托福阅读tpo9名师解析（word版）.doc

托福阅读TPO9名师解析（word版）Paragraph 1: 1. According to paragraph 1, the theory that people first migrated to the Americans by way of an ice-free corridor was seriously called into question by 1. 以ice-free corridor做关键词定位至第二句和第四句，第二句只是单纯说这个理论是什么，问题问called into question遭到质疑为什么，所以答案应该在第四句。说这个理论crumble是因为GM先生发现radiocarbon dates是错的，所以答案Bpaleoecologist Glen MacDonalds argument that the original migration occurred much later than had previously been believedthe demonstration that certain previously accepted radiocarbon dates were incorrectevidence that the continental ice began its final retreat much later than had previously been believedresearch showing that the ice-free corridor was not as long lasting as had been widely assumed2. The word persuasively in the passage is closest in meaning to 2. persuasively有说服力的，令人信服的，所以C的convincingly正确。原句说他怎么样argue，既然他有radiocarbon dates的证据，肯定是比较令大家信服的，A的aggressively和D的carefully都没有必要，inflexiblely表示固定的，不靠谱aggressivelyinflexiblyconvincinglycarefullyParagraph 2: 3. Paragraph 2 begins by presenting a theory and then goes on to3. 问题问先提出理论接着怎么了，所以看第二句。说这个路线能让人们在冰川融化之前进入美洲南部，所以这个是支持本段第一句内容的，而且后一句说直到70年代，人们才认同coast路线，也就是这个理论可能是对的。A和C都不对，原文没说前面的理论是基于这个事实的，B错，D正确 discuss why the theory was rapidly accepted but then rejectedpresent the evidence on which the theory was basedcite evidence that now shows that the theory is incorrectexplain why the theory was not initially considered plausible4. The phrase prior to is closest in meaning to 4. prior to在之前，想到priority优先，所以A对。前句说从白令海沿阿拉斯加湾向南，整个都在说走水路的事情，MS应该是冰化了之后，但原文特别强调进入美洲南部，也就是说人们通常是走冰川进入北部的，如果进入南部也是在冰川融化之后的话，就没有必要特别强调南部了。C在冰川融化期间没有信息；D尽管用的没必要。说的好麻烦，大家还是努力背单词，认识比什么都好beforeimmediately afterduringin spite of 5. Paragraph 2 supports the idea that, before the 1970s, the most archaeologists held which of the following views about the earliest people to reach the Americas?5. 以1970s做关键词定位至第三句，70年代之前，人们都认为水路不可能，因为冰川覆盖了海面，所以A正确。B/C/D都没说They could not have sailed directly from Beringia to Alaska and then southward because, it was thought, glacial ice covered the entire coastal region.They were not aware that the climate would continue to become milderThey would have had no interest in migrating southward from Beringia until after the continental glaciers had begun to meltThey lacked the navigational skills and appropriate boats needed long-distance trips.Paragraph 3: 6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways to leave out essential information. 6. 原句的结构是Fladmark的hypothesis得到了fact的支持。C说fact lend strength to他的hypothesis，所以正确。A的因果关系原文没有；原文说事实支持了hypothesis，B和D都说Fladmark说这个，偷换概念，都不对Because this region has been settled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity in Native American languages.Fladmarks hypothesis states that the west coast of the Americas has been settled longer than any other region.The fact that the greatest diversity of Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans lends strength to Fradmarks hypothesisAccording to Fladmark, Native American languages have survived the longest along the west coast of the Americas. Paragraph 4: 7. The authors purpose in paragraph 4 is to7. 问整段的目的，所以看第一句。研究表明那时候加拿大海岸没有冰，所以是支持由海路到达美洲的hypothesis，A或者D可能对，但D后半句的but没说，所以A正确。不放心的话往后再看看，第二句又是一个research indicate blabla，所以A的a number of studies正确 indicate that a number of recent geologic studies seem to provide support for the coastal hypothesisindicate that coastal and inland migrations may have happened simultaneouslyexplain why humans may have reached Americas northwest coast before animals and plants didshow that the coastal hypothesis may explain how people first reached Alaska but it cannot explain how people reached areas like modern British Columbia and Washington State8. The word Vast in the passage is closest in meaning to 8. vast巨大的，所以D的huge正确。原文说沿岸的怎么样的地区没有冰了，给人和动物提供了迁徙的通道，只有大片地方都没有冰，才能形成通道。既然没有冰，A的frozen一定错；B多样的错，因为原文没说很多地区；都形成通道了，C隔绝错Frozen Various IsolatedHugeParagraph 5: 9. According to paragraph 5, the discovery of the remains of large land animals supports the coastal hypothesis by providing evidence that9. 以remains of large land animal做关键词定位至第一句，但这句明显只是问题的重复，所以往后看，下一句说inhospitable，再下一句说如果熊有吃的人也有，所以答案C正确。