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高分子材料工程专业英语 材料科学与工程系 崔秀国 教授 Tel主要内容及要求 主要内容: PART A: Unit 1-Unit 10 阶段复习 期中考试,闭卷,考核专业英语词汇掌握情况 PART B (部分), PART C (部分) 总复习(重点:专业词汇,典型句型翻译,快速阅读英译汉) 期末:专业英语翻译能力考察 要求: 考勤 10%,根据学校规定: 旷课3次以上,取消考试资格; 课堂测验及作业20%, 期中考试40%, 期末翻译30%. Words and Expressions Clean, 完全的,彻底的; sharply, 明显地,精明地,敏锐地,突然地,急剧地 Increasingly, 越来越。, Striking,显著的, 引人注目的, with respect to 关于,就。而论 Thereafter,此后 Distort,畸变,扭变,变形。 Consistency, 浓度,密度,稠度,一致性,坚固性。 Assume, 呈。形式,面貌 Peculiarity, 独特性,特色,特质,特殊的东西,怪癖。 issue from, 由。产生,由。得出。 Adventitious dventiSs,外来的,偶然的,abstract, 分离,转移 profound,意义深远的,深刻的,notably,显著的,著名的, 这个句型很有用 just as it is not necessary for to be , it is also not necessary for to be 正如 。不一定是。一样, 。也不一定是。 The moment, 一。就。 Unit 1 What are Polymers? Sodium chloride, 氯化钠, potassium sulfate, 硫酸钾; sulfuric acid, 硫酸 Settle,使(液体)澄清,沉淀,沉降 Precipitate, 使沉淀,使凝结 Precipitant,沉淀剂 Stir, 搅拌 Saturation, 饱和 - Unsaturation, 不饱 和 Dissolution, n,溶解 -Dissolve, vt, 溶解 Viscous, a, 粘稠的 -Viscosity, 粘度(性) Polymer,聚合物,高聚物 Macromolecule, 大分子,高分子 Molecule, 分子 - Atom, 原子 Molecular Weight, 分子量 Monomer, 单体 Repeat Unit, 重复单元 - Monomer unit,单体单元 Synthetic, 合成的, 如Synthetic Rubber Synthesis, n, 合成 -Syntheses, vt, 合成 Plastics, 塑料 - Rubber, 橡胶 - Fiber, 纤维 Adhesive, 黏合剂 - Paints, 涂料 Polybutadiene, 聚丁二烯 Polyvinyl alcohol, 聚乙烯醇 Polyvinyl chloride, 聚氯乙烯 Polyester, 聚酯 Polystyrene, 聚苯乙烯 Polypropylene, 聚丙烯 Polyethylene, 聚乙烯 Polyamide, 聚酰胺 Thermoplastics, 热塑性塑料 Thermosetting resin, 热固性树脂 Elastomers, 弹性体 Thermoelastomers, 热塑性弹性体 Segment, 链段 Backbone, 主链,骨架(脊骨,脊柱)/skeleton, 骨骼,骨架( 建筑),骷髅 Skeleton atom (structure),骨架原子(结构) substituent, substituted group,取代基 side(pendant, lateral)group,侧基/end group,端基 Side chain, 侧链,支链 Side reaction, 副反应 Linear polymers, 线型高分子/Nonlinear polymers,非线型 高分子 Branched polymers,支化高分子 Crosslinked polymers,交联高分子 Stars and dendrimers,星型高分子及树枝状高分子 Ladder polymers,梯型高分子 Cyclolinear polymers,线型环聚合物/Cyclomatrix polymer, 体型聚合物 Homopolymers and copolymers, 均聚物和共聚 物 Block copolymers,嵌段共聚物 Random copolymers,无规共聚物 Alternating copolymers,交替共聚物 Terpolymers,三元共聚物 Graft copolymers,接枝共聚物 Telechelic polymers,远鳌聚合物,遥爪聚合物 Mono-telechelic polymer,单遥爪聚合物 Di-telechelic polymer,双遥爪聚合物 Amorphous polymers,无定形高分子 /Crystalline polymers,结晶高分子 New Materials Plastics 课堂作业: Branched polymers (学号尾数单)A branched polymer can be visualized(设想,想象) as a liner polymer with branches of the same basic structure as the main chain. Branched polymer are often soluble in the same solvents as the corresponding linear polymer. (学号尾数双) In fact, they resemble(像,类似 ) linear polymers in many of their properties. However, they can sometimes be distinguished from linear polymers by their lower tendency to crystallize or by their different solution viscosity or light-scattering behavior. Heavily branched polymers may swell in certain liquids without dissolving completely. Unit 1 Exercises 1 translate the following into Chinese Not all polymers are built up from