学术英语(社科)-Unit-2含答案.ppt

学术英语 社科 Academic English for Social Sciences 2 Economist Just as you cannot become a mathematician, psychologist, or lawyer overnight, learning to think like an economist will take time. However, what is the economists way of thinking? What does it mean to think like an economist? By learning this unit, you will find the answers. Unit 2 Economics Lead-in Text A Text B Text C Listening Speaking Writing Unit Contents Lead-in Who studies economics? Unit 2 Economics Lead-in Just as you cannot become a mathematician overnight, study economics and learn to think like an economist will take time. However who studies economics? Task 1 Listen to a talk “Who studies economics?” and complete the sentences. Unit 2 Economics Lead-in Unit 2 Economics 1 Economics can seem _ at first, but the field is fundamentally very _. 2 Mick Jagger once studied at _. 3 When asked in 2005 why The Rolling Stones were going on tour again, Mick Jagger replied, “_.” abstract practical the London School of Economics Supply and demand Lead-inUnit 2 Economics Task 2 Listen to the talk again and complete the following table. NameProfession Ronald Regan Michael Kinsley Steve Ballmer Mick Jagger Former President of the United States Journalist Chief Executive Officer, Microsoft Singer for the Rolling Stones Text A Critical reading and thinking Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose Specialized vocabulary Collocations Formal and informal English Signpost language Unit 2 Economics Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Unit 2 Economics Text Analysis Thesis: Economics is a science. The economist works as a scientist. Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Unit 2 Economics 1 Science and scientists have its own language, e.g. math, psychology, law. Economics and economists are the same, e.g. supply, demand, elasticity, consumer surplus. 2 Science and scientists use scientific method, e.g. observation, devise theories, collect data, analyze, test, shown with the example of Isaac Newton. Economics and economists are the same; they use observation and theory, e.g. a theory of inflation. Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Unit 2 Economics Natural sciences or Social sciences? Economics is a social science. Text A Difficult sentences Unit 2 Economics l “The whole of science is nothing more than the refinement of everyday thinking.” (Para. 4) “Science is all just about improving everyday thinking.” Text A Difficult sentences Unit 2 Economics l Yet, despite this lack of realism indeed, because of this lack of realism studying these models is useful for learning how the human body works. (Para. 13) Yet, although the models are not exactly the same as real bodies actually just because they are not that realistic they are useful to help people learn how the human body works. Text A Difficult sentences Unit 2 Economics l These models are stylized, and they omit many details. (Para. 13) These models are artificial rather than realistic, and they dont take many details into consideration. Text A Difficult sentences Unit 2 Economics l Yet, despite this lack of realism indeed, because of this lack of realism studying these models is useful for learning how the human body works. (Para. 13) Yet, although the models are not exactly the same as real bodies actually just because they are not that realistic they are useful to help people learn how the human body works. Specialized vocabulary l elasticity _ l comparative advantage _ l consumer surplus _ l deadweight loss _ l high inflation_ l quantity of money _ l long-run effects of the policy _ Text A English language for academic purpose Unit 2 Economics （需求等的）弹性 比较优势 消费过剩 净损失 高通胀 货币量 长期政策效应 Specialized vocabulary l 经济政策制定者 _ l 货币流通量 _ l 供需 _ l 货币政策 _ Text A English language for academic purpose Unit 2 Economics economic policymaker amount of currency in circulation supply and demand monetary policy Collocations Text A English language for academic purpose l address the subject l devise / verify / refute theories l collect / analyze / generate data l the interplay between observation and theory l doubt the validity of the theory l face an obstacle l make do with l find a substitute for l simplify the complex world / reality l in circulation l omit details Unit 2 Economics Signpost language cause and effect: clue words to indicate cause and effect: because therefore the reason consequently lead to, result from as a result is due to as a consequence Text A English language for academic purpose Unit 2 Economics Signpost language l Signpost language to introduce the topic: The main issues addressed in this paper are This study critically examines The objective of this paper is to . The purpose of this investigation is to . The aim of this paper is to . This paper reports on the results obtained Text A English language for academic purpose Unit 2 Economics Signpost language l Signpost language to introduce the topic: This study was designed to . This paper argues that . The rest of this paper is organized in the following way . This paper is structured as follows . The remainder of this paper is divided into five sections . This paper begins by It will then go on to Finally, Text A English language for academic purpose Unit 2 Economics Formal and informal English Text A English language for academic purpose Unit 2 Economics 1 Whenever Id visited there before, Id ended up feeling that it would be futile if I tried to do anything more. Change the following sentences into a more formal style of writing. Every previous visit had left me with a sense of the futility of further action on my part. Formal and informal English Text A English language for academic purpose Unit 2 Economics 