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心脏起搏器的原理与发展历程心脏起搏器的原理与发展历程摘 要心脏起搏器(cardiac pacemaker)、,就是一个认为的“司令部”,它能代替心脏的起搏点,使心脏有规律地跳动起来。传统的心脏起搏器是由电池和电路组成的脉冲发生器,能定时发放一定频率的脉冲电流,通过起搏电流导线传输到心房或者心室肌,使局部的心肌细胞受到刺激而兴奋,导致心房和心室的收缩。正常情况下,人体心脏右心房的窦房结能自动地、有节律地发出电脉冲,通过心肌神经传导系统向心脏各部位发出指令,使心肌收缩,心脏跳动,向全身泵送血液。若心肌神经传导系统发生障碍或者窦房结、房窦结不能有规律地发出电脉冲、下传电脉冲,心脏就会出现心律失常,甚至停跳,危及患者生命。人工心脏起搏器可以对患病的心脏根据需要根据需要给予直接电刺激,人为地使心跳正常起来。人工心脏起搏器在形式上可分为体外临时起搏型和植入式(或称永久性或埋藏式)两种,前者供急救性临时起搏,后者供长期性起搏治疗。本文主要讨论的是植入式人工心脏起搏器,即一般意义上的心脏起搏器。以及分析了心脏起搏器植入后的适应性及安全问题,并介绍了未来心脏起搏器的发展前景。 关键词:心脏,脉冲,起搏器,电流,安全,发展Principles pacemakers and development process AbstractCardiac pacemakers (cardiac pacemaker), is a thought , Command , can replace heart pacemaker , the heart beat regularly together . The traditional pacemaker is a battery and a circuit consisting of a pulse generator , to regularly release a certain frequency pulse current , transmitted to the atrial or ventricular pacing current through the wire , so that the local myocardial cells are stimulated and excited , causing the atria and ventricular contraction. Under normal circumstances, the body of the right atrial sinus node can automatically , rhythmic electrical pulses issued , issue commands to the various parts of the heart by cardiac neurotransmission system , myocardial contractility , heart beat , blood pumped to the body . If the occurrence of cardiac nerve conduction system disorders or sinus , atrial sinus node can not send out regular electrical pulses downstream electrical pulse , cardiac arrhythmia occurs , even arrest , endangering the lives of patients. Artificial pacemaker diseased heart can give direct electrical stimulation as needed as needed , to artificially make up the heartbeat to normal . Artificial pacemaker can be divided in vitro in the form of temporary pacing and implantable type (or permanent or buried ), with the former first-aid nature for temporary pacing , pacing the latter for long-term treatment . This paper discusses the implantable artificial heart pacemaker , that pacemaker general sense . And an analysis of the suitability and safety issues pacemaker implantation , and introduces the future development prospects of the pacemaker .Key Words: Heart pulse, the pacemaker current, security, development目 录摘 要- 1 -Abstract- 2 -目 录- 3 -第1章 绪论- 4 -第2章 人工心脏起搏器- 5 -2.1心脏起搏器的原理和构造- 5 -2.1.1心脏起搏器的原理- 5 -2.1.2功能类型:- 5 -2.2.构造- 5 -第3章 心脏起搏器的临床应用- 7 -3.1 长期起搏器的适应症- 7 -3.2.