世界上古史中英文译名.doc

AAppian阿庇安Appian was a 2nd-century-ad Greek historian born in the great literary center of Alexandria, Egypt. Appian documented the history of the Roman Empire. The books that were compiled as The Civil Wars are an important and detailed record of Rome during the turbulent period from 133 to 27 BC.Apollo阿波罗Apollo (mythology), in Greek mythology, son of the god Zeus and Leto, daughter of a Titan. Alps阿尔卑斯山Alps,greatmountainsystem of south central Europe, forming an arc some 1200 km (750 mi) long from the Gulf of Genoa to the Danube River at Vienna. Aphrodite阿芙洛狄忒Aphrodite, in Greek mythology, the goddess of love and beauty and the counterpart of the Roman goddess Venus. Archimedes阿基米德Archimedes (287-212 bc), preeminent Greek mathematician and inventor, who wrote important works on plane and solid geometry, arithmetic, and mechanics.Akkad阿卡德Akkadian Civilization, society developed by inhabitants of Akkad, an ancient region of MesopotamiaAchilles阿喀琉斯Achilles,inGreek mythology, greatest of the Greek warriors in the Trojan War. He was the son of the sea nymph Thetis and Peleus, king of the Myrmidons of Thessaly. Alaric阿拉里克Alaric I (about 370-410), king of the Visigoths (395-410), born on an island in the delta of the Danube River.Alaric II (died 507), king of the Visigoths (484-507), succeeding his father, Euric. He ruled the central and southern regions of Gaul (modern-day France) and most of Spain.Aristophanes阿里斯托芬Aristophanes (448?-385 bc), Athenian playwright, considered one of the greatest writers of comedy in literary history. His plays have been produced through the centuries and have remained popular because of their wit, comic invention, and poetic language.Tall al Amrinah阿玛尔纳Tall al Amrinah, site of the ancient Egyptian city Akhetaton, on the Nile River, north of the modern city of Asy. Akhetaton was built during the reign of Amenhotep IV, better known as Akhenaton, sometime between 1353 and 1335 BC; the city served as the Egyptian capital until Akhenatons death. The period during which Akhetaton was important is known in Egyptian history as the Amarna period.Amenemhet阿梅尼姆赫特Amenemhet I, king of Egypt (1991-1962 bc), the first of the 12th Dynasty; his last ten years were spent in coregency with his son Senwosret I (reigned 1971-1926 bc). Amenemhet limited the power of the nobles, reorganized the government (moving the capital to Faiyum), and restored prosperity to the country.Amenemhet III, king of Egypt (1844-1797 bc), of the 12th Dynasty. He removed the last threat of the provincial nobles to the central government and during his long reign focused his efforts on economic expansion. He constructed vast irrigation and reclamation projects, notably one at Lake Moeris in the Faiyum district, and greatly increased mineral production. His trading fleets plied the Red Sea and traversed the Mediterranean as far as Cyprus and Crete (Krti).Amon or Ammon阿蒙神Amon or Ammon (Egyptian, “hidden”), ancient Egyptian deity, originally a local Theban god of reproductive forces, represented as a ram. Amon, his wife, Mut (Egyptian, “the mother”), and his son, the moon god Khon (Egyptian, “to traverse the sky”), formed the divine triad of Thebes.Amorites阿摩利人Amorites, ancient tribe of Canaanites who inhabited the country northeast of the Jordan River as far as Mount Hermon. In the 13th century bc, the Amorites defeated the Moabites, crossed the Jordan, conquered the Hittites, and overran Canaan to the sea. Attila阿提拉Attila, called the Scourge of God (circa 406-53), king of the Huns (circa 433-53). He is called Etzel by the Germans and Ethele by the Hungarians.Aton（Aten）阿吞神Aton, Egyptian god of the sun, regarded during the reign of Akhenaton (1353-1335 bc) as the only god. The god was sometimes known as Aten.Ashoka or Asoka阿育王Ashoka or Asoka(?-232bc),thirdking of the Maurya dynasty, who ruled almost the whole of the Indian subcontinent from about 269 to 232 bc (see Mauryan Empire).Ebla埃博拉文明Ebla, ancient city of northern Syria, discovered in 1968 by the Italian archaeologist Paolo Matthiae at Tell Mardkh, a 56-hectare (140-acre) mound south of alab (Aleppo).Akhenaton or Ikhnaton埃赫那吞Akhenaton or Ikhnaton, also called Amenhotep IV, pharaoh of Egypt from about 1353 to 1335 bc. Akhenaton was the last important ruler of the 18th dynasty and notable as the first historical figure to establish a religion based on the concept of monotheism. He established the cult of Aton, or Aten, the sun god or solar disk, which he believed to be a universal, omnipresent spirit and the sole creator of the universe.Aeschylus埃斯库罗斯Aeschylus (525?