bonding together a single kind of repeating unit. At the other extreme, protein molecules are polyamides in which n amino acid repeated unit are bonded together. Although we might still call n the degree of polymerization in this case, it is less useful, since an amino acid unit might be any one of some 20-odd molecules that are found in proteins. In this case the molecular weight itself, rather than the degree of polymerization, is generally used to describe molecule. When the actual content of individual amino acids is known, it is their sequence that is of special interest to biochemists and molecular biologists. 并不是所有的聚合物都是由单一种类的重复单元键接构成。另一个极端情况 是, 蛋白子分子是n个氨基酸重复单元键和在一起的聚酰胺。虽然在这种情 况下,我们仍可称n为聚合度,但已没什么意义,因为一个氨基酸可以是蛋 白质中20多种分子中的任何一个。在这种情况下,通常用来描述分子的是分 子量本身,而不是聚合度。当各种氨基酸的实际含量已知,对生物化学家和 生物学家来说尤其感兴趣的是他们的序列。 2 give a definition for each following word Molecule monomer polymer 分子 The smallest particle into which an element or a compound can be divided without changing its chemical and physical properties; a group of like or different atoms held together by chemical forces 单体 A molecule that can combine with others to form a polymer 聚合物 Any of numerous natural and synthetic compounds of usually high molecular weight consisting of up to millions of repeated linked units, each a relatively light and simple molecule. 3 put the following words into Chinese Structure data equation pressure liquid laboratory solid molecule temperature measurement compound electrical 结构 数据 方程 压力 液体 实验室 固体 分子 温度 测量法 化合物 电 的 4 put the following words into English 科学 技术 化学 物理 气体 原子 性质 试验 增加 减少 混合物 Science, technology, chemistry, physics, gas, atom, property, experiment ,increase, decrease, mixture 高分子材料专业英语2 材料科学与工程系 崔秀国 Unit 2 Chain Polymerization Words and ExpressionsWords and Expressions Olefin, 烯烃;olefinic, 烯烃的,unsaturated, 不饱和的 Eliminate, 消除,打开,除去,淘汰;elimination, 淘 汰,打开,除去,名词; Double bond, 双键 initialiniSl, 形容词,最初的,开始的。名词:首字 母,特大的大写字母。 Initiator, 引发剂。Radical, 自由基; ion, 离子, ionic, 离子的,ionic polymer, 离子聚 合物, ionomer,离聚体, Active state, 活性中心 Transfer from to 从。转移到。 。 Chain reaction, 连锁反应 Oneafter the other 一个接一个。 。 Terminate, 终止 Lie in 处于,落在,在于 Interpret,解释,把。理解为, 把 。看作。 Chlorine-hydrogen, 氯气-氢气反应; Decomposition of phosgene,光气(碳 酰氯)的分 The initiation reaction,引发反应,初始反 应, Activation, 活化(作用),活化过程 Bring about,引起,产生,导致 Irradiation,辐射,照射。ultrasonics, 超声波 Imply, 暗指,含有。的意思 regard, 把。看作。 from a superficial point of view, 从表面上看 Even though=even if ,即使,纵然 In the strictest sense, 严格地讲 In addition to 除了。之外,在。 起重要作用 PolymerizationPolymerization Condensation (step reactions),缩合聚合(逐步反 应) Addition reactions, 加成反应 (加成聚合) Chain polymerization, 链式聚合反应 Ring-opening polymerizations,开环聚合 Free-radical polymerization, 自由基聚合 Ionic polymerization, 离子型聚合 Emulsion polymerization, 乳液聚合 Microemulsion polymerization,微乳液聚合 Suspension polymerization, 悬浮聚合 Solution polymerization,溶液聚合 Precipitation polymerization, 沉淀聚合 Seed polymerization,种子聚合 课后作业: Page10,EXERCISES 全文翻译 