临时性起搏适应症- 7 -3.3.心脏起搏器的植入- 7 -3.4起搏器的适用人群- 8 -第4章 心脏起搏器的标识码及参数- 9 -4.1心脏起搏器标识码- 9 -4.2心脏起搏器输出参数- 9 -第5章心脏起搏器的发展现状- 10 -5.1 我国心脏起搏器的发展- 10 -52现代起搏器技术的确立- 10 -5.3 未来起搏器的发展方向- 11 -第6章 起搏器安全- 12 -谢辞- 13 -参考文献- 15 -第1章 绪论心脏起搏器是一种植入于体内的电子治疗仪器,通过脉冲发生器发放由电池提供能量的电脉冲,通过导线电极的传导,刺激电极所接触的心肌,使心脏激动和收缩,从而达到治疗由于某些心律失常所致的心脏功能障碍的目的。从1958年第一台起搏器应用于人体开始,已经经过了50多年的历史。正常的心脏节律是维持人体功能活动的最基本因素。如果心率过缓,可导致以脑缺血为首发症状的各主要脏器的供血不足的临床综合征。过缓的心律失常也可并发或引发引起快速性心律失常,如慢一陕综合征的房颤及严重过缓心律,Q-T延长导致多形性室速、室颤等,可危及患者的生命。部分患者可能由于反复交替发生窦性停搏和快速房性或室性心律失常(慢一陕综合征),给药物治疗带来困难。心脏起搏器是一种医用电子仪器,它通过发放一定形式的电脉冲,刺激心脏,使之激动和收缩,即模拟正常心脏的冲动形成和传导,以治疗由于某些心律失常所致的心脏功能障碍。心脏起搏器通过不同的起搏方式纠正心率和心律的异常,以及左右心室的协调收缩,提高患者的生存质量,减少病死率。本次毕业设计将通过查阅文献,系统了解心脏起搏器的发展历程,并重点分析其工作原理,了解其主要应用和未来发展趋势。在充实专业知识的同时,提高自己查阅文献,独立思考总结的能力。第2章 人工心脏起搏器最初,人工心脏起搏器的电池部分装在身体的外部,导线从体外通过静脉到达心脏。它们只能在医院内短期使用。后来,鲁内埃尔姆奎斯特在1958年制作了一个放在体内起搏器,锌一汞电波埋在皮下。1960年,瑞典医生奥克森宁为一位病人植入了这种起搏器。电池一直使用了2-3年才更换。在20世纪80年代,起搏器上增加了微处理器。只有在感觉需要起搏器时,病人才启动它。今天的起搏器就更复杂了,起搏器可根据血液的湿度来调节心跳。1988年,一位病人安装了一个核动力起搏器。这个起搏器使用了微量的钚,它可以持续应用20年。之后心脏起搏器的研究步入了相对集中地阶段。2.1心脏起搏器的原理和构造2.1.1心脏起搏器的原理正常的心脏节律是维持人体功能活动的最基本因素。如果心率过缓,可导致以脑缺血为首发症状的各主要脏器的供血不足的临床综合征。过缓的心律失常也可并发或引发引起快速性心律失常,如慢一陕综合征的房颤及严重过缓心律,Q-T延长导致多形性室速、室颤等,可危及患者的生命。部分患者可能由于反复交替发生窦性停搏和快速房性或室性心律失常(慢一陕综合征),给药物治疗带来困难。心脏起搏器是一种医用电子仪器,它通过发放一定形式的电脉冲,刺激心脏,使之激动和收缩,即模拟正常心脏的冲动形成和传导,以治疗由于某些心律失常所致的心脏功能障碍。心脏起搏器通过不同的起搏方式纠正心率和心律的异常,以及左右心室的协调收缩,提高患者的生存质量,减少病死率。2.1.2功能类型:(1)心房按需(AAI)型、(2)心室按需(VVI)型、(3)双腔(DDD)起搏器、(4)频率自适应(R)起搏器、(5)起搏器的程序控制功能。起搏方式:(1)心房按需(AAI)型 电极置于心房。(2)心室按需(VVI)型 电极置于心室。(3)双腔(DDD)起搏器 心室和心房都放置电极。(4)频率自适应(R)起搏器 本型起搏器的起搏频率能根据机体对心排血量的要求而自动调节适应,起搏频率加快,则心排血量相应增加,满足机体生理需要。(5)程序控制功能起搏器 指埋藏在体内的起搏器,可以在体外用程序控制器改变其工作方式及工作参数。埋植起搏器后,可以根据机体的具体情况,规定一套最适合的工作方式和工作参数,使起搏器发挥最好的效能,资金节省上能而保持最长的使用寿限,有些情况下还可无创性地排除一些故障,程控功能的扩展,可使起搏器具有贮存资料、监测心律、施行电生理检查的功能。(6)特殊功能起搏器 用于心室同步化治疗。2.2.构造心脏起搏器是一个以电池为动力,体积小,质量轻,能植入人体内,可产生连续稳定的电脉冲的装置。通常所说的心脏起搏器是指整个心脏起搏系统,由起搏脉冲发生器、起搏电极导线以及程控器组成。其中,脉冲发生器和起搏电极导线植入人体,发放和传导电脉冲。程控器在体外,通过射频与体内起搏脉冲发生器实现发送指令和接收信息功能。1、起搏脉冲发生器:脉冲发生器就像一台微型计算机,由控制单元,感知单元和脉冲输出单元组成,能持续检测、分析和记录患者的心跳,在需要时发放电脉冲。机壳顶部有环氧聚合树脂浇铸成形的电极连接口,可连接起搏电极导线。由钛金属外壳及内部的电路和电池组成,其钛外壳与人体皮肤接触的一面为裸露的金属导电窗口,且金属导电窗口的形状与钛外壳的形状相似,金属导电窗口以外的与人体肌肉接触的钛外壳表面上涂敷有绝缘隔离层,绝缘隔离层由内层底漆和外层硅橡胶构成。本实用新型植入人体后,既实现了心脏起搏器的医学治疗功能,又消除了因脉冲发生器钛外壳整体作为电极在电脉冲发放刺激人体时引起的肌肉颤动。起搏电池提供起搏所需要的微小电脉冲。这种微小的,密封的锂电池通常寿命数年到十年。当电池耗尽后,整个心脏起搏器要被更换。 2、起搏电极导线:起搏电极导线是连接至心脏起搏器的一段绝缘导线,是心脏起搏系统的重要组成部分。起搏电极导线主要有两项功能:传输由心脏起搏器发送至心脏的微小电脉冲,刺激心脏产生兴奋;将心脏的电活动传回心脏起搏器,进行分析处理。起搏电极导线由四个部 分组成:(1)连接针脚:电极导线插入心脏起搏器连接口的部分。