[法律资料]研究生入学统一考试英语复习.doc

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语复习考试说明全国硕士研究生入学统一考试是为高等学校和科研机构招收硕士研究生而设置的。其中，英语实行全国统一考试。它的评价标准是高等学校非英语专业优秀本科毕业生能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，有利于各高等学校和科研机构在专业上择优选拔。一、评价目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：（一）语言知识1.语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。2.词汇考生应能掌握5500左右的词汇以及相关词组。英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到当今科技发展和社会进步的影响。这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。此外，硕士研究入学英语考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握涉及个人好恶、生活习惯、宗教信仰，以及本人工作或专业等方面的特殊词汇。（二）语言技能1.阅读考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料（生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%），还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献、技术说明和产品介绍等。对所读材料，考生应能：1）理解主旨要义；2）理解文中的具体信息；3）理解文中的概念性含义；4）进行有关的判断、推理和引申；5）根据上下文推测生词的词义；6）理解文章的总体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系；7）理解作者的意图、观点或态度；8）区分论点和论据。2.写作考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，以及一般描述性、叙述性、说明性或议论性的文章。写作时，考生应能：1）做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当；2）遵循文章的特定文体格式；3）合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯；4）根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当选用语域。考生应能掌握的语言技能包括听，说，读，写四种能力。但是由于听力能力和口语能力的考察在复试中进行，因此这里只列出读，写两种技能。指在书面和口语表达中根据不同的交际对象，所采用的话语方式，即正式、一般非正式的话语二、考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构（一）考试形式考试形式为笔试。考试时间为180分钟。满分为100分。试卷分试题册和答题卡。答题卡分为答题卡1和答题卡2.考生应将145题的答案按要求填涂在答题卡1上，将4652题的答案写在答题卡2上。（二）考试内容与试卷结构试题分三部分，共52题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。第一部分英语知识运用该部分不仅考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、表达方式和结构）的掌握程度，而且还考查考生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的辨识能力等。共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。在一篇240280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。考生在答题卡1上作答。第二部分阅读理解该部分由A、B、C三节组成，考查考生理解书面英语的能力。共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。A节（20题）：主要考查考生理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念性含义，进行有关的判断、推理和引申，根据上下文推测生词的词义等能力。要求考生根据所提供的四篇（总长度约为1600词）文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。考生在答题卡1上作答。B节（5题）：主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。本部分有3种备选题型。每次考试从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。考生在答题卡1上作答。备选题型有：1）本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6-7段文字，要求考生根据文章内容从这6-7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段2）在一篇长度约500600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已经被打乱，要求考生根据文章内容和结构将所列段落（7-8个）重新排序。其中有2-3个段落在文章中的位置已经给出。3）在一篇长度为500词的文章的前或后有6-7段文字或6-7个概括句或小标题，这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括、阐述或举例。要求考生根据文章内容，从这6-7个选项中选出最恰当的5段文字或5个标题填入文章的空白处。C节（5小题）：主要考察考生准确理解概念或结构较复杂的英语文字材料的能力。要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章，并将其中5个划线部分（约150词）译成汉语，要求疑问准确、完整、通顺。考生在答题卡2上作答。第三部分写作该部分由A、B两节组成，考查考生的书面表达能力。总分30分。A节：考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等。考生在答题卡2上作答。满分10分。B节：考生根据提示信息写出一篇160200词的短文（标点符号不计算在内）。提示信息的形式有主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等。考生在答题卡2上作答。满分20分。硕士研究生入学考试将英译汉试题作为阅读理解的一部分，其目的是测试考生根据上下文准确理解概念或复杂结构并用汉语正确予以表达的能力。复习1. 完型填空（20*0.5=10）完型填空主要测试考生结合上下文的综合理解能力和语言运用能力，即在阅读理解的基础上对篇章结构，语法和词汇知识的运用能力的考查，这是对完型填空的定位。大纲明确指出对完型填空考核的重点：语法、固定搭配、近义词辨析和逻辑关系四大类题型。这种提法针对性更强。考生可从历年真题中按照提示的四类题型去准备和复习有关考研完型填空方面的知识点，这样可以做到事半功倍的效果。 同时考虑到完型填空在历年考研中得分较低，大纲明确了考生解答完型填空题的思路，对于考生备考和解题都更具针对性。即：“从上下文的角度来考虑”和“运用逻辑推理”，这两点都要求考生大到对文章整体的把握，小到对句子之间和句子内部把握，区别在于前者强调的是文章内容的一致，后者强调的是文章逻辑的一致；“从惯用法和搭配的角度来考虑问题”，这点要求考生对惯用法和搭配要有更多积累。 2. 