-456 bc), Greek dramatist, the earliest of the great tragic poets of Athens. As the predecessor of Sophocles and Euripides, he is called the father of Greek tragedy.Aegean Civilization爱琴文明Aegean Civilization, term used to denote the Bronze Age civilization that developed (circa 3000-1200 bc) in the basin of the Aegean Sea, mainly on Crete (Krti), the Cyclades (Kikldhes) Islands, and the mainland of Greece. It had two major cultures: the Minoan, which flourished in Crete and reached its height in the Middle Bronze period, notably at Knossos (Knoss) and Phaestos; and the Mycenaean, which developed in the Late Bronze period on the mainland at Mycenae and other centers, including Tiryns and Plos (Pylos).Mark Antony安东尼Mark Antony (Latin Marcus Antonius) (83?-30 bc), Roman statesman and general, who defeated the assassins of Julius Caesar and, with Gaius Octavius and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, formed the Second Triumvirate, which ultimately secured the end of the Roman Republic.Odyssey奥德赛Odyssey,ancientGreekepicpoem in 24 books attributed to the poet Homer. It was probably composed in the 8th century bc. The Odyssey relates in 12,110 lines the perilous adventures of Odysseus (called Ulysses in Latin), a Greek hero and king of Ithaca in western Greece. After the fall of Troy at the end of the Trojan War, Odysseus is forced to wander for ten years before returning home to his wife Penelope in Ithaca. Marcus Aurelius马尔库斯 奥里略Marcus Aurelius, full name Marcus Aelius Aurelius Antoninus (121-180), Roman emperor (161-180) and Stoic philosopher.Osiris奥西里斯Osiris, in Egyptian mythology, one of the principal deities. Originally the local god of Abydos and Busiris, Osiris, who represented the male productive force in nature, became identified with the setting sun. Thus he was regarded as the ruler of the realm of the dead in the mysterious region below the western horizon.BBagaudae巴高达Babylon巴比伦Babylon (ancient city)(BabylonianBb-ilim or Babil, “gate of God”), one of the most important cities of the ancient world, whose location today is marked by a broad area of ruins just east of the Euphrates River, 90 km (56 mi) south of Baghdd, Iraq. Babylon was the capital of Babylonia in the 2nd and 1st millennia bc. In antiquity the city profited from its location extending across the main overland trade route connecting the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean.Babylonia巴比伦尼亚Babylonia(BabylonianBbili,”gate of God”; Old Persian Babirush), ancient country of Mesopotamia, known originally as Sumer and later as Sumer and Akkad, lying between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, south of modern Baghdd, Iraq.Plato柏拉图Plato (428?-347 bc), Greek philosopher, one of the most creative and influential thinkers in Western philosophy.Byzantine拜占庭Byzantine Empire,easternpartofthe Roman Empire, which survived after the breakup of the Western Empire in the 5th century ad. Its capital was Constantinople (now İstanbul, Turkey).Bedouins贝都因人Bedouins,nomadicArabsinhabiting desert areas of the Middle East and northern Africa. In ancient times their territory included only the deserts of the Middle East. The Muslim conquest of northern Africa in the 7th century opened vaster tracts to the Bedouins. Although they form only a small part of the population of these areas, they use a great deal of territory.Behistun Inscription贝西斯吞铭文Behistun Inscription, cuneiform writing on the precipitous limestone rock of a mountain above the village of Behistun, in western Iran. The inscription was carved in parallel columns, repeating the same text in the Old Persian, Assyrian, and Elamite languages, by order of the Persian king Darius I; it recounts his genealogy and conquests. By 1846 the British Assyriologist Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson deciphered the Persian part of the inscription. As a result of this achievement, the parallel columns of the Behistun Inscription were deciphered and became the key to deciphering other ancient Elamite and Assyrian writings.Pythagoras毕达哥拉斯Pythagoras (582?