2 The cities in Switzerland had once been peaceful, but they changed when people became violent. Change the following sentences into a more formal style of writing. Violence changed the face of once peaceful Swiss cities. Formal and informal English Text A English language for academic purpose Unit 2 Economics 3 Because the technology has improved its less risky than it used to be when you install them at the same time, and it doesnt cost so much either. Change the following sentences into a more formal style of writing. Improvements in technology have reduced the risks and high costs associated with simultaneous installation. Formal and informal English Text A English language for academic purpose Unit 2 Economics 4 The people in the colony rejoiced when it was promised that things would change in this way. Change the following sentences into a more formal style of writing. Opinion in the colony greeted the promised change with enthusiasm. The tree diagram below shows how the author illustrates his points. Fill in the blanks according to the text Text A Suggested answersUnit 2 Economics The economist works as a(n) _ Thinking like an economist Critical reading and thinking Using scientific methods, such as: scientist make observations, devise theories, collect data, and analyze them. Using different _ to answer different questions. assumptions Building simplified _ to examine various economic issues. models Answer the following questions. Text A Suggested answers Unit 2 Economics Critical reading and thinking 1 What kind of rhetoric device does the author use in the first two paragraphs? Analogy. 2 What is the topic sentence of Paragraph 3? Economists try to address their subject with a scientists objectivity. 3 Why does the author quote Albert Einstein? To support his idea about the essence of science. 4 Why is Newtons theory still taught in undergraduate physics courses around the world? Because Newtons theory is so successful at explaining observation. Answer the following questions. Text A Suggested answers Unit 2 Economics Critical reading and thinking 5 What kind of obstacles do economists face when they use theory and observation like other scientists? It is often difficult and impossible to conduct experiments. 6 How do economists find a substitute for laboratory experiments? They pay close attention to the natural experiments offered by history. 7 For what reason do economists make assumptions? Because assumptions can simplify the complex world and make it easier to understand. 8 What do economic models consist of? They consist of diagrams and equations. 9 What do all models in physics, biology, and economics share in common? They simplify reality to improve our understanding of it. Language building-up Text A Suggested answers Unit 2 Economics Task 1 Specialized vocabulary 2 Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the terms in the box. comparative advantage consumer surplus deadweight loss high inflation monetary policy supply and demand 1 Taxes have _ because they cause buyers to consume less and sellers to produce less. deadweight loss 2 The tools _ of allow you to analyze many of the most important events and policies that shape the economy. supply and demand 3 _ is a good measure of economic well-being if policymakers want to respect the preferences of buyers. Consumer surplus Language building-up Text A Suggested answers Unit 2 Economics Task 1 Specialized vocabulary 2 Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the terms in the box. comparative advantage consumer surplus deadweight loss high inflation monetary policy supply and demand 4 In the 1970s, when the world experienced a relatively _, opinion polls often placed inflation as the most important issue facing the nation. high inflation 5 It is the role of a central bank an institution designed to oversee the banking system, to carry out _, and regulate the quantity of money in the economy. monetary policy Language building-up Text A Suggested answers Unit 2 Economics Task 1 Specialized vocabulary 2 Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the terms in the box. comparative advantage consumer surplus deadweight loss high inflation monetary policy supply and demand comparative advantage 6 Trade can benefit everyone in society because it allows people to specialize in activities in which they have a _. Language building-up Text A Suggested answers Unit 2 Economics Task 1 Signpost language Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the words and expressions in the above box. There may be more than one correct answer. 1 Karlins novels _ his experience in the Vietnam War. resulted from 2 Months of secret talks with the rebels finally _ the release of the hostages. resulted in 3 Animals have died _ of coming into contact with this chemical. as a consequence 4 _ we didnt consider her for the job was that she didnt have enough experience. The reason Language building-up Text A Suggested answers Unit 2 Economics Task 1 Signpost language Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the words and expressions in the above box. There may be more than one correct answer. Consequently 7 _ of last weeks blackouts was a large power plant suddenly going offline in Northern California. 5 Most computer users have never received any formal keyboard training. _ their keyboard skills are inefficient. 