READING MATERIALS 高分子材料与工程专业 英语3 材料科学与工程系 崔秀国 自由基聚合相关的词汇归纳 Radical chain polymerizationRadical chain polymerization Radical,自由基/Initiator,引发剂/ Unsaturated monomer, 不 饱和单体 Organic peroxide, 有机过氧化物/hydroperoxide, 过氧化氢 Redox agent, 氧化还原试剂 Azo compounds,偶氮化合物 Organometallic reagents,有机金属 Irradiation,光辐射,紫外光照射 High energy radiation, 高能辐射 Homolytic dissociation, 均裂 Chain initiation, 链引发反应/chain propagation,链增长反应 Steady-state assumption, 稳态假设 Rate of polymerization,聚合速率 Chain transfer,链转移/chain termination ,链终止反应 Combination, 偶合(终止),结合 Disproportionation, 歧化(终止) 英文数学公式的读法 UNIT 3 Step-Growth Polymerization 缩合聚合词汇归纳缩合聚合词汇归纳: Condensation: Condensation Dimmer, 二聚体,trimer,三聚体,tetramer,四聚体, pentamer,五聚体,Hexamer,六聚体。Heptamer, 七聚体, Oligomer,低聚物,低聚体 Ester,酯/esterification,酯化反应/polyester, 聚酯 Amide,酰胺/ amidation, 酰胺化(作用)/polyamide, 聚酰胺 Polyurethane, 聚氨酯, 弹性体 isocyanate,异氰酸酯。iso-,异,等位,如,isoelectric point,等电离 点。Isobutylene,异丁烯。 Cyanate, 氰酸盐,氰酸酯。Cyanide, 氰化物,如potassium cyanate, 氰 化钾。 Monofunctional, 单官能度的/difunctional,两官能团的 Polyfunctional, 多官能团的,多官能度的 Hydroxyl group, 羟基/Carboxyl group,羧基 Diamine,二元胺/ diol,二元醇/ triol, 三元醇/ polyol,多元醇 dibasic,二元的/ diacid, 二元酸/ amino acid,氨基酸 stoichiometric balance,化学计量平衡/conversion,转化率/yield,产率 The average degree polymerization, 平均聚合度 Words and Expressions Synthesize, v, 合成,synthesis, n, 合成 Step-growth polymerization, 逐步聚合反应 Ester, n, 酯,esterification, 酯化反应, polyester, 聚酯。 amide, n, 酰胺,amidation, 酰胺化反应,polyamide, 聚酰胺, 尼龙 Urethane, =ethyl carbamate, 尿烷,氨基甲酸乙酯, NH2CO2C2H5 Polyurethane, 聚氨酯, 弹性体。 Aromatic, 芳香族的,aromatics,芳香族化合物,香料,芳香剂 。aroma, 香味,aromatic acid, 芳香酸 Substitution取代,取代反应。Substitute,v,取代 Hydroxyl,羟基,hydro-,氢化的,氢的,水的;-oxyl,氧基 ,如methoxyl,甲氧基。 carboxyl, 羧基,carbo-,碳,羰 isocyanate,异氰酸酯。iso-,异,等位,如,isoelectric point ,等电离点。Isobutylene,异丁烯。 Cyanate, 氰酸盐,氰酸酯。Cyanide, 氰化物,如potassium cyanate, 氰化钾。 Fall into, 归入, 可分为。, Depending on, 根据。 Poly-多,polyfunctional,多官能团的,多官能度的, In a general manner, 一般来说 Whether.or., 无论是。还是。,或者。 或者。,不是。就是。 Matrix, 子宫,矩阵,模型,发源地,基质,母质 Collide, 猛撞,冲突,抵触 By(后in)virtue of。依靠,借助于。 net, 基本的,最后的 Be identical in to, 在。方面和。 是相同的。 Identicalaidentikl, a, 同一的,完全相同的, 相等的,有同一原因(来源)的, Identical twins, 同卵双胞胎,identical equation, 恒等式 Render, 使得。,使变为。 Inactive, 失活 Upset, 打乱,搅乱 课堂作业 Branched polymers A branched polymer can be visualized(设想,想 象) as a liner polymer with branches of the same basic structure as the main chain. Branched polymer are often soluble in the same solvents as the corresponding linear polymer.(学号尾数为 奇数的同学) In fact, they resemble(像,类似) linear polymers in many of their properties. However, they can sometimes be distinguished from linear polymers by their lower tendency to crystallize or by their different solution viscosity or light- scattering behavior. Heavily branched polymers may swell in certain liquids without dissolving completely. (学号尾数为偶数的同学) 高分子材料与工程高分子材料与工程 专业英语专业英语-4-4 材料科学与工程系材料科学与工程系 崔秀国崔秀国 Unit 4 Ionic Polymerization Ion,离子/ionic,离子的/nonionic, 非离子的 