高考英语语法精讲精练专题十一并列句与状语从句.docx

语法专题十一：并列句与状语从句 状语从句是比较重要的语法项目。2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲附录语法项目表中将状语从句列为必考项。全国卷新课标对状语从句的考查一般在完形填空、语法填空和短文改错中，主要考查从句引导词的用法。 2015年高考全国卷没有考查状语从句。2016年高考全国卷第43题（完形填空）考查了状语从句引导词Since /Although /As /If的选择。2017年高考全国卷没有考查状语从句。一、 并 列 句(一) 并列连词They come from the same country，and they are good friends.I was glad to meet Jenny again, but I didnt want to spend all day with her.(2013新课标卷)It must have rained last night, for it is wet all over.Yesterday, I forgot to pick my daughter up, so she waited in the kindergarten for nearly two hours.Would you like to leave or would you like to stay?规律总结：1表示并列、顺承关系的并列连词有and。2. 表示转折关系常用的并列连词有but, yet(然而), whereas(然而，但是), while(然而)等。3表示因果关系的并列连词有for, so等。4表示选择关系常用的并列连词有or, either . or ., not . but, neither . nor .等。(二) 祈使句and/or/otherwise句式Work hard and you will succeed.If you work hard, you will succeed.Hurry up or we will be late.If you dont hurry up, we will be late.A few more efforts and you will succeed.If you make a few more efforts, you will succeed.规律总结：1祈使句and陈述句If .，主句。2祈使句or/otherwise陈述句If . not .，主句。二、 状 语 从 句 英语中状语从句总共有九类，分别用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是较复杂的语法项目，但是理解起来并不难。从本质上讲，状语从句就是利用不同的关联词语将几个分句连接起来，以表达分句之间的特定逻辑关系。例如：I have brought an umbrella because it is raining.(原因)I have brought an umbrella in case it rains.(目的)I have brought an umbrella so that I dont get wet.(结果)I have brought an umbrella even though its not raining.(让步)You dont need bring an umbrella unless it is raining.(条件) 因此，学习状语从句的关键是掌握引导九类状语从句的关联词，只要能记住关联词，一般都能识别是哪种状语从句，从而正确分析句子结构并理解句子意思。 下面分别对九大类别的状语从句进行举例说明：（一）时间状语从句 时间状语从句表示时间。引导时间的状语从句的常用引导词有：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until等。 特殊引导词有：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when等。1.when/while/as/wheneverWhen I went into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.While I was doing my homework, they came in.As time goes by, its getting warmer and warmer.When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.We shall go there whenever we are free.规律总结：(1)when既可引导一个持续动作，也可引导一个短暂动作，可用于主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作。(2)从属连词while引导的动作必须是持续性的，侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。(3)从属连词as可表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时完成，可译为“一边(，一边)”或“随着”。(4)如果主句表示的是短暂性动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作，此时when, while与as可互换使用。(5)whenever是when的强势语，它描述的不是一次性动作，而是经常发生的习惯性动作，翻译成“无论何时”。2.when的特殊用法He was about to go to bed when the doorbell rang.They were watching the World Cup when suddenly the lights went out.They had just arrived home when it began to rain.规律总结：when引导时间状语从句，意为“正在这时”，表示某件事正要发生、正在发生或刚刚发生时，突然发生另一动作。常见句型有：was/were about to do sth. when.=was/were on the point of doing sth. when. was/were doing sth. when.had (just) done sth. when.3表示“刚就，一就”的常用表达The moment I heard the voice, I knew father was comingThe boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother.He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheering.No sooner had he finished his speech than the students started cheering.(2011辽宁高考)I had hardly got to the office when my wife phoned me to go back home at once.=Hardly had I got to the office when my wife phoned me to go back home at once.Once you see him, you will never forget him.规律总结：(1)as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, no sooner . than ., hardly/scarcely . when .和once这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生， 常译为“一就”。(2)no sooner . than .，hardly/scarcely . when .的时态搭配：no sooner与hardly/scarcely后的句子谓语动词应用过去完成时，而than与when引导的句子谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外，当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时，应用倒装语序。【注意】“一就”还可用on /upon doing 结构来表示。On arriving home he called up Lester.=As soon as he arrived home, he called up Lester.4before与sinceYou must learn to consult your feelings and your reason before you reach any decision.(2013湖南高考)It will be five years before we meet again.John thinks it wont be long before he is ready for his new job.(陕西高考)It was several years before I realized that David had lied to me.It was not long before I realized I was wrong.As is reported, it is 100 years since Qinghua University was founded.(2011四川高考)规律总结：(1)before表示“还未就；不到就；才；趁；还没来得及就，在之前”。(2)It will be时间段before +一般现在时。“要过多久才”(3)It wont be long before +一般现在时。“不久之后就会”。(4)It was时间段before+一般过去时。“过了多久才”。(5)It wasnt long before+一般过去时。“没过多久就”(6)It is一段时间since .“自从多久了”。5表示“每次；下一次”的常用表达Every/Each time I was in trouble, he would come to help me out.Next time you come, do remember to bring your son here.The last time she saw James, he was lying in bed.规律总结：every time, each time, next time, the last time, any time等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句，表示“每当；每次；下次”等。6till, until和not . untilHave you heard the meeting will be put off till/until next Tuesday?I won not tell the student the answer to the math problem until he has been working on it for more than an hour.