(2)电极导线体:将电能从心脏起搏器传至心脏的一段绝缘金属线。(3)固定结构:电极导线头附近将电极导线固定于心脏肌肉的结构。(4)电极导线头:至少有一个电极导线头位于电极导线的顶端。电极导线头将心脏起搏器传来的电能传至心脏组织,同时将心脏电活动信息传回心脏起搏器。起搏程控器:程控器是用于监测和调整心脏起搏器的一种特殊计算机。在患者住院或随访期间,医生将磁性棒放置于心脏起搏器上方,这样使得程控仪能够从患者心脏接收信息,从信息中可以显示心脏起搏器和心脏是如何工作的,根据信息决定是否需要改变治疗方案;当需要改变治疗方案时,医生可以将指令通过程控器传送给心脏起搏器无需做手术。第3章 心脏起搏器的临床应用心脏起搏器在形式上可分为体外临时起搏型和植入式两种,前者供急救性临时起搏,后者供长期性起搏治疗。3.1 长期起搏器的适应症房室传导阻滞,三度或二度房室传导阻滞,无论是由于心动过缓或是由于严重心律失常而引起心脑综合症或者伴有心力衰竭者。三束支阻滞伴有心脑综合症者。病态窦房结综合症;心动过缓及过速交替出现并以心动过缓为主伴有心脑综合征者。3.2.临时性起搏适应症临时性起搏是指心脏病变可望恢复,紧急情况下保护性应用或诊断应用的短时间使用心脏起搏,一般仅使用几小时、几天到几个星期或诊断及保护性的临时性应用等。3.3.心脏起搏器的植入对于即将进行起搏器植入手术的患者,手术前医生应与患者讨论在何位置放置心脏起搏器,并做相应心里辅导。手术前一天晚上,医生应再次强调前注意事项以及给予一些特别的指导。心脏起搏器植入手术通常只需要局部麻醉,且患者通常当天就可以出院。有时,如果患者需要进行其他手术,如冠状动脉搭桥术等,就可以在手术时同时植入心脏起搏器。手术过程一般包含以下几步;a、在胸部或腹部切开一个切口,以放入心脏起搏器;b、电极导线插入静脉,并被导引至心脏;c、电极导线连接至心脏起搏器;d、测试心脏起搏器和电极导线;e、关闭切口;f、程控心脏起搏器,根据患者情况调查起搏参数。3.4起搏器的适用人群严重的心跳过慢心脏停跳3秒以上或心率经常低于40次,尤其是出现眼前发黑、突然晕倒的患者,应该植入起搏器。这也是起搏器最主要和最初的治疗范畴。 心脏收缩无力疾病若破坏了心肌,或改变了其原有形态,会导致心肌无法有力收缩。心脏收缩功能下降就会引起心脏泵血不足,身体各部分无法获得充足的新鲜血液,造成头晕、胸闷、乏力等各种症状。如药物治疗无效的充血性心力衰竭、严重肥厚性梗阻型心肌病,可以在心脏各部分安装多个起搏器,同步产生多个电刺激命令,帮助心肌收缩。 心跳骤停心脏停止跳动数分钟就能致死,一些疾病可引发心跳骤停或致命性恶性室性心律失常(如快速室性心动过速、心室颤动),可以安装具有除颤器功能的起搏器,能恢复心脏有规律的跳动。 在某些心脏病综合治疗中(颈动脉窦高敏综合征、血管迷走性晕厥、特发性QT延长综合征、预防快速房性心律失常等),起搏器还是不可或缺或唯一的治疗手段。第4章 心脏起搏器的标识码及参数4.1心脏起搏器标识码北美起搏和电生理学会(NASPE)与英国起搏与电生理组织(BPEG)以表1为识别编码。一般情况下使用前三个识别码识别起搏器的起搏部位、感知部位和对感知(P波,R波或两者)的响应模式。供选择的第四个位置代表两种不同功能之一:程控能力或频率自适应起搏。P代表一种或两种简单的程控功能;M代表多种功能程控,它包括模式、不应期、感知灵敏度和脉宽;C表明信息传递或通过一个或多个生理学变量的测定进行自适应起搏频率控制。第五位表示特殊的抗心律失常特点:P代表起搏;S代表复律或除颤;D代表双重功能(P+S)。在所有位置里,O指类属或功能都没提供。 表1 NASPE/BPEG起搏器标识码部位第一个字母第二个字母第三个字母第四个字母第五个字母分类起搏腔室感知腔室响应方式程控频率应答遥测功能抗心律失常字母V=心室A=心房D=双腔S=单腔V=心室A=心房D=双腔S=单腔O=无I=抑制T=触发O=无D=双P=简单程控M=多功能程控C=遥测R=频率应答O=无P=起搏S=电击D=P+S4.2心脏起搏器输出参数起搏器的输出参数是指起搏器输出脉冲的性质特征,是起搏器的固有性质。起搏频率起搏脉冲幅度和宽度感知灵敏度阻抗检测灵敏度第5章心脏起搏器的发展现状5.1 我国心脏起搏器的发展我国心脏起搏器的发展现状,21世纪起,国内心脏起博治疗的临床应用进入高速发展阶段。中华医学会心电生理和起博分会在中华医学会领导下经过十多年的发展,无论从组织管理和学术上都呈现出枝繁叶茂、欣欣向荣的景象。先后成立了起搏学组、电生理学组、心电学组、基础研究学组和抗心律失常药物学组等五个专业学组。房性快速心律失常、植入性器械、心房颤动、室性心律失常、心脏再同步治疗(C RT)等专家工作组。我国于20世纪60年代进行心脏起搏器的研制与临床应用。1960年霍鉴锵等与上海继电器厂合作开创了我国自行研制心脏起搏器的先河。并于1962年抢救一例46岁女性阿斯(Adams-Stokes)反复发作的患者,尽管患者于安装起搏器6h后死亡,但这是我国第一次将起搏器用于临床。1963年5月,我国自行研制的心脏起搏器,成功抢救了一例反复阿斯发作的患者。 20世纪80年代,国内的许多医师已经熟练掌握了起搏器植入技术要点。19850年阜外心血管病医院王方正报道了208例植入型起搏器的临床经验,对患者的年龄、病因、心律失常类型、手术方法、并发症等作了详细分析。1987年召开了“心脏起搏与电生理的临床应用”专题讨论会。这时国内植入技术明显提高,并发症减少,植入例数也逐渐增多。 至20世纪90年代,全球每年新安装或更换起搏器30万台。起搏治疗适应症已扩展到血管迷走性晕厥、肥厚梗阻型心肌病、原位心脏移植术后的窦房结病变或房室传导阻滞等。脉冲发生器趋于小型化,而功能则趋于多样化,包括可程控电极的极性、可遥测、具备Holter功能等。