阅读理解 （20*2+5*2=50）就阅读理解而言，由于这是一个大家非常熟悉的题型，也连着考了10几年，命题专家都有丰富的经验来应对它，因此每次考试最稳定的就是四选一的阅读理解题。就文章题材来说，近几年越来越重视对人文科学的考查，平时要多注重阅读一些英美经济文化科技方面的报刊书籍，例如The Economist (经济学家)，Newsweek (新闻周刊)，Times (时代周刊)以及The Times (泰晤士报)上面的文章。在寻找材料时，要有选择，比如说不要涉及政治方面及时事方面比较敏感的话题，如种族歧视、宗教信仰、战争评论等。 有关2009年的阅读理解文章来源，考试大纲也已经明确表态，文章来源依旧是英语国家原版报刊或书籍，绝大多数是评论性的文章（即除文学作品以外的其他类型的短文）。由于新闻记者惯用“引用”的方法，考研的文章经常喜欢正反交替举例，先说作者认同的，然后又是作者要批评的、揭露的，再是用实例来论证作者的观点。这种语篇思维模式会给考生在阅读理解中造成很大的障碍。正因为难，考研命题专家就非常青睐这类语篇，来命题目。近两年，这种题目每次都有，而且得分率也很低，因此需要大家平时阅读时要多注重对于作者观点、立足点、态度语气的把握。 最后从语言难度来看，08年的阅读文章无论从词汇方面还是从句子方面与往年的难度有所提高，命题和前两年明显不同的是，大量考察了推理和判断题以及细节事实题。09年的阅读难度依旧，文章容易，选项“刁”。生词依然存在，但其比例仍然维持在3%左右。命题的风格、诱惑手段和解题思路也会和08年一致。新题型要求考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握，并具备运用语法知识分析理解长难句的能力。05、06年考查的是难度相对较大的第一种选择搭配题，而07、08年则选择了难度相对较低的第三种选择小标题。可以说，此题型是对语言能力和阅读理解能力的综合测试，因此在要求上远远高于这两种题型，考生有必要对这类题型的答题思路多练习，以提高自己在这个部分的应试能力。 3. 英汉翻译（5*2=10）纵观往年考研试题，我们发现命题者有一个非常清楚的或者非常明显的趋势和导向，就是对于比较难复杂的句子结构和文章的考查是加大比重了。这个体现在我们各个部分的题型当中，尤其以英翻汉部分最为明显。这个也反映出我们的命题者在考虑到各位同学在进入研究生学习之后需要接触大量的专业英语材料，这些材料的特点就是语言结构比较复杂，所以在考研当中考查考生对复杂语言结构和复杂长难句的理解的这种能力就成为了最近几年考试非常明显的特点和趋势。 2009年的翻译不会有任何变化，依旧考察在准确理解的基础上，按照英语语法结构拆分句子，准确、通顺翻译汉语的能力。翻译考点不变，主要考点还是包含对定语从句、状语从句等翻译的考察。考生只需按照自己原有的复习计划进行就可以，不必为翻译作任何复习计划的调整。4. 大作文（10+20）2009年的大作文从命题形式上看，应该还是考核图表和漫画作文。从命题内容上来看，2009年的漫画或图表作文一定还是有关于教育、职业道德、身体健康、家庭关系、环境保护、人口增长以及文化交流等话题。 考研大作文（20分）的要求是很好地完成了试题规定的任务：包含所有内容要点；使用丰富的语法结构和词汇；语言自然流畅，语法错误极少；有效地采用了多种衔接手段，文字连贯，层次清晰。平时练习主要注意两个方面：首先，语言是第一要素；其次，结构层次要清晰。 在语言方面，应把语言错误降低到最低限度。语言错误大致在如下几个方面：第一，主谓一致；第二，时态；第三，冠词的用法；第四，名词的单复数；第五，搭配问题；第六，单词的拼写。检查的时候，一般不要作内容上的修改。阅卷者根本不会意识到所加的话有多么重要，文章多一句话少一句话是不会改变阅卷者印象的。 根据考试大纲的文字来看，今年的应用文写作应依旧是书信的写作，希望考生能够把书信的格式进行进一步的强化。 应用文写作能力的提高不可能一蹴而就，必须经过长期的实践锻炼。重点要注意语域和格式两个问题。在复习阶段，应用文的写作，尤其是书信的写作要注意内容的格式安排，首先要熟悉不同类型的应用文写作格式，注意事项，写作特点等。其次要背诵大量的优秀范文，。再次，是要多动手写作，要写出属于自己的文章。邀请函Dear Mr. Williams,I am writing on behalf of the English Department to invite you to give a lecture in our college. We know that you are an expert on American literature. As English majors, our students would like to know something about American literature. We would be very grateful if you could give a talk on Contemporary American Literature to students of the English Department on Saturday, June 4. If this subject does not suit you, any other similar topic would be welcome as well.We have already had several very interesting talks from some distinguished visitors from various countries and we look forward early to the opportunity to benefit from your experience and wisdom.Yours truly,Linda2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题51. Directions:Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & fashions. But now you find that the word is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision stating your reason(s), and making an apology.Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay ,you should first describe the drawing the interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)51 A Letter, to QuitJun 22, 2005Dear Mr. Wang,First of all, please allow me to express my deep sorry to you for my resignation. I do know that this will bring about much trouble to you so that I write to you for my explanation.I decided to quit for some reasons as follows. To begin with, the job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions is not suitable to me. Whats more, I am preparing for another degree and I prefer to further my study. Again, I apologize for my resignation to you!I am looking forward to your early reply.Sincerely yours,Li MingPart B (20 points)52. 