cation,正(阳)离子/cationic,正(阳)离子的 Anion,负(阴)离子/anionic,负(阴)离子的 Positive, 正的,阳(性)的/Neutral,中性的 /negative,负的,(阴)性的 Reactivity ratio,竞聚率 Tetrahydrofuran, 四氢呋喃 Alkali metal,碱金属/Phenyl sodium,苯基钠 Isobutylene,异丁烯/isoprene,异戊二烯 Allyl,烯丙基 Stereoregular,立构规整性的 Intermediate,中间产物,中间体 Electrophilic substitution,亲电取代 /nucleophilic substitution,亲核取代 Proton,质子/protic acid,质子酸 Aliphatic compound,脂肪族化合物/Aromatic compound,芳香组化合物 Coordinative polymerization, 配位(离子)聚合 Unit 4 Ionic Polymerization Compulsory, a, 强迫的,强制的,义务的,必修的 Give rise to引起,导致,产生,使。发生。 。 So call所谓 In the presence of。在。存在的情况下, Trace,微量,痕量 Describeas 把。说成。 Prominence, 杰出,声望,卓越,突出,显著。 Modification,改性 Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers Prime, 最初的,基本的,首要的,首位的,最好 的,第一流的 Be associated with,与。有关 Uniquely, 唯一地,独一无二地,独特地,无可匹 敌地 Consequence, n,结果,后果,重要性,重大,推 断,举足轻重 Level off达到平衡,变平缓,趋缓 In most instances, 在大多数情况下 Optimum,optima的复数,最适条件,最适度, 最适合的 Be essential for,对。是必需的 Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers Speak of,谈到。 Differ from,与。不同,或不一致。 Polydisperse, 多分散性的 Heterogeneous,不均匀的,非均相的, Free from,没有。,无。 Contaminant,污物 Impurity, 杂质 In the usually accepted sense, 在能被人们广泛接受的意义上 Lie in,在于。 Statistical, 统计的 Variation ,n,变化,改变 In order to, 为了。 Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers Colligative property, 依数性; Light scattering, 光散射/Viscosity,粘度法 /Ultracentrifugation, 超速离心分离 Sedimentation,沉降法 biase ,斜线,倾向性,偏向。 Be biased toward,有。偏向,偏于。 。 A variety of,各种各样的 Fractionation,分级 Solubility, 溶解性/Permeability, 渗透性 Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers Reading Materials Distillation, 蒸馏 Extract, v,萃取,extraction, 萃取 Secondary valence force, 次(化合)价力 Hold to 坚持,紧握 Precipitate,沉淀 Come out,长出,(花)开,由。产生,由。出 来,结果是,显现,(污点)被去掉,(颜色)被褪去, (题目)被解出,(商品)被展出,被供应,(总数)计 ,总计 Swell,溶胀, gel,凝胶,溶胶,sol,溶胶-凝胶法,sol-gel Toluence,甲苯 Methanol,甲醇 Unit 5. Reading Materials Miscible, 可混溶的,miscibility,相溶性(分 子层面上的混溶) compatible,相容的, Compatibility,相容性( 相层面上的混溶) Hydrolytic, 水解的, Degradation, 降解反应。 Polysaccharide, 多糖,聚糖 Uniform, (尺寸、大小,形状等)均一的 distribution,分布 Emulsify, 乳化, Protective colloid, 保护胶体。 Unit 5. Reading Materials Dispersion, 分散相,分散体系 Emulsion polymerization, 乳液聚合 Coagulate, 凝结 Electrolyte, 电解质 Mill, 研磨机。 Spray, 喷雾 Cellulose, 纤维素/Lignin,木质素/Pectin,果胶/Flax ,亚麻纤维 Isolate, 隔离,析出,绝缘 Propopectin, 原果胶/Protocellulose,原纤维素 Bring about, 带来,造成 Pulp,浆状物,wood pulp,木浆 Sulfite,亚硫酸盐 Unit 5. Reading Materials Residue, 残余物 Stir, 移动,摇动,搅拌,激动 Vessel, 容器 Granule, 颗粒,细粒 Renew, 修复,重复,更新 Zone,区,带,层 Dialysis,渗析 Registration,(仪器)记录,读数 Together with, 和,加之,连同 课后作业,下周一交 P24, 2, 3. P31, Reading Materials,全文翻译. The molecular weight of a polymer is of prime importance in its synthesis and application. Prime, 最初的,基本的,首要的,首位的,最好的 ,第一流的 Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers 对聚合物的合成和应用而言,聚合物的分子量是最重要的。 The interesting and useful mechanical properties which are uniquely associated with polymeric materials are a consequence of their high molecular weight. 