gold government grain grass grip group growth guide harbor harmony hate hearing heat help history hole hope hour humor ice idea impulse increase industry ink insect instrument insurance interest invention iron jelly join journey judge jump kick kiss knowledge land language laugh law lead 5 learning leather letter level lift light limit linen liquid list look loss love machine man manage mark market mass meal measure meat meeting memory metal middle milk mind mine minute mist money month morning mother motion mountain move music name nation need news night noise note number observation offer oil operation option order 6 organization ornament owner page pain paint paper part paste payment peace person place plant play pleasure point poison polish porter price print process produce profit property prose protest pull punishment purpose push quality question rain range rate ray reaction reading reason record regret relation religion representative request respect rest regard rhythm rice river road roll room 7 rub rule run slat sand scale science sea seat secretary selection self sense servant sex shade shake shame shock side sign silk sister size sky sleep slip slope smash smell smile smoke sneeze snow soap society son song sort sound soup space stage start statement seam steel step stitch stone stop story stretch structure substance sugar suggestion summer support surprise swim system talk taste 8 tax teaching tendency test theory thing thought thunder time tin top touch trade transport trick trouble turn twist unit use value verse vessel view voice walk war wash waste water wave wax way weather week weight wind wine winter woman wood wool word work wound writing year 9 200 Picturable: angle ant apple arch arm baby bag ball band basin basket bath bed bee bell berry bird blade board boat bone book boot bottle box boy brain brake branch brick bridge brush bucket bulb button cake camera card carriage cart cat chain cheese chest chin church circle clock cloud coat collar comb cord cow cup curtain cushion dog door drain drawer dress drop ear egg engine 10 eye face farm feather finger fish flag floor fly foot fork fowl frame garden girl glove goat gun hair hammer hand hat head heart hook horn horse hospital house island jewel kettle key knee knife knot leaf leg library line lip lock map match monkey moon mouth muscle nail neck needle nerve net nose nut office orange plough pocket pot potato prison pump rail rat receipt ring rod roof root 11 sail school scissors screw seed sheep shelf ship shirt shoe skin skirt snake sock spade sponge spoon spring square stamp star station stem stick stocking stomach store street sun table tail thread throat thumb ticket toe tongue tooth town train tray tree trousers umbrella wall watch wheel whip whistle window wing wire worm 12 Qualities 100 General: able acid angry automatic beautiful black boiling bright broken brown cheap chemical chief clean clear common complex conscious cut deep dependent early elastic electric equal fat textile first fixed flat free frequent full general food great grey hanging happy hard high hollow important kind like living long male married material medical military natural 13 necessary new normal open parallel past physical political poor possible present private probable quick quiet ready red regular responsible right round same second separate serious sharp smooth sticky stiff straight strong sudden sweet tall thick tight tired true violent waiting warm wet wide wise yellow young 14 50 Opposites: awake bad bend bitter blue certain cold complete cruel dark dead dear delicate different dirty dry false feeble female foolish future green ill last late left loose loud low mixed narrow old opposite public rough sad safe secret short shut simple slow small soft solid special strange thin white wrong Words to remember hedge树篱premier, prestige威望, elite 精华, fiancee regime, corps特种部队, manoeuvre, espionage, critique文艺批评 , nuance细致差别, brochure, liquor, etiquette, coup军事政变retreat, garrison卫戍部队, combat, skirmish小规 模战斗, siege包围, ambush埋伏, Words to remember attire服装, cloak斗篷, embroidery, plume羽毛, equity公平, plea抗辩, suit诉讼, plaintiff原告, defendant被告, advocate辩护者, attorney律师, petition 请愿, summons传票, verdict裁决, decree 判决, award裁决书, forfeit没收, authority, sovereign 君主, tyrant专制统 治, treaty, alliance, subsidy, revenue 税收 II. Morphological Structure of English Words Words are composed of morphemes.One morpheme: cat, log or more than one: unlovely-un,love,ly Morpheme is the minimal significant element and the smallest unit of grammatical analysis,eg,s-plural,ment- noun