双腔起搏器和频率应答式起搏器应用更为广泛。这一期间,欧美等发达国家还进行了多个大规模临床试验,评价起搏治疗的疗效。这也为制定起搏治疗指南奠定基础。在这一时期,起搏治疗取得了举世瞩目的成绩,以至于每35年,起搏治疗指南就需要修订。同时,国内的起搏治疗也进入了高速发展的阶段,更多医师和医疗中心掌握和具备起搏器治疗技术和设施,越来越多的患者接受了起搏治疗。国内外起搏治疗水平的差距在逐渐缩小随着心电生理和起搏学科在我国的发展,在卫生部和中华医学会领导的关怀下,中华医学会心电生理和起搏分会于1994年9月在北京正式成立。为了规范我国起搏治疗的应用,中华医学会心电生理和起博分会制定了国内第一部安置永久性心脏起搏器和埋藏式心脏复律除颤器指南。1997年9月创办中华心律失常学杂志,这是国内第一部心脏起搏和电生理专业的学术性期刊。 21世纪起,国内心脏起博治疗的临床应用进入高速发展阶段。中华医学会心电生理和起博分会在中华医学会领导下经过十多年的发展,无论从组织管理和学术上都呈现出枝繁叶茂、欣欣向荣的景象。先后成立了起搏学组、电生理学组、心电学组、基础研究学组和抗心律失常药物学组等五个专业学组。房性快速心律失常、植入性器械、心房颤动、室性心律失常、心脏再同步治疗。52现代起搏器技术的确立永久全埋藏式起搏器的植入标志着心脏起搏技术进入固率型时代。1964年 Castellanos、Lemberg和Berkovits等研究成功心室按需型起搏器,使起搏技术进入起搏器第二代:按需型心脏起搏。1963年 Nathan率先应用VAT心房同步起搏,1975年Cammilli提出感知呼吸的频率适应性起搏器,这是最早的频率适应性起搏器。1978年 Funke提出了DDT起搏器设计构想。同年,Furman植入世界首例DDD起搏器。这些使起搏技术进入了第三代即生理性起搏的时代。1995年,首例起搏阈值自动夺获型起搏器问世,这一技术开创了起搏器自动化的新时代。其特点为根据佩带者的实际情况制定其在体内工作的各种参数。 至今,心脏起搏技术还在迅猛发展,每年都有很多新的功能、新的技术问世,使起搏器技术更加完善,使佩带者更大程度上受益。5.3 未来起搏器的发展方向全球领先的医疗器材企业美敦力负责研发的高级副总裁斯蒂芬厄斯特勒日前在接受记者采访时说,现在的心脏起搏器已经做得很小,在植入患者皮下后,患者几乎感觉不出它的存在,因此心脏起搏器的未来发展趋势并不在于它的体积大小,而在于电极的设计。 厄斯特勒曾担任哈佛大学医学院的副教授以及马萨诸塞州综合医院的心脏科医生,他向记者介绍说,起搏器的原理是通过搭在心脏上的电极来传播电刺激。但是心脏每天要跳动多万次,而且总是在不停地扭动。在巨大的压力下,电极很有可能发生破裂,因此生产商们目前希望能开发出无电极的起搏器。 目前,美敦力的研发人员正在开发可“生物起搏”的起搏器。他们希望培养出一种干细胞,通过对其进行改造,使之分化成为能够自然跳动的细胞,然后再移植到心脏中,让它发挥起搏器的功能,这样就不再需要电池和电极了。 不过厄斯特勒指出,要想实现这一构想,还要面临两方面的挑战,其一是生物组织工程学方面的难题,即如何将其移植到人体内;另外,要获得监管部门的批准也不是一件容易的事情。厄斯特勒预计,这一技术将在年后成熟并获得普遍应用,届时,美敦力可能不再生产现在这种机械心脏起搏器,转而生产“生物起搏器”。第6章 起搏器安全在安装了起搏器后,患者在生活中有些必须注意的问题,避免出现并发症或起搏器故障。安装永久性心脏起搏器的患者在以下几个方面要特别注意。一是体力活动要适量,应循序渐进,不能操之过急。术后1-3个月要避免剧烈运动,但可以适当做些日常工作和家务活,也可选择如散步、慢跑、练气功、种花等低强度活动。手术3-6个月后,体质好的中青年可以恢复工作,老年患者应遵医嘱运动。二是要保持良好的生活规律、心情开朗、保持情绪稳定,同时要戒掉烟酒,吃饭不宜过饱。此外,还要细心保护埋置起搏器处的皮肤,避免外力撞击。三是要学会自测脉搏,自我监测起搏器工作情况。术后监测脉搏应该保证每天在同一种身体状态下,如每天清晨醒来或静坐15分钟后监测脉搏。在安置初期及电池寿命将至时,初期探测脉搏可了解起搏情况,末期探测则可及早发现电池剩余能量。四是患者还要有随访意识,植入心脏起搏器的患者应术后 1个月 、3 个月 、半年及今后的每年门诊随访一次,以鉴定起搏器工作是否正常。待接近起搏器限定年限时,要缩短随访时间,若自觉心悸、胸闷、头晕、自测脉搏缓慢,或出现呼吸困难、腿部和脚腕部肿胀等情况,应立即到医院就诊。五是坚持必要的药物治疗。心脏起搏器不能根治心脏的原发病,病人不能麻痹大意,仍需服用冠心病等药物。六是患者应随身携带心脏起搏器卡片,看医生时应主动告诉医生已安装起搏器。最后,还要避免外界因素对起搏器功能的干扰:随着起搏器技术的迅速发展,其应用更加广泛,心脏起搏器作为常规治疗手段已形成一套常规诊断护理程序,但该技术仍然存在一些并发症。据文献报道,起搏技术开展早期并发症高达52%,而到后期并发症降低到1.3%。因此,通过术前良好的准备,术中常规测试起搏器相关内心参数,对出现的异常情况及时配合医生处理,以确保手术顺利进行。术后密切观察病情变化,及时发现并发症并采取有效的针对性护理措施,可使发症的发生率大大降低,提高手术的成功率。谢辞在郝老师的细心教导和两个月的学习下,本次毕业论文已经顺利完成。由刚开始的一无所知到现在能系统认识论文的编写规则和细明,虽然困难重重,并且难免有许多考虑不周全的地方,但是依然顺利完成。如果没有郝老师的督促指导,以及同学的讨论支持,此次设计肯定没能达到这样的效果。 本毕业论文是在郝老师的悉心指导下完成的。承蒙郝老师的亲切关怀和精心指导,虽然有繁忙的工作,但仍抽出时间给予我学术上的指导和帮助,特别是给我提供了许多参考资料,并且传授给我们许多个人经验,是从书本上无法学习到的,使我从中受益非浅。