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本科毕业论文（设计）题目On Walt Whitmans Free Verse Influence upon Chinese New Poetry论沃尔特惠特曼自由体诗对中国新诗的影响学生姓名廖莹学 号2008111445系 名外语系专业年级英语08级指导教师覃丹职 称副教授单 位百色学院辅导教师职 称单 位完成日期2012年月日ON WALT WHIMANS FREE VERSE INFLUENCE UPON CHINESE NEW POETRYbyLIAO YingA thesisSubmitted in partial fulfillmentOf the requirements for the degree ofBachelor of Arts in Foreign Language Department ofBaiseUniversity May 2012AcknowledgementsI would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who have given me much help throughout this B.A. thesis writing.In the first place, my great indebtedness goes to my supervisor, Qin Dan, who has contributed her precious insight and knowledge towards reading drafts. Her continuous encouragement and inspiration has enabled me to solve all the difficulties. Without her kind help, Im afraid that the completion of this thesis wouldnt have become true.Secondly, I would like to show my sincere thanks to my dear roommates who offer much useful advice to my thesis writing.Finally, I want to express my profound gratitude to my parents .Its their encouragement and support that has given me self-confidence during my thesis writing.Table of ContentsAcknowledgementsiAbstract in EnglishiiiAbstract in Chineseiv1. Introduction11.1An Introduction to Walt Whitmans Free Verse11.2An Introduction to New Poetry22. Literature Review on Whitmans Free Verse43 The Influence of Free Verse on Chinese Poetry63.1 The Influence on New Poetrys Modern Consciousness63.1.1. The Definition of Modern Consciousness73.1.2. Guo Moruos Modern Consciousness in His Poetry73.1.3. Aiqings Modern Consciousness in His Poetry93.2 The Influence on New Poetrys Skill103.2.2The Influence on New Poetrys Artistic Form133.3 The Influence on Poetrys Language144. Conclusions16Works Cited17AbstractFree verse was born in nineteenth Century, the United State; it is the founder of the United States of Americas most eminent romantic poet Walt Whitman. His book leaves of grass once come out, immediately aroused strong repercussion in American poetry. Free verse to break through the traditional poetry, create no grid, no law, no rhyme, structure of free and flexible features strongly and directly to the common ideal of life.At the beginning of twentieth Century, Whitmans free verse in China the greatest impact, 1919 Whitmans poetry has been translated into Chinese, the Chinese New Poetry Movement played a role in adding fuel to the flames and enlightenment. Thus, Whitmans free verse on our new poets on poetry creation of modern poetry and language skills, have a certain impact on. In this way, hope to make more poetry literature lovers to a deeper understanding of Whitmans free verse to our Chinese New Poetry impact.Key words：Walt Whitman, free verse，Chinese new poetry，influence摘要自由体诗诞生于19世纪的美国，它的创始人是美国最杰出的浪漫主义诗人沃尔特惠特曼。他的著作草叶集一经问世，立即在美国诗坛上引起强烈反响。自由体诗以冲破传统的诗歌格律，开创无格，无律，无韵，结构自由且灵活的特点强烈而直接的歌颂了平凡生活的理想。20世纪初，惠特曼的自由体诗在中国影响最大，1919年惠特曼的诗歌已经被译介到中国，对中国新诗运动的发展，起到了启蒙与推波助澜的作用。由此得出，惠特曼的自由体诗对我国新诗诗人在诗歌创作的现代性，诗歌技巧及语言上产生了一定的影响。借此，希望能让更多的诗歌文学爱好者们更深入地了解惠特曼自由体诗对我国中国新诗体产生的影响。关键词：沃尔特.惠特曼,自由体诗，新诗，影响20 1 Introduction1.1An Introduction to Walt Whitmans Free VerseOne of Americas most beloved and influential writers Walt Whitman (18191892) brought a radical democratic inclusiveness to literature transforming the diverse, sometimes pedestrian image of his culture into soaring, fresh poetry thought his exuberant personality. He opened the way for modern writer by experimenting with innovative social and sexual themes and by replacing rhyme and meter with a freeflowing proselike poetic form that followed the natural rhythms of voice and feeling. Whitman was born in Long Island. In addition to the literary creation, he also worked as a reporter, a teacher, an archivist and so forth, and volunteered as a nurse during the American Civil War. Since 11 years old, Whitman no longer received formal school education. He devoted himself to work in order to raise the family. In New Orleans, he witnessed a slave auction - a very common thing. At this time, Whitman began to focus on writing poetry. In his early writing career, he also published a novel Franklin Evans (1842) which advocated temperance. Whitmans important work Leaves of Grass, privately printed in 1855, tried to let the general public know the American Epic. And