令人感兴趣的和具有使用价值的力学性能与高分子材料存在的 唯一的相关性,而这些性能是聚合物的高分子量带来的。 聚合物材料的高分子量带来了令人感兴趣的和具有利用价值的 力学性能。 Most important mechanical properties depend on and vary considerably with molecular weight. Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers 最重要的力学性能取决于分子量,而且随着分子量变化而发生很 大的变化。 Thus strength of polymers does not begin to develop until a minimum molecular weight of about 5000- 10000 is achieved. 因此,直到最小的分子量增大到5000到10000以后,聚合物的强 度才开始显现出来。 Above that size, there is a rapid increase in the mechanical performance of polymers as their molecular weight increases; the effect levels off at still higher molecular weights. Level off达到平衡,变平缓,趋缓 Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers 分子量大于这个值的时候,随着分子量的增加,聚合物的机械 性能快速增加;达到更高的分子量的时候,这种效应才变平缓。 In most instances, there is some molecular weight range in which a given polymer property will be optimum for a particular application. In most instances, 在大多数情况下 Optimum,optima的复数,最适条件,最适度,最适合的 在大多数情况下,对于某种特定的应用来说,某种聚合物存在着某一个分子 量范围。 The control of molecular weight is essential for the practical application of a polymerization process. Be essential for,对。是必需的 Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers 聚合物分子量的控制对聚合过程的实际应用而言是必需的。 对实际的聚合过程而言,必须控制聚合物的分子量。 When one speaks of the molecular weight of a polymer, one means something quite different from that which applies to small-sized compounds. Speak of,谈到。 当人们谈到聚合物分子量的时候,就意味着与小分子化合物完全 不同的概念。 Polymers differ from the small-sized compounds in that they are polydisperse or heterogeneous in molecular weight. Differ from,与。不同,或不一致。 Polydisperse, 多分散性的 Heterogeneous,不均匀的,非均相的, Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers 聚合物与小分子量化合物的不同在于聚合物的分子量是多分散性的或不均匀 的。 Even if a polymer is synthesized free from contaminants and impurities, it is still not a pure substance in the usually accepted sense. Free from,没有。,无。 Contaminant,污物 Impurity, 杂质 In the usually accepted sense,在能被人们广泛接受的意义上 即使聚合物在没有污物和杂质的情况下被合成,在人们广泛接受的意义上, 它仍然不是纯物质。 Polymers, in their purest form, are mixture of molecules of different molecular weights. Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers 最纯净的聚合物是具有不同分子量的分子的混合物。 The reason for the polydispersity of polymers lies in the statistical variations present in the polymerization processes. Lie in,在于。 Statistical, 统计的 Variation vrieiSn,n,变化,改变 聚合物多分散性在于聚合过程中展现的统计变化。 When one discusses the molecular weight of a polymer, one is actually involved with its average molecular weight. 当我们讨论聚合物的分子量,准确的含义是平均分子量。 Both the average molecular weight and the exact distribution of different molecular weights within a polymer are required in order to fully characterize it. In order to, 为了。 Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers 为了充分地表征聚合物,不仅要求平均分子量,而且也要求聚合 物内不同分子量的确切的分布情况。 The control of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution (MWD) is often used to obtain and improve certain desired physical properties in a polymer product. 为了获得和改善聚合物产品的某些理想的物理性质,我们经常需 要控制分子量和分子量分布。 