经济和土地政策对蒙古国畜牧业.ppt

Climate, Economy & Land Policy: Effects on Pastoral Mobility Patterns in Mongolia 气候、经济经济和土地政策：对对蒙古国畜牧业业 移动动方式的影响 Mara E. Fernndez-Gimnez Dept. of Forest, Rangeland, & Watershed Stewardship, Colorado State University 玛瑞亚费南德斯， 森林、草原和水域系，科罗拉多州立大学 B. Batbuyan & J. Oyungerel Center for Nomadic Pastoralism Studies, Institute of Geography, Mongolian Academy of Sciences 巴图彦和乌云格尔，蒙古国科学院地理研究所游牧研究中心 Overview 概述 History 历史 Strategies 策略：移动性和弹性 Case study of changing mobility 案例研究：变化中的移动性 Future directions 未来方向 History 历史 Mongol Empire 1206-1227 成吉思汗 Tibetan Buddhism Introduced 1586 1586年引入藏传佛教 Manchu Period 1691-1911 满族统治时期 Collective Era 1960-1990 集体经济 Fernandez-Gimenez. 1999. Sustaining the steppes. The Geographical Review Privatization & Market Economy: 1992-Present 私有化和市场经济：1992现在 Weak or no regulation of movement 对移动没有管理 或管理很弱 New land law, but pasture provisions not widely implemented 新土地法，但草 场供应却没有广泛实施 Urban-rural & rural-urban migration 城市到农村和农村 到城市的移民 Declining mobility? 下降的移 动性？ Initial Effects of Privatization (1992-1999) 私有化的最初影响（19921999） poverty & wealth differentiation 贫富差距 # of herders 牧民的井 terms of trade 贸易交换比率 social services 社会服务 + regulatory institutions 管理制度 = movement 移动 + out-of-season & year-long grazing 反季和全 年放牧 + trespassing & conflict 越界和冲突 Strategies for Sustainable Grazing Management in Mongolia 蒙古国可持续放牧管理策略 Mobility 移动性 Diversity 多样性 Flexibility 弹性 Reciprocity 互惠 Grazing Reserves 放牧保留地 Mobility 移动性 Seasonal 季节性的 Within season rotations 季节内轮牧 Otor 走敖特 Urban-rural 城市到农村 Rural-urban 农村到城市 Diversity 多样性 Species 畜种 Habitat 生境 Institutional 制度 Livelihood 生计 Flexibility 弹性 Species 畜种 Habitat 生境 Institutional 制度 Livelihood 生计 Reciprocity 互惠 Pasture use norms 草场利用规则 Labor sharing 劳动力共享 Urban-rural relationships 城市与农村间 的关系 Grazing Reserves 放牧保留地 Winter shelter and pasture in Khangai Mountain foothill area. 杭盖山脚下的冬棚和草场 Spring pasture in Gobi area. 戈壁地区的春营盘 Case Study: Bayankhongor Aimag 案例地：白音红格尔省 Ikh Bogd Mountain, Gobi Altai Range 戈壁阿尔泰草原的博格德山 Study area Study Sum 所研究的苏木 Bayan-Ovoo Sum 3rd Bag 白音敖包苏木三队 Khangai mountain-steppe杭盖高山草原 More yaks, few camels 耗牛多，骆驼少 230 mm/year precipitation 降雨量 -25o C ave. Jan temp 1月均温 13o C ave. July temp 7月均温 Jinst 2nd Sum Bag 京斯特苏木二队 Gobi desert-steppe 戈壁荒漠草原 More camels & goats, few cattle 骆驼、山羊多，牛少 95 mm/year precipitation 降雨量 -18o C ave. Jan temp 1月均温 21o C ave. July temp 7月均温 Objectives 目标 Document changing pastoral land use patterns and rights to pasture 整理草场利用方式和草场权利变化 Mobility 移动性 Grazing reserves 放牧保留地 Campsite and pasture access, possession & “trespassing” 营盘和草场可进入性、拥有和侵入 In relation to: 涉及以下三方面 Household well-being 家庭福利 Changes in land policy & its implementation 土地政策及其实施的变化 Climate trends and weather events 气候变化趋势和天气变化偶发性事件 Methods 方法 Household survey 1995, 1999, 2006 1995，1999和2006年的牧户调查 Stratified random sample by wealth rank & district (sum) 根据富裕程度和地区分层随机抽样 Interviews 访谈 Participant observation 参与式观察 Climate & Policy Since 1999 1999年以来的气候和政策 1999-2002 extended drought and severe winter storms 1999到2002年连续干旱和严重的暴风雪 75% of livestock in Jinst Sum killed 京斯特75 %的牲畜死亡 2002 Land Law allows for possession of winter and spring pastures by herder groups 2002年土地法允许牧民团体可以占用冬春营盘 Donor & NGO projects to implement pasture co- management (TWB, ADB, UNDP, WCS, IDRC.) 捐赠者和NGO项目大力发展草场共管 Findings 研究结果 Herd Size & Composition 畜群规模和结构 骆驼 马 牛 绵羊 山羊 京斯特白音敖包 Mobility: Rural-Urban Migration 移动性：城市到农村的移民 No. of herding households in Jinst declined 21% and in Bayan-Ovoo 14% since 1995. 