he had kept adding, deleting and polishing it before passing away in 1892.Whitmans poetry seemed more Americanized; it showed a distinct personality characteristic of American, full of obvious consciousness of American. The power of Whitmans poems seemed to come from the feverish zest he spontaneously expresses. He produced an enterprising and fuzzy nature in his poems by creatively repeating rhythms. The breaking from the past poems made his poetry a model for French symbolists (and also affected the subsequent surrealism), and also played a role in the works of some modernist poets (Ezra Pound, Eliot, Auden and so on). These forces can be manifested in his poetry, Leaves of Grass (1855 )From leaves of grass set published, then American poetry has experienced great changes. At that time，Whitman received criticism and by a chorus of cynics out there. But now, Whitman has peremptory become the flag of the American poetry in nineteenth century. As well as Whitman of the influence of the poetry is that first of all: it flatly break the traditional English poetry, and created an unprecedented new poetry form. Then, in Whitmans poetry as always express to self, life, liberty, and people of faith. Such as well as the characteristics of Whitmans free verse, so it certainly played an important role at the time of the new literature reform of Chinese scholars literary creation.1.2An Introduction to New PoetryIt is well known that Chinese classical poetry has a long history and has a glory of achievement. However, since the 19th century, the creation of classical poetry gradually went rigid and the Parnassus was filled with old shibboleths. Written words adopted by classical poetry went adrift from that of everyday use. Limitations on forms and very limited space were severe bondage for people to manifest the increasingly sophisticated social life and feelings. Therefore, with the advent of the May Fourth New Culture Movement and the penetration of advanced Western culture, a fresh poetic form that was totally independent of archaic poetry called “vernacular poems” thus came into being. It was, with no doubt, an epoch-making practice- with an unprecedented new life, it straightly faced a tremendous glory in the history! It was thus the origin of modern verse and the reason for the name “modern verse”.Modern verse is different from classical poetry. Classical poetry is often rhymed and some need to have level and oblique tone and antithesis. Whereas modern verse is free from rhythm, level and oblique tone and antithesis. It only needs refined imagoes and its way of creating is quite free. In the embryonic period, to free from the shackles of classical poetry in form, it advocated to use plain language and sayings in poetry and use the expression of poets real feelings as the primary coverage. Therefore, modern poetry was then also called “vernacular poems”. On February 6, 1917, the “New Youth” Vol. 2 published 8 vernacular poems of Hu Shi, which was the mother batch of modern poetry in Chinese New Poetry Movement. Hus “Attempt Collection” (1920) is the first poetry anthology that is written vernacularly.With the birth of modern verse, a batch of outstanding overseas students introduced free verse to China, for the purpose of freeing Chinese poetry from the already rigescent pre-Tang poetry as soon as possible. Many poets were inspired by modern verse. And GuoMoruo was not only inspired by Whitmans romantic poetry, but was the first one to translate Whitmans poetry into Chinese. And Guos Goddess（1921）is the first poem showing a fresh appearance in both inward and artistic side. Besides, it made a significant contribution to establish the position of modern verse.An important motive for the occurrence and the explosion of the new poetry movement is that, it forwardly accepted the influence of poetry in foreign countries, basing on absorbing the art of traditional poetry. The exploration of numerous poets and creations of some outstanding poets made it possible for modern poetry to be mature and diversified. Since the May Fourth Movement, modern poetry has become the main part of Modern Chinese Poetry. Some of the Chinese poets were more or less directly inspired and stimulated by the western ancient and modern poetry. Zhu Ziqing said that the greatest impact for the generation of modern poetry is from foreign countries, which corresponded with the reality. It was almost impossible for modern poetry to flourish and diversify without the extreme exoteric characteristic in culture during the May Fourth Movement and thirstily absorbing the nutrition of foreign poetry. 