yong高考英语阅读训练掌握主旨大意.pptVIP

阅读理解能力提高技巧（二） Improving your reading ability（2） I.考查主旨大意题常见的题干 命题者大多就段落/短文的主题（theme/topic）、主 题思想（main idea）、标题（title）等进行拟题。 例如： 1.The subject/topic of the paragraph（ passage /article）is . 2.The paragraph（text/passage） deals with . 3.What topic is treated in this text ( passage） ？ 4.The main idea of the paragraph（passage） is . 5.From the paragraph（text）we know that . 6.The paragraph（passage）could be entitled . 7.Which of the following is the best title for the paragraph（text )？ 8.The best title for this text ( passage) could be . 9.The paragraph（textpassage）is mainly about . 10.Which of the following statements is best supported by the last paragraph？ 11.What topic is the paragraph（text) discussed？ 12.The purpose of the paragraph（passage ）is . 13. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage? 这类题目要求对文章的整体或局部 （如段落）进行分析、概括，归纳相关 部分的中心大意(main idea)，选择标题（title ），判断作者的写作目的 （purpose）等，主旨大意题经常是用记 叙文、议论文 。要作好主旨大意题首先 要能迅速找到文章的主题句。记叙文和 议论文的主题句常出现在文章的开头， 但有时也出现在结尾，甚至出现在段中。 要准确找到主题句更重要的是从全文去 把握。 II.如何做主旨大意题 做此类题目时，首先要搞清是问某一 段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息 来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的 主题。如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往 是关键信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是围绕 某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显 的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即 高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易 抓住文章的中心。 1.认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一 个句子。 2.文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论 述。抓住反复出现的中心词，即高频 词，也叫做主题词. 3.文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一 些标志性的提示后。例如：On the whole , in short, therefore I agree with the opinion thatGiven all these points above , I would support the idea that For all the reasons mentioned above ,I would prefer II.如何做主旨大意题 主旨大意题考查对一个段落或一篇文章的主 题思想的理解。一个段落或一篇文章通常是围 绕一个主题展开的。 理解一个段落的主题思想首先要学会寻找主 题句。一般说来，在英语篇章中，主题句在段 落中的位置是有规律可循的。 III.突破方法 1. 在阅读中，尽量运用有关信息词确定主题句的 位置，如：在for example, first, second,to begin with等之前的句子或在all in all, above all，in a word，in short , sum up, therefore,thus,clearly等之后的句子中寻找并 确定。 2. Given all these points above, I would support Given all these points above, I would support the idea that /For all the reasons mentioned the idea that /For all the reasons mentioned above, I would preferabove, I would prefer等句子后。等句子后。 3. 对于主题隐含的段落，要先弄清句子的意思， 然后快速通读文章，逐项排除，最终确定答案 。 l 如何寻找主题句 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. l（1）主题句在段首 l一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其 后的句子则是论证性细节。在议论文， 科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式 。 1313 Today the problem of environment Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.human life on earth will not survive. 开门见山 提出主题, 随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主 题句所表达的主题思想. 最常见的演绎法写作方式. 分清main idea 和supporting sentences Sample 2 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other healthy problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it? 主题句在句首的文章结构是先点出主题 ，然后围绕这一主题进行分析用演绎法 阐述观点，呈现出一个正三角形的模式 。据统计英语议论文和说明文大约有 80%是这样写的。 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. （2）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先 摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然 得出结论, 即段落的主题。本段的中心思 想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结 论。 A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore， man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him. 先陈述细节,后归纳要点, 印象, 结论,建议或结果, 以概括主题. 这是最常见的归纳法写作方式 。 One of the most important uses of gold is for moneyGold can be used to make rings，earrings，and other things，Gold is also used to make a gold leaf, a very flat ribbon of gold that is often used on picture framesCups and dishes can also be made from gold. Gold has many uses. 