6 Jewish weddings are both religious and civil. _ two official applications for marriage are necessary. Therefore The cause 8 Between 1990 and 1992, there were more than 1,000 mergers in that industry all of which _ job losses.led to Language building-up Text A Suggested answers Unit 2 Economics Task 3 Formal English Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the ones that are more daily-life. 1 At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. secretKey: 2 Economists try to address their subject with a scientists objectivity. Key:study 3 They approach the study of the economy in much the same way as a physicist approaches the study of matter and a biologist approaches the study of life. Key:deal with 4 They devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories. Key:invent Language building-up Text A Suggested answers Unit 2 Economics Task 3 Formal English Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the ones that are more daily-life. 5 To beginners, it can seem odd to claim that economics is a science. strange Key: 6 Most people are not accustomed to looking at society through the eyes of a scientist. Key:used 7 This observation motivated Newton to develop a theory of gravity that applies not only to an apple falling to the earth but to any two objects in the universe. Key: drove Language building-up Text A Suggested answers Unit 2 Economics Task 3 Formal English Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the ones that are more daily-life. 8 By contrast, economists studying inflation are not allowed to manipulate a nations monetary policy simply to generate useful data. controlKey: 10 And this opportunity persists long after the wartime increase in oil prices is over. Key:continues to exist 9 For consumers of oil and oil products, such an event depresses living standards. Key:reduces Text B Lead in Key terms Critical reading Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose Unit 2 Economics Text B Reading critically: questions for discussion Unit 2 Economics Discuss the following questions: Life is regarded as a game. Do you agree? Why or why not? Lead-in Text B Key terms Unit 2 Economics l Game theory : the modeling of economic decisions by games whose outcome depends on the decisions taken by two or more agents, each having to make decisions without information on what choices the others are making. Text B Key terms Unit 2 Economics l Competitive strategies (竞争策略): unbeatable strategies used in the context of the fact that everyone else is also looking for them. E.g. cooperation, or everybody playing the same way; behave differently from one another Text B Key terms Unit 2 Economics l Evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS) (进化稳定策略): a strategy which, if adopted by a population of players, cannot be invaded by any alternative strategy that is initially rare. An ESS is an equilibrium refinement of the Nash equilibrium. Text B Key terms Unit 2 Economics l Rational human choice: people will adjust their behavior in order to maximize their gains. l Nash equilibrium: 纳什均衡 a solution concept of a game involving two or more players, in which each player is assumed to know the equilibrium strategies of the other players, also no player has anything to gain by changing only his own strategy unilaterally. Text B Critical reading and thinking Unit 2 Economics Comparison between the two schools of researchers Animal behavioristsEconomists Evolutionarily stable strategies Implication： the way the strategies are played has been hardwired into the participants by the processes of natural selection Nash equilibrium Implication: adjust their behavior to maximize their gains Text B Critical reading and thinking Unit 2 Economics Dr Kurzban in the basic game subjects secretly choose how many of their private tokens to put into the public pot. Each subject keeps the tokens they do not contribute plus an even split of the tokens in the pot. l Methods (see page 35, Para 4): four players; interacted via a computer; virtual tokens redeemable for money Text B Critical reading and thinking Unit 2 Economics Making an experiment: l Game rules (see page 35, Para 4): A player could keep some or all of the tokens and any not kept were put into a pool, to be shared among group members. The game continued for a random number of turns. l At the end of the game (see page 35, Para 4): The value of the pool was doubled and was divided into four equal parts and given to the player, along with the value of any tokens they had held on to. Text B Critical reading and thinking Unit 2 Economics Making an experiment: lThree approaches a player can take (see page 35, Para 5): 1.Cooperate with his opponents to maximize group benefits 2.Free-ride (i.e., try to sucker cooperators) 3.Reciprocate (i.e., cooperate with those who show signs of being cooperative, but not with free-riders) Text B Critical reading and thinking Unit 2 Economics Making an experiment: lResults: (see page 35, Para 7): 1.Of 84 participants, 81 fell into one of the three categories. 2.Researchers ask these 81 participants to play games again to test whether they change strategy. And they did not. 3. Peoples behaviors are clear-cut, strategies stay stable with the same average payoffs. Text B Critical reading and thinking Unit 2 Economics Making an experiment: lConclusions (see page 35, Para 8): 1.It suggests that peoples approaches to cooperate with their fellows are indeed evolutionarily stable. 2.Human behavior can sometimes be governed by evolutionarily stable strategies Text B Critical reading and thinking Unit 2 Economics Task 1 Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1 “Many people, it is said, regard life as a game.” Do you agree? Why or why not? 2 What are the differences between behaviorists and economists in terms of game theory? Use examples to illustrate them. 3 What are the findings of Dr. Kurzban and Dr. Housers study? How did they illustrate their point? Text B Critical reading and thinking Unit 2 Economics Classroom activity: Work in groups of 4 and play the public goods game