2. Literature Review on Whitmans Free VerseThe middle of the nineteenth Century, Walt Whitman used free verse as the main genre to creation Leaves of Grass”. From leaves of grass set published, Whitman received criticism and by a chorus of cynics out there. Walt Whitmans free verse breaks through the harsh English poetrys traditional forms, and creates a genre of poetry with no grid, no law, no rhyme, the structure is free, flexible and praises of ordinary life and ideal. With the book Leaves of Grass publication, it also got a highly controversial at the time. The London Review News from the perspective of the art reported the poetry of Whitmans free verse that“Whitmans free verse poetry have against the art of traditional poetry. Bostons correspondents criticize Whitmans free verse that is pompous, arrogant, vulgar and boring.” In the field of the United States literary studies, the Professor of New York University Gaia Wilson Allen is committed to Whitman studies over half a century. His achievement was remarkable. Professor Allen had used the theory of literary creation to research Whitmans life experiences and his poetry writing style that obtained: It should be divided Whitmans life experiences and his poetry style into two sides to treat them, this two are pretty but not the same. Whitmans free verse has a far-reaching in foreign country. Denmark scholar F. Sharansky Berg used Danish to book Whitman”. In this book the author from the view of psychological point to explore Whitman since 1855 to his later years in the changes of Whitmans creation psychological. In China, the earliest text of Whitmans presentation had seen in a long article of Tian Hans long article of The civilians poet Whitman hundred years memory .It referred to Whitmans free verse influence Chinese new Poetry. The scholar ChangXu, was published the thesis in the Chuxiong Normal University paper in 1988 named he found a“ crater”. The scholar is in the view of the creation to examine how Whitman impact GuoMoruo in his creation. He point out several aspects: Firstly, the poet has a good feeling to himself; secondly, the poet has a strong self-expression; last, the uninhibited form of the verse. The first generation of vernacular poet Liu Yanling used the method of parallel research to illustrate Whitmans free verse influence Chinese new poetry and got the result that: The free verse have broken the shackling of classical poetry, to extinguish the old spirit and kindled a new spirit. The results of this study were as same as our Chinese poetry which break the tradition and show the individuality at that time. In short, the scholars both at home and abroad as well as Whitman and his free verses study each have their harvest. The free verse how to influence in the thought and in the poem style, the domestic and the foreign scholars all has many views. But in the early 20th century Whitmans free verse have a huge impact on our Chinese new poetry and even the worlds literary creation is a truth. And in Americans literary world Walt Whitmans free verse had become a banner in the 19th century of US. 3 The Influence of Free Verse on Chinese Poetry3.1 The Influence on New Poetrys Modern Consciousness Whit the influence of Walt Whitmans free verse, the creation of our Chinese new poetry has more and more similar in it. There also include the modern consciousness. We all know that Whitman is always a democracy poet. He loves enthusiastic to song of freedom, his era, and the laborer in different field. Certainly, we also can see this modern consciousness in our new poetry.3.1.1. The Definition of Modern Consciousness It is so called that modern consciousness is to transform the poets options. It does not regard as the tool of conveying truth or entertainment rather than regard as a kind of art. The poet stands in his time to see the forefront by his objective vision, survey the achievement by his scientific spirit and instruct the current self-consciousness. Modern consciousness is a diachronic concept. It is not the proprietary of the scholars who