本段共有五句。前四句主要列举了金子的一 些用途。根据上述细节，段落的最后一句给出结 论，即金子有多种用途。这种带结论带结论 性的句子 应视为应视为 主题题句。 Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professi- -onal criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish So, it is foolish toto try to judge a person only by his try to judge a person only by his appearanceappearance 这种以先陈述细节,后归纳要点, 印象, 结论, 建议或结果, 以概括主题. 这是最常见的归纳 法写作方式 。这种写作模式呈倒三角形。 Sample 9 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. （3）在短文中间 当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只 提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细 节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又 作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展. People who live in countries with many doctors and modern hospitals are worlds healthiest people - right？Not necessarily. Some groups of people who have no doctors or hospitals at all are among the worlds healthiest. For example，people who live on small, faraway islands get very few diseases because there are no outsiders to bring in germs or new illness. 本段的三个层次比较明显。 第一句以设问的方式提出该文段要讨论的主 题：生活在有许多医生和现代化医院的国家中 的人是世界上最健康的人吗？此句起到了引出 主题的作用。 第三句对前面的提问做出笼统的回答：许多 生活在没有大夫和医院环境中的人也是世界上 最健康的人。此句起到了陈述主题思想的作用 ，应枧为主题句。 段落的最后则举例对主题做进一步的解释。 4.主题题句在段首和段尾 Good manners are important in all countries，but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Americans eat with knives and forks；Japanese eat with chopsticks. Americans say “Hi” when they meet； Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women；Japanese men do not. On the surface，it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan，and in a way this is true. But in any country，the manners that are important are those involving one persons behavior toward another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country. 本段主要说明“礼貌在所有国家都很重 要，然而各国表达礼貌的方式却不同”。 文段的第一句明确陈陈述了这这一看法。在段 尾作者再一次强调了这一看法。 首尾呼应 为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次 点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见. 但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面 的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。 5主题题句暗含在段落中 An ant can pick up an object more than fifty times its own weight. A bee can pull a load more than one hundred and fifty times its weight. If we were as strong in proportion to our size，we could pull a five-ton truck？ If we had the jumping ability of a grasshopper，we could leap a third the length of a football field！ 此段文章无主题句。所陈述的都是细节。一只蚂蚁可搬 起比自身重量重50倍的东西。一只蜜蜂可拉动比自身重量 重150倍的重物。如果我们的力气与身材成比例的话，我 们可能拉动5吨的卡车。如果我们具有蚱蜢的弹跳力，我 们可能跃过三分之一的足球场。根据以上事实，我们即可 概括出本段落的主题思想是: 动物的力量”。 6无主题句 即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明 确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供 的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合 分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳 成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不 能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于 宽泛，要恰如其分。 Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida. . Q: What is the main idea of the passage? A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student. C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education 【解题思路】 此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只 陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身 看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来 ，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思 想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了 Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉 我们的是：Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育， 所以答案是 typeThe position of the topic At the beginning At the end In the middle At the beginning and end No clear topic sentence Types Of Paragraph Structures IV.IV.