-500?bc), Greek philosopher and mathematician, whose doctrines strongly influenced Plato. Born on the island of Smos, Pythagoras was instructed in the teachings of the early Ionian philosophers Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes. Pythagoras is said to have been driven from Smos by his disgust for the tyranny of Polycrates. About 530 bc Pythagoras settled in Crotona, a Greek colony in southern Italy, where he founded a movement with religious, political, and philosophical aims, known as Pythagoreanism. The philosophy of Pythagoras is known only through the work of his disciples.Poseidon波塞冬Poseidon, in Greek mythology, god of the sea, the son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea, and the brother of Zeus and Hades. Poseidon was the husband of Amphitrite, one of the Nereids, by whom he had a son, Triton. Poseidon had numerous other love affairs, however, especially with nymphs of springs and fountains, and was the father of several children famed for their wildness and cruelty, among them the giant Orion and the Cyclops Polyphemus. Poseidon and the Gorgon Medusa were the parents of Pegasus, the famous winged horse.Persia波斯Persia,conventionalEuropean designation of the country now known as Iran. This name was in general use in the West until 1935, although the Iranians themselves had long called their country Iran. For conventions sake the name of Persia is here kept for that part of the countrys history concerned with the ancient Persian Empire until the Arab conquest in the 7th century ad. For later history, as well as other information on the modern countryPeloponnesian War伯罗奔尼撒战争Peloponnesian War,militaryconflictfrom 431 to 404 bc in ancient Greece that pitted Athens and its allies against Sparta and its allies. The Spartans and many of their allies lived in the Pelopnnisos, the southern half of Greece, where Spartas influence was paramount. The term Peloponnesian War therefore implies that it was an Athenian war against the Peloponnesians. But from a Spartan point of view it was the Attic War, that is, a war against Athens, whose territory was called Attica. The Spartans eventually won the war, but only with financial help from the Persians of the Achaemenid Empire.Pericles伯利克里（伯里克利）Pericles (495? bc -429? bc), Athenian statesman, so influential in Athenian history that the period of his power is called the Age of Pericles.CTsung-ling葱岭（ps：Tsung-zhou 宗周）DDavidians达罗毗荼人Dasas达撒瓦尔纳Mahayana Buddhism大乘佛教Mahayana Buddhism(Sanskritfor“Greater Vehicle”), along with Theravada Buddhism, one of the two principal branches of Buddhist belief. Mahayana originated in India and subsequently spread throughout China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, Central Asia, Vietnam, and Taiwan. Followers of Mahayana have traditionally regarded their doctrine as the full revelation of the nature and teachings of the Buddha, in opposition to the earlier Theravada tradition, which they characterize as the Lesser Vehicle (Hinayana).Darius I大流士一世Darius I, called The Great (558?-486 bc), king of Persia (522-486 bc), son of the Persian noble Hystaspes, and a member of a royal Persian family, the Achaemenids. In 522 bc, on the death of King Cambyses II, a group of Magian priests tried to give the throne to one of their number, the usurper Gaumata; he pretended to be Smerdis (died about 523 bc), the murdered brother of Cambyses II. In 522, Darius defeated Gaumata and was chosen king of Persia.Ta-Yueh-chih大月氏David大卫David (king) (?-961 bc), king (1000-961 bc) of Judah and Israel, founder of the Judean dynasty. Several accounts of his accomplishments occur in the Old Testament, chiefly in the books of Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles.Bactria（Ta-Hia大夏）Bactria, ancient country in Central Asia; one of the Hellenistic states founded by the successors of Alexander the Great. It was situated between the Hindu Kush Mountains and the Oxus River (now Amu Darya) in what is now part of Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. A branch of the Hindu Kush Mountains separated it from the territories of the Shakas (Sacae), Iranian nomads. Its capital was Bactra, present-day Wazirabad (formerly Balkh), in north Afghanistan. Before the Greek conquest, Bactria was an eastern province of the Persian Empire.Mahavira大雄（耆那大雄）Mahavira (traditionally, 599-527 bc; according to modern scholarship, 540?