lived in 1990s.Every era has its special modern consciousness. Therefore, modern consciousness changes upon the time. Chinese poetry modernize is consistent with all the literature modernize steps in the whole 20 century. Although the process is very difficult, it still marches on overall. Western literature praises and expresses the social emotional democracy and freedom. Moreover, it expresses the poets ideals. However, the beginning and development of Chinese poetry movement is influenced from the western partly. Walt Whitmans poems become a kind of comfortable and relax melody with his unrestrained enthusiasm. They become a kind of electric free verse poetry with his unrestrained imagination. They become a kind of poetic style of bohemian with the aspect of the discussions.3.1.2. Guo Moruos Modern Consciousness in His Poetry Who is influenced deeply by Walt Whitman among the Chinese poem in the early 20 century? I think Guo Moruo is the well-deserved one. In 1919, Guo started to approach to Walt Whitman by Rebel of Leaves of Grass, which is Japanese famous book in Japan. He thought that. so that in August 1921, Guo published his first collection of poem Goddness. Whitman influenced Guo. It reflected in Goddness such as , which is the best witness. They were the concentrated reflation of era spirit by the rebel wills and democracy freedom. It is also the basic content of Leaves of Grass. Similarly, Guo praised the nature and labors just like as Whitman. There is something close relationship between the nations and their ideals. After reading part of Leaves of Grass and Goodness, Guo and Whitmans poems are expressed by the first person. They took “self-conscious” as the representative of the times. For example of Guos The Earth, My Mother：The Earth, my mother!I envy for your devoted son, in the fields of farmers,they are the nanny of all mankind,often you caress them.The Earth , my mother!I envy for your spoil son , the charcoal pit workers,they are Prometheus of all mankind, often you embrace them. （1724）. From these verse, we can know that the poet loved and gratitude the land very much. The verses which he praised the labors revealed the flavor of the times at that time. They were mutual echo to the background of the anti-feudal democratic ideals. Meanwhile, democracy is an important part of Whitmans thoughts. Therefore, Whitman influenced Guo to create his poems. We can see these verses from the No.9verse in Rebel of Leaves of Grass: /THROUGH the ample open door of the peaceful country barn,/A sun-lit pasture field, with cattle and horses feed;/And haze, and vista, and the far horizon, fading away/（paragraph. 9）From these verses we can see that Whitman descripted a lively picture of the village barriers, moreover, he was in bulging in the joy of harvest. From the verses, we can see that the poet praised and loved the labors even the working people. From these two poems we can see that Whitman and Guo are not belong to the same era, but they are all respect the workers.In The Earth, My Mother, the poet not only praised the workers and peasants who struggled for the liberation to the new China. It is rare at the old China that using “I” to show the spirit poems.3.1.3. Aiqings Modern Consciousness in His Poetry Ai Qing, who was the forefront of Chinese poetry from the 1930s to the 1940s.He aborted the impact of Whitman well and got achievement. Ai Qing came to contact with Whitman in the early 1930s in France. He took some suggest in the Poetics and Poet theory. Such as: “The poem melody is the lifes melody”; “Prefer to nudity, but never let the clothes do not fit to suffocate your breath”.These styles are all consistent with the idea of Whitman free verse. A critic who reference of authors opinion, name NOT in text had contact with Ai Qing in 1930s said: “Ai Qing writes the road, the marine, to write them a broad and magnanimous make us think of Whitman; Sometimes he uses Whitmans style long sentence in order to accommodate their endless flood of poetry selection.” Ai Qing in his poetry “To the Sun，Song of the Sun” said that:Walt.Whitman Inspiration from the sun The mind likes the oceans Write the poem likes widely oceans(8-11，part5) It is easy to see that Ai Qing is also such a mind the same as Whitman singing his country and era.Now lets look some excerpts about Aiqings Road