规律总结：(1)until或till表示“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”，此时主句谓语动词是延续性动词，主、从句都为肯定式。这两个词可以换用，但till不可以置于句首，而until可以。(2)not . until表示“某动作直到某时间才开始”，主句谓语动词是非延续性动词，从句为肯定式。（二）地点状语从句 地点状语从句表示地点、 方位。 引导地点状语从句的常用的引导词是where； 特殊引导词有：wherever。例如：Make a mark where you have a question.Where there is a will, there is a way.Where there is water there is life.Generally speaking, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. You are free to go wherever you like.Wherever you go, you must obey the law.Wherever you go, you should work hard. Sit wherever you like.规律总结：(1)地点状语从句通常由连词where和wherever引导，从句可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后。(2)地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。（三）原因状语从句 原因状语从句表示原因或理由。 引导原因状语从句的常用引导词有：because, since, as , for,now (that)等。 特殊引导词有：seeing(that), in (that), considering (that)等。例如：He is disappointed because he didnt get the position.As it is raining, I will not go out.As he didnt know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary .Since everyone is here, lets begin our meeting.Now that you mention it, I do remember.Now (that) the weather has cleared up, we can start our journey.Seeing (that) he was badly ill, we sent for the doctor.Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quitegood job.（四）目的状语从句 目的状语从句用来说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的。目的状语从句的谓语常含有may, might, can, could, should, would等情态动词。 引导目的状语从句的引导词或词组有：that,so that, in order that 特殊引导词有：lest, in case, for fear that,in the hope that, for the purpose that例如：Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time .He left early in case he should miss the train.Put on more clothes lest (= for fear that ) you should catch cold.（五）结果状语从句 结果状语从句表示事态结果，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。 引导结果状语从句的常用引导词有：so,that,so that,so that, such that。例如：She was ill, so that she didnt attend the meeting.He was so excited that he could not say a word. She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.He gave such important reasons that he was excused.It is such an interesting novel that all of us want to read it.It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it.【注意】so.that 如此以致。其引导的果状语从句有如下四种结构：1so + 形容词副词 + that从句The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map.The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.2so + 形容词 + a/ an + 单数名词 + that从句It was so hot a day that they all went swimming.He made so inspiring a speech that everybody got excited.3so + many/few +复数可数名词+ that从句I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.He has so few friend that he often feels lonely.4so + much/little +不可数名词 + that从句I had so little money then that I couldnt even afford a used car.He drank so much wine last night that he felt terrible.【注意】such.that 如此以致。其引导的结果语从句有如下四种结构：1such + a/an + 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + that从句Jenny is such a clever girl that all of us like her very much.We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.2such + 形容词 +复数可数名词+ that从句He gave such important reasons that he was excused.They are such interesting novels that all of us want to read them.3such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that从句He made such rapid progress that the teacher praised him.He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 提示：such+ a /an+形容词+单数名词结构可以和so +形容词+a an+单数名词结构互换。He told us such a funny story that we all laughed.=He told us so funny a story that we all laughed.=The story he told us was so funny that we all laughed.【区别】such/ sothat引导的状语从句和such/ soas引导的定语从句。He is such a clever boy that we everyone likes him. (状语从句)He is so clever a boy that we everyone likes him (状语从句)She had such a fright that she fainted. (状语从句)He is so clever a boy as everyone likes. ( 定语从句)He is such a clever boy as everyone likes. ( 定语从句)Luckily such earthquakes as can cause a lot of damage dont happen very often.（定语从句）（六）条件状语从句 条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的常用引导词有：if, unless 特殊引导词有：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose/supposing that, in case that, on condition that，so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。例如： If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.So far as I know, he will be away for three months.You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you dont go too far away from the river bank.If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.A .if真实条件句真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈述语气。If he doesnt come at 8, we wont wait for him. If a flood happened in the past, there was usually a great loss of life and property. Bif非真实条件句在含有非真实条件句的复合句中，假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气。（本部分详见语法专题九：虚拟语气）（七）让步状语从句 让步状语从句表示让步关系。引导让步状语从句常用的引导词有：though, although, even if, even though 特殊引导词有：as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while (一般用在句首 )，in spite of the fact that, whether.or (not) , no matter+特殊疑问词,whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever等.