form,ed-past tense Morphemes:smallest meaningful linguistic unit,not divisible into smaller forms: de-nation-al-iz-ation:grammatical meaning free form+bound form (prefix,suffix)=derivational word. roots Roots:unchangeable part of a word, conveys the main lexical meaning of the word,eg: unchangeable: change bound root: tain:hold-retain, contain,detain ceive:take-conceive,deceive, receive Affixes Affixes:bound morphemes 1)inflectional affixes:plural,tense,comparative, superlative degree 2)derivational affixes:derive a new word:pro Prefixes:un,mis,dis,bi,re,poly Suffixes:ly,ment,ism,ic,cal,able affixes 3keys to enlarging English vocab: root, suffix, prefix Affixation: the process by which words are formed by adding affixes to a root is called affixation:prefixes and suffixes Most productive prefixes: anti, de, dis, mini,non, out( outsmart),pre, re, un, ize, re,un,able Suffixes:-able, -age,-crat,-ee,-eer,- er,ese, ian, ish, ism, it is,nik, wise,y egoist, egotist, egocentric, egoism, egomaniac mania altruism, alternate, alteration, alter ego(另一个我） Introvert性格内向的人, extrovert性格外向的人, ambivert中 向性格者 Tract:attract(at-ad:to), contract(con:together) detract(de-get rid of), distract 转移(dis-leave), extract摘录 (ex-out), protract延长(pro- forward), retract收回(re-return) III. Word Formation Methods of word formation: 1) Compounding: two independent words are put together to make one word. Such words are called compounds: greenhouse,airtight, waterproof, n+n;adj.+n;ad.+n;n+-ing;n+v;v+o;v+ad daydreaming,sightseeing=see sight,house- keeping,dressmaking,peace-loving heartbeat,headache,knee-deep,shoulder-high birth-control, weather-beaten,look-and-see Word formation 2)derivation:adding a prefix or suffix,or both to the base Prefixation:un, anti,inter,post,pre,be,de,en,mis, mal,dis,pseudo,a, non,in,arch,super,out,sub, over, under,hyper,ultra,mini,co,counter,pro,tran s,pre,ex, uni, mono, bi/di,tri,multi,poly,neo,pan,proto,semi,vi ce be:belittle, becalm de:deform decrease en:enlighten,endanger prefixes a-not, without: anonymous, anechoic, anharmonic, asocial, aperiodic, ahistorical, apathy, atheism, acentric, apolitical, abnormal, abuse, abstain戒，弃 权 be- about,completely,make:befall, beset, besiege, bestir,bedevil, befriend, belittle, benumb, 2 bi-two:bicycle,bigamy,bilateral,biannual, biform,bifocal,bicorn,biped dedown,away,undo:decline,decrease,debar, detract, decentralize,decompose,demobilize, declass,degrade,debark,derail,deforest,dethrone, deflower ,demilitarize,descend,detrain,debus, dewater, defat,desalt,dewax,de-Americanize, 3 co-col,con,cor:with, together:collide (lid:strike),concentrate, conform, connect (nect:tie),erate,cohere(her:s tick) coexist, co-owner,co-ed,construction in in,into:include,induce,inflate,inhabit,inje ct, inspect, import,immigrate,involve,inhale Word formation Suffixation:ish,hood,ess,ness,able,ize,er,s hip, dom,ee,en,ify,ful,less,ous,ic,ward,in,y, wardafterwards,backward,homeward, eastward,inward,outward,upward,seaward yfull of,somewhat:stony,salty, wordy,bluey, nosey,haughty,baggy, faulty,handy,mighty Word formation 3)conversion:using a form that represents one part of speech as another part of speech without changing the form of the word. gleam: The lights gleam in the night/ I can see the gleam in the night. doubt, disgust,polish,give,cry,cure,buy words Allure accredit affront affirm afforest allocate annihilate annotate adjunct accord annex adjacent adhere addict alleviate aggravate visual vision revolt revolver voluble（口若悬河） words nosey,haughty,baggy, faulty,handy,mighty conform, coincide bigamy,bilateral anonymous, asocial, apathy, atheism, abnormal, abuse, abstain belittle induce,inject,inspect, immigrate,inhale derail Latin sad is down; happy is high;sad is low His spirits went up More is up;less is down;more is high;less is low Hot is up;cold is down; Main types of word meaning Grammatical meaning:function of a word Lexical meaning:denotative meaning and connotative meaning,social meaning and affective meaning 1)denotative meaning:conceptual meaning: relationship between a linguistic unit and the nonlinguistic entities to which it refers Lexical meaning 2)connotative meaning:emotional association mother:love, care, tender white:pure ;black,red, 3)social or stylistic meaning:oratorical/frozen; deliberate/ formal;consultative;casual; intimate Lexical meaning 4)affective meaning:concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes: derogative meaning and appreciatory meaning. Slender/skinny;statesman/politician; Confidence/complacency;fat/obese Componential analysis（语义成 分分析） cut:32 Candidate: man in white Pen:feather head,power,board(p176) Homonymy:pronounced alike Lie,page,base,meet,lead,sow,tear, Stylistic Value of Polysemy and Homonymy Pun: How is bread made?