应试技巧应试技巧 1. 1. 正确选项的特点正确选项的特点 1). 1). 含有抽象名词和概括性词语。含有抽象名词和概括性词语。 2). 2). 四个选项中四个选项中, , 含有含有approach, approach, concept, chance, opportunity, various, concept, chance, opportunity, various, both, general, many, difficult, way, both, general, many, difficult, way, necessity, necessary, importance necessity, necessary, importance 等词等词 的选项一般是正确选项。的选项一般是正确选项。 3). 3). 四个选项中四个选项中, , 内容相近或完全相反的内容相近或完全相反的 两个选项中往往有一个是正确选项。两个选项中往往有一个是正确选项。 4). 4). 那些概括全文那些概括全文, , 内容全面内容全面, , 含义深刻含义深刻 , , 说明道理的选项一般是答案项说明道理的选项一般是答案项, , 而选项内而选项内 容片面容片面, , 单一的内容一般是错误选项单一的内容一般是错误选项. . 幻幻 灯片灯片 4545 2. 2.错误选项的特点错误选项的特点 1)1)以偏概全以偏概全. . 只是局部信息只是局部信息, , 或是或是 一句没有展开论述的话一句没有展开论述的话. . 2)2)过于笼统过于笼统. . 即归纳的主题太泛即归纳的主题太泛, , 与细节脱节或是没有对细节加与细节脱节或是没有对细节加 以充分论述以充分论述. . 3)3)把观点强加与作者把观点强加与作者. . 读者往往读者往往 根据自己的常识对文章进行判根据自己的常识对文章进行判 断而忽视了作者的见解断而忽视了作者的见解. . 4)4)无关信息无关信息, , 既在文章中没有提既在文章中没有提 到或找不到语言依据的信息到或找不到语言依据的信息 二二. Finish the following . Finish the following in pairs in pairs （NMET 2002） 1.Underground systems are already in placeMany cities have underground car parksIn some cities，such as Tokyo， Seoul and Montreal, there are large underground shopping areas，The “Chunnel”，a tunnel（隧道）connecting England and France；is now completed 第一句为主题句. 本段中的其他句子都是用来 说明“地下设施”是以何种形式在地球上“已经存 在”的具体实例。 3838 2. 2. The panda is a popular animal. The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shopsgift shops . . 主题句在文首主题句在文首 开门见山 开门见山, ,提出主题提出主题, ,随之用细节来解释随之用细节来解释, , 支撑支撑 或发展主题句所表达的主题思想或发展主题句所表达的主题思想. . 最常见的演绎最常见的演绎 法写作方式法写作方式. . 3. Joe is happy about being on a bowling team that bowls once a week. He also enjoys playing basketball twice a month. During the summer，he tries to play baseball on weekends. Joe really does enjoy all sports activities. He goes swimming as often as he can. Whenever he cant participate directly，he loves to watch a football game or a golf or tennis match. 本段的主题题句为为第四句Joe really does enjoy all sports activities. 前三句引述了他喜欢欢的几种体育 活动动，主题题句后面的两句对对中心思想做了进进一步 的解释释和支撑。段落结结构包括三个层层次：引出主 题题-呈现现主题题-解释释主题题。 （NMET 1998） 4. On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin. Everyone was astonished to see him. There was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller-skates. He rolled on and on. Suddenly，he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall. Down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces. Nobody forgot Merlins grand entrance for a long time! 此段落也无明确的主题句。本段说 Merlin按计划拉着小提琴，穿着自制的 旱冰鞋，滑进化装舞会，令在场的人大 吃一惊，由于停不住竟然将墙上的巨大 镜子撞碎，则更使人久久不能忘怀。根 据上文及本段的描述，可概括出本段的 主题思想是“Merlin的闪亮登场取得意料 之外的成功”。 三. 专项训练 阅读下面短文，从各题所给的四个选项（A、B 、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。 Wouldnt it be terrible if we didnt have grass？ We would have to walk on bare soil. Can you guess what our playgrounds would look like？On a rainy day, we would get all muddy. On a dry day we would breathe clouds of dust. The short text mainly deals with . A. why we need rain B. how grass is kept green C. how grass helps us D. why we breathe dust C B The word Waterloo has become a synonym for defeat-total defeat and complete disaster. Waterloo, a town in Belgium, was the scene of a battle in 1851 that brought overwhelming defeat to Napoleon Bonapartes French Army. At stake were the whole continent of Europe and Napoleons dream of an empire. In a few days, over forty thousand French soldiers died. With their deaths a new word for disaster was born - Waterloo. The subject of the text is . A. where Waterloo is B. who named Waterloo C. why Napoleon was defeated D. how Waterloo came to mean defeat D C C Rats are still almost as big a danger to people as they were long ago. They still spread disease and eat crops. Much of the hunger we have today is caused by rats. They eat half