郝老师认真负责的态度、严谨的科学教学方法、敏锐的学术洞察力、勤勉的工作作风以及勇于创新、勇于开拓的精神是我永远学习的榜样。在此,谨向郝老师致以深深的敬意和由衷的感谢! 其次,还要感谢学院开设的毕业论文辅导,让我们对以后工作知识所有了一个系统方向上的认识,充实了我们的经验;还要感谢大学以来所有指导过,教育过我的老师们,正是你们不倦的教诲,使我打下了扎实的专业基础;同时还要感谢所有同学们,正是因为有了你们的支持和鼓励,还提供了不少有用的资料,此次毕业论文才会顺利完成。 最后,请让我也对你们发自内心深深的说一句:谢谢大家!参考文献1、李中清,安装起搏器手术后不适应及相关并发症的护理,现代护理,2004,10(8):717.2、施秀英,赵娟,林明仙,安置心脏起搏器并发症的预防及护理进展现代护理,2005,11(8):598.3、王移移,老年患者人工心脏永久起搏器安装术后的护理现代中西医结合杂志2008,17(31):4926-4927.4、徐文莉,郭新贵,林宪如,等植入埋藏式起搏器的并发症故障原因分析及预防,山东医学,2006,14(13):293.5、 作者:张浩外科学(胸心外科)第二军医大学自体起搏细胞移植构建生物心脏起搏器的实验研究2008(学位年度)您好,为你提供优秀的毕业论文参考资料,请您删除以下内容,O(_)O谢谢!A large group of tea merchants on camels and horses from Northwest Chinas Shaanxi province pass through a stop on the ancient Silk Road, Gansus Zhangye city during their journey to Kazakhstan, May 5, 2015. The caravan, consisting of more than 100 camels, three horse-drawn carriages and four support vehicles, started the trip from Jingyang county in Shaanxi on Sept 19, 2014. It will pass through Gansu province and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, and finally arrive in Almaty, formerly known as Alma-Ata, the largest city in Kazakhstan, and Dungan in Zhambyl province. The trip will cover about 15,000 kilometers and take the caravan more than one year to complete. The caravan is expected to return to Jingyang in March 2016. Then they will come back, carrying specialty products from Kazakhstan A small art troupe founded six decades ago has grown into a household name in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region. In the 1950s, Ulan Muqir Art Troupe was created by nine young musicians, who toured remote villages on horses and performed traditional Mongolian music and dances for nomadic families. The 54-year-old was born in Tongliao, in eastern Inner Mongolia and joined the troupe in 1975.He says there are 74 branch troupes across Inner Mongolia and actors give around 100 shows every year to local nomadic people. I can still recall the days when I toured with the troupe in the early 80s. We sat on the back of pickup trucks for hours. The sky was blue, and we couldnt help but sing the folk songs, Nasun says. The vastness of Inner Mongolia and the lack of entertainment options for people living there, made their lives lonely. The nomadic people were very excited about our visits, Nasun recalls. We didnt have a formal stage. The audience just sat on the grass. Usually, the performances