-You take some flour-Where do you pick the flower?- its ground.-How many acres of ground? I do look nice in the picture,dont I?- the answer lies in the negative On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you. Sole,soul Do you know what happens to liars when they die? Yes,sir, they lie still. If you dont learn a craft when youre young, youll have to earn your living by craft when you grow up. Why should a man never tell his secrets in a cornfield? Because it has so many ears. 7 days, without 7-up,makes one weak Romeo:Ask for me tomorrow, And you shall find me a grave man. Ambiguity: Are you engaged? homonym homonymy:same phonological or spelling forms, but different in meaning: Wind/windai,lead/leade,air/heir, sea/see/, ore/oar, cent/scent,round,match VII. Sense relations between words Synonymy:differing in sound but identical or similar in meaning head/chief/boss/leader;anger/rage/fur y/indig. aptitude/talent;small/tiny;refuse/rejec t/decline. P196 Language is like dress. We vary our dress to suit the occasion. Collocation:p199 synonyms Dale/valley;deed/action;foe/enemyp201, 202 object to/oppose synonymy:same meaning.English is particular rich in synonyms for historical reasons:from Anglo-Saxon on the one hand and French, Latin, Greek on the other Brotherly/fraternal; bodily/corporal; homely/domestic;house/manson Rise/mount(Fr)/ascend(Latin), time/age/epoch synonym Fast/firm(Fr)/secure(L), kingly/royal(Fr)/regal(L) Fire/flame/ antonymy Antonymy:oppositeness of meaning Contraries:wide/narrow, old/young, big/small complementaries:binary semantic contrast which admits no gradability between the items:male/female, boy/girl, single/married, Binary antonyms/complementaries: Alive/dead, true/false Gradable antonyms: hotwarmcoolcold .hotwarmtepidlukewarm cool cold Excellent,good,bad,terrible/wet,m oist,damp, dry antonym Loveattachmentlikingindifference - antipathyhate Sapir handled contrary terms in terms of gradability:beautiful-prettygood- looking-plain-ugly Conversives/relational opposite:sell/buy, give-receive, above /below,debtor/creditor, parent/child,come/go Use of antonyms Stylistic effect:Charles Dickens,A Tale of Two Cities: It was the best times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the age of incredulity, it was the season of light, it was the epoch of darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we have everything in before us, we had nothing before us Living death, visible darkness, a victorious defeat, a clever fool, audible stillness, painful pleasure, open secret, bittersweet, O. Henry: I despise its very vastness and power. I has the poorest millionaires, the little great men, the haughtiest beggars, the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers. Antonyms:Accept, famous, forbid, frugal, guilty, innocent, maximum, minimum, motion, obscure, permit, reject, rest, wasteful Choose the only word that isnt a synonym of the underlined word: 1.A supplementary grant may be awarded at the discretion of the committee. A.dictionary B.additional C.complementary D.extra 2. It is true during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature A.dangerous B.dapper C.hazard D.precarious 3.He worked himself up into a frenzy before his graduation exams A.fury B.fancy C.rage D.agitation Hyponym,taxonomy The superordinate and the hyponym: hyponymy refers to the relationship between general and specific lexical items. Genus:a class of things made up of two or more subordinate classes or species:genus-species-In bioliogy:kingdom界, phylum门, class纲,order目, family科, genus属, species种, variety变种 Relation of inclusion Flower-tulip,rose, Animal-lion,elephant, monkey hyponym Instrument- flute,saxophone,clarinet, trumpet Furniture-chair, table Color:blue, yellow, Kinship:mother, father Pleasurable emotions:joy, happiness, gaiety, enjoyment Baby, child, man woman Rose, tulip, peach blossom carnation康乃馨 Curriculum Colour, matter meat Food:meat(pork,beef)/vegetable(t urnip, carrot)/cereal(bread, cake, cornflakes) Affection: Taxonomy:a type of Horse is a type of animal Semantic field green,blue,red,rose Father,mother,son Finals I.Explain the following term with examples (25%) Morpheme, allmorph, word, root, stem, base, initialism, acronym, blend, back- formation, phonetic motivation (onomatopoeia), polysemy, perfect homonym, homophone, homograph,synonym, antonym:contraries, com