例如：Although he is a child, he knows a lot.Child as/though he is, he knows a lot.Although (Though) he was over sixty, he began to learn French.Ill go to work even if (though) it rains tomorrow.Whether you believe it or not, its true.Whatever you say, Ill never change my mind.Whatever happens / may happen , we shall not lose heart.No matter who helps me ,I shall be very grateful.No matter how busy he was, he studied English every day.（八）方式状语从句 方式状语从句表示动作的方式。引导方式状语从句的引导词有：as, as if (though)等。例如：You must do the exercise as I show you.Do as you are told.She looks as if she is ill.They treat the black boy as if (though) he were an animal.He acted as if (though) nothing had happened.规律总结： as if或as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气，但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，用陈述语气。（九）比较状语从句 比较状语从句表示比较关系。引导比较状语从句的引导词有：than, so (as) as, the more the more等。例如：I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.She has made greater progress this year than she did last year.He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.Mary is as old as my sister.The more you read, the better you understand.= If you read more, you will understand better.The more tickets you sell, the more money you will get.The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.The sooner, the better.The busier he is, the happier he feels.The more difficult the questions are, the less likely I am to be able to answer them.（十）使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题1、在时间和条件（有时在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。例如： Well go outing if it doesnt rain tomorrow.Ill write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be ，就可省略从句中的“主语 + be”部分。例如： When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.If (you are) asked you may come in.If (it is) necessary Ill explain to you again.Dont speak until (you are)spoken to.Pressure can be increased when (it is)needed. Unless (it is) repaired, the washing machine is no use. Look out while (you are) crossing the street. 3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。例如： You are to find it where you left it.（状语从句）Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句）I dont know where he came from.（宾语从句）Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句）This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）高考英语短文改错及语法填空分析与训练非谓语动词 考点规律分析：全国卷新课标语法填空和短文改错中对状语从句的考查主要是针对从句引导词的选择。 状语从句单句语法填空之真题训练：1.(2016天津，7) the average age of the population increases，there are more and more old people to care for. 2.(2016全国，七选五)When you have bought a fish and arrive home, youd better store the fish in the refrigerator _you dont cook it immediately.3.(2016北京，27)My grandfather still plays tennis now and then，_hes in his nineties.4.(2016北京，33)I really enjoy listening to music _it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.5.(2016四川，阅读B)_ you do, dont be a bystander.6.(2016四川，66)_the little panda cried, the mother rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats.7.(2016江苏，26)_some people are motivated by a need for success, others are motivated by a fear of failure.8.(2016浙江，5)_online shopping has changed our life, not all of its effects have been positive.9.(2015江苏，26)It is so cold that you cant go outside _ fully covered in thick clothes.10.(2015湖南，33)_ the job takes a significant amount of time, most students agree that the experience is worth it.11.(2015北京，28)You wont find paper cutting difficult _ long as you keep practicing it.12.(2015北京，32)_ the damage is done, it will take many years for the farmland to recover.13.(2015浙江，9)Just _ a single word can change the meaning of a sentence, a single sentence can change the meaning of a paragraph.14.(2015重庆，4)If you miss this chance, it may be years _ you get another one.15.(2015天津，12)We need to get to the root of the problem_ we can solve it.16.(2015安徽，23)_scientists have learned a lot about the universe, there is much we still dont know.17.(2015福建，31)_ the students came from different countries, they got along quite well in the summer camp.18.(2014安徽，25)The meaning of the word“nice”changed a few times _ it finally came to include the sense“pleasant”19.(2014江西，35)It was the middle of the night _ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.20.(2014陕西，24)The young couple，who returned my lost wallet，left _ I could ask for their names.21.(2014重庆，14)Half an hour later，Lucy still couldnt get a taxi _ the bus had dropped her.22.(2014北京，29)Even _ the forest park is far away，a lot of tourists visit it every year.23.(2014江苏，21)Lessons can be learned to face the future，_ history cannot be changed.24.(2014山东，2)I dont really like the author，_ I have to admit his books are very exciting.25(2014湖南，26)You will never gain success _ you are fully devoted to your work.26(2014天津，4)_ you start eating in a healthier way，weight control will become much easier.学习札记：状语从句单句语法填空之真题训练：1C考查状语从句。句意为：随着人口平均寿命的延长，越来越多的老人需要照顾。as在此处引导状语从句，表示“随着”。2if考查状语从句，根据句意：当你买了鱼回家的时候，如果你不立刻做的话，最好先存储到冰箱里。可以看出是条件关系。3even though/though考查连词。句意：尽管我祖父已经九十多岁了，但他仍不