became a big party with local people joining in. For him, the rewarding part about touring isnt just about sharing art with nomadic families but also about gaining inspiration for the music and dance. Ulan Muqir literally translates as red burgeon, and todays performers of the troupe still tour the regions villages and entertain nomadic families, but their fame has spread around the world. On May 16 and 17, nearly 100 singers and dancers from the troupe performed at Beijings Poly Theater. Their show, titled Ulan Muqir on the Grassland, depicted the history and development of the art troupe. Being from the region allowed me to embrace the culture of Inner Mongolia and being a member of the troupe showed me where I belonged, Nasun, the art troupes president, who is also a renowned tenor, tells China Daily. During a tour in 1985, he went to a village and met an elderly local man, who told him a story about his friendship with a solider from Shenyang, capital of Northeast Chinas Liaoning province, decades ago. The solider gave the old man a handmade saddle when they bid farewell. The story inspired Nasun to write Carved Saddle, a song that later became one of his most popular numbers. Now, every year, Nasun recruits young singers and dancers for the troupe. The troupe has also designed a new repertoire, which is mostly based on the daily lives of Mongolian people, especially the lives of nomadic families, and has combined contemporary musical elements with folk songs of the region. Haimu, a 25-year-old khoomei (a local variant of overtone singing) singer, joined the troupe three years ago. Along with a six-member band, he performs fast songs and soft ones that he writesall while playing the horse-head fiddle.Although I learned the piano since childhood and grew up listening to various kinds of music, to me, the folk music of Inner Mongolia is the root, he says. Performing in remote villages is pleasant. I feel at home on the boundless grasslands, and the warm people there make me feel fulfilled. The first round of spring auction season in Beijing ended last week, but it failed to create much spring in the art market. Although two pieces of Chinese painting fetched more than 100 million yuan, the decline in trading volume and sale rate showed a downturn this year. In the “Grand View: Chinese Painting Highlight” session at China Guardian 2015 spring auctions, Pan Tianshous representative work Eagle, Rock