参考范文A Helpless FatherThe picture ironically shows that a pitiable old man in rags is being helplessly kicked off by his three sons and a daughter, who all wear decent clothes. The fathers negligent children are all guarding their home gates lest their old father roll into their households. In other words, they four ignore their moral sense of assuming the responsibility for their old father even though they may be all living a satisfying life. That is a painful scene we often encounter in our daily life.Sad to say, the moral decline of the younger generations may be a rather explosive situation in our modern society. People definitely have their living conditions improved by wider and wider margins, as evidenced by the four childrens decent dressing, but their moral sense still remains sadly unchanged or in some cases becomes dramatically downgrading. Most people might have become too much self-centered, and even worse, they discard the tradition of giving respect to the elderly. They no longer care for their elders, let alone their neighbors or the disadvantaged; instead they try every means to avoid responsibility for other citizens. When one cares for others, one might even appear stupid or may even be distrusted.Therefore, we have to take some useful measures to avoid the scene that is mentioned above. We must launch a variety of campaigns about the return to the good tradition of giving help and love the elderly. Moreover, we must appeal to our government to establish some relevant laws to punish those who avoid their duties. The last but not the least, our respect for age is an indication of the progress of human society, as imperatives of traditions require. We sincerely wish that the old man could be welcome to any of the four households, elegantly dressed, and a smile on the face.2008考研英语小作文范文You just come back from canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forget to return to bob,your landlord there write him a letter to 1）make an apology,and 2）suggest a solution you shoulewrite about 100 words on answer sheet2donot sign your own name at the end of the letter useli ming intetddonot write the address 在以往几年考过了正式语言风格的辞职信、申请信和建议信后，此次小作文转换了写作信函的类型，考查了偏向于私人交流的道歉信。通过列举的提纲，又可以判断出信函不只是要求做道歉，还需要给出相对应的建议来解决问题。因此本题还是把道歉信和建议信混合在一起，只不过道歉的元素更多一些。本文写作难度不大，因为在题目中把出事的原因结果都交代清楚了，考生只需要先道歉，重复发生的情况，描述是由于忘记归还,已把CD带回了国内。考生只在第二部分加以发挥即可，根据举一反三的原则，所提出的解决措施可以列出三个：快件寄回、赔偿费用或下次出国再归还。记住，提纲中的a一般要当作两个以上来处理，才能写出内容和层次。由于是道歉信的模式，开头道歉，结尾最好再道歉一次，主题就更加明确。本文可以按三部分处理，首段直接道歉并交代情况来由，中段讲出解决问题的建议和措施，最后再次道歉并强化礼貌语气。Dear Bob: I have returned home from Canada now and I would like to extend my sincere thanks for your help in Canada. It has been one of my best vacations ever! Back at home, however, I am surprised to find that I mistakenly brought one of your CD home with my luggage, the one which you lent me in summer vacation when I was preparing for a music course test. I am really sorry for this and I hope no bother has been caused because of my mistake. I decide to send it back to you as soon as possible, so would you please send me your current mail address so that the CD can successfully reach you soon?I apologize again for my carelessness, and wish to meet you again soon! Yours Liming 范文为齐头式格式，由于属于私人信件，题目提供的房东的名字是Bob, 文章开始的称呼为 Dear Bob，语气比较随意，所以要按对待一个熟人的口吻来创作。第一段开门见山，使用apologize for结构直接表示道歉。为了不让信息零散出现，首段分别使用了when和such.that.串接信息。语法上，除了在for和without后面使用分词形式，最后一句使用了倒装虚拟语气结构Had., I wouldnt have.，加强了自责和后悔的语气。第二段按议论文模式设定了段首句，但并不需要使用繁复的序列分层语言，因为总的语气不需要太正式。提出的前两种方案用either.or alternatively.灵活列出。而第三种方案也是用If you do not mind来自然衔接。第二段中，动词cherish和compensate比较有特色。