Various methods are available for the experimental measurement of the average molecular weight of a polymer sample. Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers 在聚合物样品平均分子量的实验测试中有许多方法可以利用。 These include methods based on colligative properties, light scattering, viscosity, ultracentrifugation, and sedimentation. Colligative property, 依数性; Light scattering, 光散射 Viscosity,粘度法 Ultracentrifugation, 超速离心分离 Sedimentation,沉降法 这些方法基于依数性,光散射,粘度法,超速离心分离,沉降法 。 The various methods do not yield the same average molecular weight. Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers 不同的方法得到不同的平均分子量。 Different average molecular weights are obtained because the properties being measured are biased differently toward the different sized polymer molecules in a polymer sample. biase bais,斜线,倾向性,偏向 Be biased toward。,有。偏向,偏于。 得到不同的平均分子量,是因为所测得的性质对样品中 不同尺寸的聚合物分子有不同的偏差(倾向性)。 Some methods are biased toward the larger sized polymer molecules, while other methods are biased toward the smaller sized molecules. Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers 一些方法对较大尺寸的聚合物分子有偏差(倾向性),而另外一 些方法则对较小尺寸的聚合物分子有偏差(倾向性)。 The result is that the average molecular weights obtained are correspondingly biased toward the larger or smaller sized molecules. 所获得的平均分子量分别对较大的或较小的分子有(偏差)倾向 性。 The most important average molecular weights which are determined are the number-average molecular weight Mn, the weight-average molecular weight Mw and the viscosity-average molecular weight Mv.。 被测定的最重要平均分子量有数均分子量Mn, 重均分 子量Mw,和粘均分子量Mv. Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers In addition to the different average molecular weights of a polymer sample, it is frequently desirable and necessary to know the exact distribution of molecular weights. 另外,聚合物样品的不同的平均分子量经常需要知道确切的分子 量分布。 A variety of different fractionation methods are used to determine the molecular weight distribution of a polymer sample. A variety of,各种各样的 FractionationfrkSneiSn,分级 Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers 各种各样的不同的分级方法被用来确定聚合物样品的分子量分布。 These are based on fractionation of a polymer sample using properties, such as solubility and permeability, which vary with molecular weight. Solubility, 溶解性 Permeability, 渗透性 这些方法基于使用诸如溶解性,渗透性等性质进行聚合物样品 的分级,这些性质随着分子量变化而变化。 Purification of Polymers聚合物的提纯 The usual purification operations used with low molecular weight compounds (for example, distillation and recrystallization) are usually not applicable to macromolecular compounds. 针对低分子量化合物通常的提纯方法,如蒸馏和重结晶通常都不能用于高 分子化合物。 Distillation, 蒸馏 Macromolecular compounds are not volatile and cannot simply be recrystallized from saturated solutions. One therefore has to be satisfied with extracting them in suitable solvents and thus removing the impurities. Volatilevoltail, 飞行的,易挥发的,快活的,爆炸性的,易激动的,反 复无常的,短暂的。 Extract, v,萃取,extraction, 萃取 高分子化合物不是挥发性的,而且不能简单地从饱和溶液中再结晶。因此 人们不得不用合适的溶剂来萃取这些高分子,从而去除杂质。 Unit 5 Reading Materials The purificati
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