and Flora hit a record auction price of 279 million yuan, while Li Kerans masterwork Jinggang Mountain fetched 126.5 million yuan, an unexpected high in recent years. However, the trading volume fells to 1.87 billion yuan from 2.22 billion yuan in the same period the year before. The Huangchen 2015 Spring Auctions, which recorded 42.5 million yuan in total sales, experienced the same. The section number went down to 5 from 12 compared to last year. According to expert Shao Jianwu, the art market did not attract much excitement this year due to the booming stock market and the persistent problems of forgery and fake deals. The two pieces of Chinese painting notched up high price this spring due to their own value not due to a revival in the market. The successful transaction of two works with a hammer price of more than 100 million yuan once again confirms that valuable and rare works of high quality always earn the long-lasting high price. Chinese painting and calligraphy is still the pillar of the market. However, the overall sales rate has dropped slightly, which reflects the demand for the ordinary auction goods has weakened,” said the president of China Guardians Hu Yanyan. Besides, the entry of new buyers also makes certain changes to the direction of purchasing. In a word, the overall market trend is very unpredictable. Although China Guardian 2015 Spring Auctions has achieved remarkable results, it does not mean that the market has walked out of the predicament. We still have to wait for the big economic boom to invigorate the art market.” Even so, the hot pursuit of some special items appeared this spring. A special session of China Guardian Spring Auctions titled “Fine GiltBronze Buddhist Images” achieved a great deal with total sales volume of 41.89 million yuan and 92 percent sale rate. The 5th Shamar Rinpoche Statue from 16-17th century of Tibet was sold for 5.06 million yuan. The Beijing Chengxuan Auctions featured almost 2,800 items of coins and stamps in three sessions with good sale rate. The Huachen Auctions also set a special session of photographs under the condition of large-scale decline of auction sessions. There was a palpable dull thud of disappointment that accompanied the return of the imperial entourage of Zhen Huan to her homeland. It followed a couple years of hushed excitement as Chinese fans were fed tidbits about their proud concubine who was supposed to conquer