第三段中，作者必须再次进行道歉。按照课堂上提出的感谢客气不能少原则，连续两次使用传达礼貌的句型。Please let me know which solution you prefer at your earliest convenience. I really hope you will accept my sincere apology.这是信函中表示道歉的经典句型，值得记忆并实践使用。Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should!) Describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on Answer Sheet 2.文字说明：你一条腿，我一条腿；你我一起，走南闯北。2001-年轻人要培养爱心；2002-年轻人要把民族文化发扬光大；2003-年轻人要自立自强；2004-年轻人要坚持不懈；2005-年轻人要孝敬父母；2006-年轻人要正确看待偶像；2007-年轻人要充满自信；2008-年轻人要融入团队和集体。总之，看得出命题专家们对教育年轻一代的良苦用心。也正因为如此，最近几年的考研作文看上去特别容易推理，总不离长辈对年轻人的谆谆教导。那么，为了让80年代出生的年轻人不走弯路，道德素质成为久盛不衰的考点。As is subtly portrayed in the drawing, two handicapped young men are heading towards their destination with vigorous strides, leaving all their crutches behind. The hardship of disability being no longer an obstacle on their journey, they support each other with firm hands and proceed steadily. The caption indicates that they can travel north and south extensively with combined legs.正如漫画敏锐地描绘的，两个身患残疾的年轻人正在大步流星朝着他们的目的地前进，把拐杖都抛在了身后。残疾的艰难已经不再是他们路途上的障碍，他们互相有力地扶持着稳步前进。图画文字表明你一条腿，我一条腿；你我一起，走南闯北。It is apparent that the cartoonist aims at reminding us of the importance of cooperation in our daily life. Hardly can anyone achieve success in his career without the assistance of his colleagues and partners. As competition in all lines of work grows increasingly fierce, we must defeat our rivals through powerful team work. Take basketball hero Yao Ming for an example, he can slam the dunk smartly because all his teammates contribute more or less to his outstanding performance. Likewise, the successful launching of Change No.1 lunar probe should be attributed to the Chinese scientists joint efforts instead of individual accomplishment. If we work separately, we will be confined to frail minds and limited resources. 卡通画作者显然是为了提醒我们合作在日常生活中的重要性。如果没有同事或搭档的帮助，任何人都不可能在事业上取得成功。由于各行各业的竞争日趋激烈，我们只有通过强大的团队才能击败对手。以篮球英雄姚明为例，他能够潇洒地扣篮，是因为他的队友或多或少成就了他杰出的表现。同样，嫦娥一号探月卫星的成功发射要归功于中国科学家们的集体努力，而不是个人成就。如果我们孤立地工作，必然受到局限，变得意志脆弱，享受不到多少资源。On the basis of the analysis above, we may draw a conclusion that cooperation and team work really count in this competitive society. Therefore, we should associate ourselves harmoniously with our companions in every attempt towards our goals. In addition, it is indispensable to train our kids frequently to interact smoothly with others in a team. As the proverb goes, unity is strength. (241 words)在以上分析的基础上，我们可以得出结论：在竞争社会中，合作和团队极为重要。因此，在实现目标所做的每次努力中，我们都要和我们的同事们默契合作。此外，经常培训我们的下一代也是必不可少的，为了让他们适应在团队中顺利地沟通。正如谚语所说的，团结就是力量。量体裁衣Directions: Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the cartoon,2) interpret its meaning, and3) point out its implications in our life.You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)量体裁衣范文1：This cartoon is silly, and yet compelling: a large customer holds a hopelessly small piece of cloth as the tailor carefully measures. Such an image suggests that one needs to consider practical reality in the pursuance of goals. Merely acting on ones desires, while ignoring the facts at hand, cannot lead to success.The fact that currently there are more graduates than jobs reminds us of the importance of rational thinking. Every year approximately 3 million students graduate from universities and begin looking for work. Many of them fail to find suitable employment because there are simply not enough opportunities to accommodate such great numbers of graduates. In addition, however, one might also cite flawed individual assessment as a reason. In order to create a realistic target for ones future, one must make rational decisions and prepare accordingly. A student who aims to be a surgeon, for example, must take care to acquire opportunities to do clinical practice and gain sufficient knowledge. In other words, customers would do well to take accurate measurements before purchasing their fabric. A small piece of cloth cannot adequately clothe a large person.