其他都没说 humans were changing their hunting techniques to adapt to coastal rather than inland environmentsanimals had migrated from the inland to the coasts, an indication that a midcontinental ice-free corridor was actually implausiblehumans probably would have been able to find enough resources along the coastal corridorthe continental shelf was still exposed by lower sea levels during the period when the southward migration of people began10. The word inhospitable in the passage is closest in meaning to10. inhospitable不适于居住的，不好客的，所以B不适合正确。下一句说如果熊有吃的人也有，就是人能活下来，inhospitable所在的这句因为有formerly believed就说明人们之前认为不能活下来，所以C不危险反了；A和D都没说 not familiarnot suitablenot dangerousnot reachable11. According to paragraph 5, the most recent geologic research provides support for a first colonization of America dating as far back as 11. 以firsr colonization of America做关键词定位至最后一句，B正确16,000 years ago14,000 years ago 12,500 years ago 10,000 years agoParagraph 6: 12. The word impetus in the passage is closest in meaning to12. impetus推动力，刺激，所以D的incentive正确。原句说由于东西北三个方向都有障碍没法迁徙，所以往南的什么更大。如果单纯带进去，A的chance和C的possibility都对，但这两个词的意思非常接近，所以都不对。protection完全不靠谱 chanceprotectionpossibilityincentiveParagraph 1: 13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.13. 四个过渡点，分别是moreover, other evidence, even if和exist, 注意ice-free corridor由于反复出现，不能作为过渡点。通过moreover和other evidence排除A，因为first还没说不能说other；even if表让步，说明待插入句之前必须与待插入句意思上相反，只有D点前有不存在，与待插入句的exist相反，所以D对。C之后的he与前文过渡紧密；B的 but与之前过渡紧密Moreover, other evidence suggests that even if an ice-free corridor did exist, it would have lacked the resources needed for human colonization.Where could the sentence best fit?14. Recent evidence favors a rival to the long-standing theory that the Americas were colonized 11,000-12,000 years ago by people migrating south from Beringia along a midcontinental ice-free corridor14. evidence选项是第一段的一个细节，不选there is growing选项对应原文第二段第一句，正确recent选项对应原文第四段最后一句，正确research选项原文没说，不选there is evidence选项对应原文第五段的后两句，正确 even though选项与第六段说的相反，北面已经住了很多人，不选Answer Choices1. Evidence that an ice-free corridor between two ice sheets developed when the continental ice first began to melt came primarily from radiocarbon dating.2. There is growing support for the theory that migration took place much earlier, by sea, following a coastal route along Alaska and down the northwest coast.3. Recent geologic evidence indicates that contrary to what had been believed, substantial areas along the coast were free of ice as early as 16,000 years ago.4. Research now indicates that the parts of the inner continental shelf that remained covered with ice were colonized by a variety of early human groups well adapted to living in extremely cold environments.5. There is evidence suggesting that areas along the coast may have contained enough food resources between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago to have made human colonization possible.6. Even though the northern part of the continent allowed for a more varied economy, several early human groups quickly moved south.Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest CoastIt has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about the migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was the midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the west-that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat. 一想到新托福，就想到咱老无。Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest Coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americans prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s, most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americans because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from the Alaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extend into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of North America to what is today the state of Washington.The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist Knut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level. Fladmarks hypothesis received additional support from the fact that the greatest diversity in Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest. More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. Fladmark and others believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago. The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for people to move in a southerly direction.It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska) during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about the migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was the midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the west-that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat. Paragraph 1: 1. The word justified in the passage is closest in meaning to 1. justify意思是证明正当，支持，想到just有正义之意，所以A的support正确。