the high ground of the North American market. Zhen Huan is, of course, the title character of The Legend of Zhen Huan, a 2011 television series that swept China off its feet and later took other Asian countries by storm. Two years ago, it was reported that HBO, a premium cable service headquartered in the United States, was going to air it in North America after some modification. Now, a condensed version that provides English subtitles but no dubbing has finally been made available on Netflix for online streaming. This version, highly anticipated as a milestone in Chinas cultural foray overseas, has been widely panned by its home audience. Retitled Empresses in the Palace, the American version has been shortened from its original 76 episodes at 45 minutes each, to six 90-minute episodes. The quick pacing threw off many native viewers, who are accustomed to a more leisurely daytime-soap-style narrative rhythm. (Chinese TV stations would run two or three episodes every day.) I did not finish the full-length version and found the truncated one not difficult to follow. Whats lost, I believe, are the interesting setups and pauses that illuminate the Chinese art of storytelling. Much of the plot is still there. It is the flavor that was sacrificed. The American edition uses the framework of the Empress Dowager in her senior years reminiscing at the beginning and the end of each episode, hinting at whats to come and recapping the key points. This device, not used in the original, is culturally understandable but artistically mediocre. What puzzles me is the two new songs for the opening and end credits. They were written in English, but sung by Chinese with an uncomfortable accent. They were obviously designed to appeal to an English-speaking base, but do not jibe with the Chinese dialogue. Speaking of the dialogue, the English translation, picked apart by some Chinese, is too literal for my taste. I can imagine a typical American hit by a flurry of royal ranks, addresses and greetings, even multiple names and titles for the same person. The first half hour must be a swamp to wade through, very much like my experience of getting through a Tolstoy tome with its endless inflections of names transliterated into lengthy Chinese. I see the choice of verbatim translation as an effort for conveying exotica. It is fairly competent, with no error that I co

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