-468? bc), 24th and most recent tirthankara (ford-maker) of Jainism, a religion of India. The term ford-maker is applied in the sense of founder to the prophets of the Jain tradition. Although there is some evidence that Mahavira (Great Hero) was the reformer of an earlier form of Jain practice associated with the 23rd tirthankara, Parshva, Western scholars consider Mahavira to be the founder of Jainism as a major historical religious tradition.Diocletian戴克里先Diocletian (245-313), emperor of Rome (284-305), who reformed the administrative machinery of the empire, introducing the two-tiered system of augusti and caesars.Demosthenes德摩斯梯尼Demosthenes (384-322 bc), greatest orator of ancient Greece, who led the Athenian opposition to Macedonia. Democritus德谟克里特Democritus (460?-370? bc), Greek philosopher, who developed the atomic theory of the universe, which had been originated by his mentor, the philosopher Leucippus.Thebes (Egypt)底比斯Thebes (Egypt) (Egyptian Weset or Newt), ancient city and, for many centuries, capital of ancient Egypt, on both sides of the Nile River, about 725 km (about 450 mi) south of present-day Cairo. It is partly occupied today by the modern towns of Al Karnak and Luxor. It was named Thebes by the Greeks, who knew it also as Diospolis (“heavenly city”); it is the city identified in the Hebrew Bible as No (“city”) or No-Amon (“city of Amon”). Scattered over the site are the remnants of numerous temples, tombs, and other ancient monuments. Of prehistoric origin, Thebes began to figure in the recorded history of Egypt during the Old Kingdom (2575-2134 bc). Tombs dating from the 6th Dynasty (2323-2152 bc) of Egyptian kings have been discovered in the original necropolis, which is on the west side of the Nile. As the biblical name of Thebes indicates, the local deity of the city was Amon, originally the Egyptian god of the reproductive forces and, later as Amon-Ra, the “father of the gods.” The ruined Temple of Amon, which ranks among the best-preserved and most magnificent structures of Egyptian antiquity, is at Al Karnak.Tigris底格里斯河Tigris (Arabic Dijlah, Turkish Dicle), river in southwestern Asia, rising in Turkey and flowing through Iraq before joining the Euphrates to form the Shatt al Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf.Mediterranean Sea地中海Mediterranean Sea, inland sea of Europe, Asia, and Africa, linked to the Atlantic Ocean at its western end by the Strait of Gibraltar. Known to the Romans as Mare Nostrum (our sea), the Mediterranean is almost landlocked. It is of great political importance as a maritime outlet for the countries of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, via the Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles, and Black Sea, and for European and American access to the petroleum of Libya and Algeria and the Persian Gulf region, via the Suez Canal and overland pipelines.Goths哥特人（Ostrogoths东哥特，Visigoths西哥特）Goths, ancient Teutonic people (see Teutons), who in the 3rd to the 6th century ad were an important power in the Roman world. The Goths were the first Germanic peoples to become Christians. According to the 6th-century Gothic historian Jordanes, the Goths came from Sweden across the Baltic Sea to the basin of the Wisa (Vistula) River. By the 3rd century ad they had migrated as far south as the lower Danube, around the Black Sea. During that century Gothic armies and fleets ravaged Thrace, Dacia, and cities in Asia Minor and along the Aegean coast. They captured and plundered Athens in 267 to 268, and threatened Italy. For about a century, wars between the Roman emperors and Gothic rulers devastated the Balkan territory and the northeastern Mediterranean region. Other tribes joined the Goths, and under the great king Ermanaric in the 4th century, a kingdom was established that extended from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea.About 370 the Goths divided into two separate groups. The Ostrogoths (Low Latin Ostrogothae, “the eastern Goths”) inhabited a large kingdom east of the Dniester River on the shores of the Black Sea (part of modern Ukraine and Belarus). The Visigoths (Low Latin Visigothi, “the good Goths” or “the noble Goths”) were the western Goths, with a domain extending from the Dniester to the Danube riversDorians多利亚人Dorians, one of the three principal peoples of ancient Greece, the others being the Aeolians and the Ionians. Danube多瑙河Danube (ancient Danubius, and in the lower part of its course, Ister; German Donau; Slovak Dunaj; Hungarian Duna; Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian Dunav; Romanian Dunrea; Ukrainian Dunay), second longest river in Europe, and one of the principal transportation arteries on the continent.EEnsi 恩西FFranks法兰克人Franks, group of Germanic tribes that, about the middle of t