译文：这幅画很可笑，但引人注目。一位身体庞大的顾客在裁缝仔细地为他量尺寸准备做衣服时，手里却拿着一块小得令人绝望的衣料。这幅画告诉我们，一个人在执行任务的过程中必须考虑到实际情况，仅从主观意愿出发而不顾眼前的事实，是不可能成功的。当前大学生的就业率使我们意识到进行合理思考的重要性，每年有大约300万大学生从学校毕业，寻找工作，他们中的很多人并没有找到一份适合自己的工作，有一个原因是没有足够的就业机会提供给数量如此庞大的毕业生。但除此而外，过高的自我估计也是可能的原因之一。为了能够实现未来目标，一个人必须做出合理的决定，并做好相应的准备。比如一个志在成为外科医生的学生，就必须确保自己有临床实习的机会和足够的知识，换句话说，顾客在购买衣料前必须先量好准确的尺寸，一个大块头是无法穿上一小块布料的。范文2：In the cartoon we can see a large person being measured by a tailor to get suitable clothes made. Anything to be done must be measured in advance so that we are able to find a proper way to do it. If the tailor does not take measurements of the man, then he would not be able to make suitable clothes for this person. This same principle applies to solving any other problem. Firstly, when we want to know the reality of something, we must describe it like it is, getting rid of our prejudices and exaggerations, so that we can have an unbiased view. Secondly, the object should be analyzed in a concrete way so that we can grasp the reasons and rules of it. Thirdly, we must adapt our approach to solving a problem, for each situation is different from the others. So we must view a problem from different perspectives. The cartoon implies different meanings to different people. A teacher should adopt different teaching methods according to the students in the class; a doctor should prescribe different treatments according to the patients symptoms; a farmer should seed different plants according to the various conditions of the earth. From a philosophical point of view, dissimilar problems should be approached differently. Good results come from attentive analysis of a problem.译文：从图中我们可以看到，一个裁缝正在给一位身材高大的人量身定做一件合适的衣服。在做任何事情都应该预先筹划，以便找到恰当的解决办法。如果这个裁缝不为这个人量尺寸，他就不能为他做出一件合适的衣服。 这个道理同样适合解决其它任何问题。首先，当我们要了解某事的真相时，我们必须如实地对其描述，排除任何偏见与夸张，以便我们能够得到真实的情况。其次，具体事物要具体分析，这样我们才能够抓住事物的规律。最后，事物的状态是不断变化的，所以我们应当“因地制宜，同时制宜。”总之，我们要从不同的角度看待问题。 图画的内涵对不同的人有着不同的意义。对于教师来说，面对不同的学生要采取不同的教学方法；对于医生来说，要根据病人的不同病情采用相应的治疗方法；对于农民来说，面对不同的土地状况要种植不同的作物。从哲学角度来说，具体问题要具体分析。好的结果总是来自对问题的仔细分析金字塔Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the picture,2) interpret its meaning, and3) support your view with examples.You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)金字塔是由一块块石头积累成的范文1：One glance at a pyramid can leave the viewer in awe of its beauty and splend or. Upon closer examination, however, one might be surprised to discover that such a grandiose structure is composed entirely of ordinary stones.Most people are familiar with the proverb: Rome was not built in a day. An object as grand as a pyramid is likewise not so quickly or easily constructed. Just as the greatness of the city of Rome is due to the combination of its smaller parts, a pyramid is only as strong as the stones it is comprised of. The image of a pyramid reminds us that great success is in fact an accumulation of small a chievements.History proves that many famous artists and scientists are only successful because of their continued efforts, even after numerous failures. One might recall Leonardo DaVincis drawing of an egg, Wang Xi Zhi practicing handwriting, or Thomas Edison inventing the light bulb, for example. The fable that