原句说观点怎么了前面的东西。看下两者的内容，之前说老师们benefit from reflection，后面说reflective practice帮助了老师，所以两者的意思应该相同，也就是justify是正向词，B定性C刺激D建议表明都是中性，所以都不对supportedshapedstimulatedsuggested2. According to paragraph 1, it was believed that reflection could help teachers2. 以help teachers做关键词定位至最后一句，帮助老师们智力上更多参与教学，所以答案是B。其他都没说 understand intellectual principles of teachingstrengthen their intellectual connection to their workuse scientific fact to improve discipline and teachingadopt a more disciplined approach to teachingParagraph 2: 3. The word flourish in the passage is closest in meaning to 3. flourish繁盛，繁荣，所以C的succeed正确。原文说这两个人对调查有兴趣，调查是关于reflection在某些情况下怎么样的。这个单凭本句甚至是所在段落都不是很好猜，但全文都在说reflection很好，所以也应该是个好词，A继续B发生D应用申请都不靠谱continueoccursucceedapply4. All of the following are mentioned about the experimental strategy described in paragraph 2 EXCEPT:4. EXCEPT题，排除法。A的without help与第一句的little guidance同义重合，正确，不选； B的a period of years做关键词定位至原文第二句，正确，不选；C的discussion与原文最后一句的talk同义重合，正确，不选；D的writing原文没说，错，选It was designed so that teachers would eventually reflect without help from othersIt was used by a group of teachers over a period of years.It involved having teachers take part in discussions of classroom eventsIt involved having teachers record in writing their reflections about teaching5. According to paragraph 2, Wildman and Niles worried that the teachers they were working with might feel that5. worried做关键词定位至第三句的concern，说他们担心老师们觉得teaching的理论 与现实之间的鸿沟难以逾越，所以B正确，其他都没提到 the number of teachers involved in their program was too largethe concepts of teacher reflection were so abstract that they could not be appliedthe ideas involved in reflection were actually not new and refreshingseveral years would be needed to acquire the habit of reflecting on their teachingParagraph 3: 6. The word objective in the passage is closest in meaning to6. objective客观的，目标，想到object物品，物体，所以A的unbiased没有偏见的正确。倒数第二句里面也有个objective，所以可以借助最后一句进行猜测，最后一句说老师们更愿意置身事外来评价整个事情，置身事外意思就是客观。容易误选systematic，systematic与thorough在某种程度上意思相近，所以都不选，positive积极的正向的无关，不选 unbiasedpositivesystematicthorough7. According to paragraph 3, what did the teachers working with Wildman and Niles often fail to do when they attempted to practice reflection?7. 此题较难，题干中缺少关键词，排除法。A的time做关键词定位至第三句，原文说没有时间做，选项说计算时间，完全不是一回事，错；B的detailed descriptions做关键词定位至第二句，原文说老师们对reflection的理解不够细致，答案说对方法的描述不够细致，不是一回事，不选；C的cause与原文最后一句中的contributory factors同义重合，原文说evaluate rather than review，也就是没review原因，与C的examine原因是同义替换，正确；D没提及Correctly calculate the amount of time needed for reflectionProvide sufficiently detailed descriptions of the methods they used to help them reflectExamine thoughtfully the possible causes of events in their classroomsEstablish realistic goals for themselves in practicing reflectionParagraph 4: 8. How is paragraph 4 related to other aspects of the discussion of reflection in the passage?8. 问整段的题看第一句，说帮助这些老师改变他们对课堂事件的想法是非常重要的，前一段说了很多老师们面对课堂事件时产生的问题，所以这段提出的是解决方法，所以答案是A。本段与前一段之间不是矛盾关系，所以B的challenge不对；本段只是在陈述事实，没说follow的老师有什么好处，所以C的advantages不对；从本段的内容看不出与下段有什么联系，所以D错It describes and comments on steps taken to overcome problems identified earlier in the passageIt challenges the earlier claim that teachers rarely have the time to think about their own or others teachingIt identifies advantages gained by teachers who followed the training program described earlier in the passageIt explains the process used to define the principles discussed later in the passageParagraph 5: 9. The word compelling in the passage is closest in meaning to9. compelling引人注目的，令人信服的，所以persuasive有说服力的正确。原文说我们学到的罪重要的东西是这个idea不会因为好就发生，句中compelling和good之间是递进关系，所以应该是比好更好，A大众认为的C原创的D实际的都无法表达这个意思 commonly heldpersuasiveoriginalpracticalParagraph 6: 10. According to paragraph 6, teachers may be discouraged from reflecting because10. 此题较难，题干中缺少关键词，排除法。A的educators做关键词定位至倒数第二句，原文说educator认为是好事，选项说不支持，说反了，错；B没有明显关键词，但倒数第四句说reflective practitioner需要额外工作，目标不清，最初少有回报，就是B项说的最初不会看到好处，对；C和D都没提及，不选it is not generally supported by teacher educatorsthe benefits of reflection may not be apparent immediatelyit is impossible to teach and reflect on ones teaching at the same timethey have often failed in their attempts to become reflective practitioners11. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or le