自从1995年，放牧家庭数 量在京斯特减少21 %，在 白音敖包减少14 % Most moved to Aimag Center or Ulaanbaatar 多数牧民都搬到省中心或 乌拉巴托 Bayankhongor Aimag Center 白音洪格尔省中心 Mobility: Travel to Markets 移动性：市场采购 Trips to Aimag Center 到省中心的次数 1995: 5 trips ave. 平均5次 2005: 35 trips ave. 平均35次 In 2006, most herders market directly in Aimag or UB, compared to 1995, when most sold to itinerant traders. 与1995年多数商品都是卖给 流动商贩相比，2006年，多数 的牧民市场直接在省里或乌 兰巴托。 Pastoral Mobility: Number of Moves per Year 畜牧业移动性：每年的移动次数 Seasonal Mobility: Average Distance Moved 季节移动性：平均移动距离 Pastoral Mobility: Otor Frequency 畜牧业移动性：走敖特的频率 Percent of households that do otor has declined, but otor remains a key strategy. 牧户走敖特的百分比已经下降了，但走敖特还是一个主要策略。 Access to Transportation 交通的可获得性 41% of households own motorcycles 41 %的牧户有自己的摩托 车 20% own vehicles 20 %有汽车 80-90% use vehicles to move 8090 %用汽车来移动 Use of camels dramatically declined 使用骆驼的牧户急剧下降 Use of Camels for Moves 使用骆驼来移动的牧户百分比 Changing Grazing Patterns 变化的放牧方式 Narin Am, July 1995 纳林，1995年7月 Narin Am, late June 2006 纳林，2006年6月底 In Bayan-Ovoos 3rd bag, formerly perennial springs and streams have dried up and several productive valleys are now ungrazed due to lack of water, placing additional pressure on other pastures. 在白音敖包三 队，以前四季不断的泉水和小溪都干了，几个高产的峡谷现在都因为缺水 而不放牧了，因此对别的草场产生了额外的压力。 Grazing Reserves & Pasture Trespassing 放牧保留地和草场侵入 Fewer households reserve pasture 越来越少的牧户保留草场 Less out-of-season grazing 更少的反季节放牧 Rates of pasture “trespassing” unchanged “侵入”草场的比率没有变 Herders perceive more conflicts 牧民感觉到越来越多的冲突 Winter shelter and adjacent pasture in Jinst Sum. 冬营盘棚圈和京斯特苏木邻近的草场 Rights to Camps & Pasture 对营地和草场的权利 80% of hh “possess” campsites 超过80 %以上的牧 户拥有营盘 Campsite trespass high in B-O Sum 白音敖包苏木营盘侵 扰的事情很多 7 hh claimed winter or spring pasture use contracts 7户牧民提出对冬营 盘或春营盘使用合同 Winter camp in Bayan-Ovoo Sum. 白音敖包苏木的冬营盘 Household Well-being & Livelihood Diversificatio 牧户福利和生计多样性 % of HH with 40% of hh in Jinst). 畜群低于100羊单位的牧户比例 上升（京斯特高于40 %） 75% of income from livestock 75 %的收入来自于牲畜 Herders turned farmers in Jinst. 京斯特的牧民变为农民 Increased access to information, transportation, electricity & credit for many households. 对信息、交通、电和贷款的可得性增大了。 Many herders do “artisanal” mining. 许多牧民在矿上打工 Household Well-being & Livelihood Diversification 家庭福利和生计多样性 Main strategies observed: 观察到的主要策略 Well-off, full-time herders 有钱的全职的牧民 maintaining or increasing pastoral mobility 保持或增加放牧移动性 Poorer herders 贫困牧民 pastoral mobility declining 放牧移动性减少 migrating to urban areas 向城市地区移民 replacing or supplementing herding with mining or farming 在矿上打工或种地来替代或补充放牧收入 Caveat 说明 many well-off herders also migrate to city for other reasons 许多有钱牧民也因为其它原因而迁入城市 Conclusions 结论 Climate 气候 Drives pastoral mobility & limits livestock populations 推动动牧业业移动动性和限制牲畜数量 Economy: Global and Local Markets 经济：全球和地区市场 Cashmere Goats & Gold Mining 山羊绒和金矿 Land Policy 土地政策 Little progress on land law implementation 土地法的执行几乎没有进展 In B-O, increasing competition and conflict 在白音敖包出现上升的竞争 和冲突 In Jinst, low stocking rates and recovering pastures create opportunity, but few incentives, for cooperation 在京斯特，低的载畜率和正在 恢复的草场创造了合作的机 会，但合作激励却很小。 Mobility, Reciprocity & Resilience of Pastoral Systems 草场系统的移动性、互惠和弹性 Rural-urban migration: 农村到城市的移民 Another dimension of flexibility and mobility? 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