安康开亮农产品交易中心-干果副食交易区工程消防水池施工方案.doc

安康开亮农产品交易中心-干果副食交易区工程消防水池施工方案1、 编制依据安康开亮农产品交易中心干果副食交易区（消防水池）工程施工图纸，由陕西寰宇建筑设计有限公司于2010年11月出版的图纸，2011年5月19日由安康市建筑设计院设计的消防水池开挖设计方案。2、 工程结构概况安康开亮农产品交易中心干果副食交易区（消防水池）工程，位于安安康大道西段北侧，地上一层发电机房，建筑面积为76.16平方米、地下一层为消防水池、消防泵房建筑面积为369.51平方米。框架结构，抗震设防烈度为：七度。承台、水池底板及剪力墙采用C30防水混凝土，其抗渗等级S6，框架梁及顶板采用C30混凝土。 3、主要施工方法3.1基坑开挖工程（详见由安康市建筑设计院设计的消防水池基坑开挖方案）3.2钢筋工程3.2.1钢筋加工、制作在熟悉施工图纸的基础上，按照设计规范及施工验收规范的有关规定，确定钢筋相互穿插、避让关系，接头位置，搭接长度，锚固长度，在准确理解设计意图、执行规范的前提下，认真进行钢筋翻样。钢筋加工应严格按图纸和施工翻样进行制作，制作前应由专人对翻样结果进行复核，钢筋半成品按规格、品种、使用部位等分类堆放，挂牌标识。所有钢筋半成品经验收合格后方可按使用部位投入使用。钢筋现场代换必须经总包单位、监理单位、业主单位同意后方可进行。3.2.2钢筋连接钢筋连接方式：均采用闪光对焊。钢筋连接在施工过程中要注意以下几点：（1）所有用于焊接的钢筋均应检验合格 ，接头处的杂物应清理干净。（2）所用机械设备必须事先进行校验，所有操作人员必须持证上岗。（3）施工完毕后需按照一定比例进行抽样检验。3.2.3钢筋绑扎钢筋绑扎顺序：首先绑扎底板下层钢筋，随后绑扎底板面钢筋。剪力墙竖向钢筋采用闪光对焊，混凝土浇筑完毕的第二天、对施工缝进行处理完毕后开始进行剪力墙竖向钢筋的焊接作业，焊接接头必须在监理的见证下取样送检。钢筋绑扎前，操作人员必须熟悉图纸，领会设计意图。绑扎过程中,必须注意安装预埋、预留的适时穿插，要反复对照图纸认真检查，要严格执行三检制，自检、互检后才能进行交接检，并认真做好每次检查记录，做到钢筋质量的可追溯性。钢筋绑扎施工过程中还应注意以下几点：（1）钢筋的布放位置要准确、绑扎要牢固，剪力墙钢筋的定位应牢固、准确。（2）施工中要保证钢筋保护层厚度准确，双排筋时两排钢筋的间距要得到保证。（3）钢筋搭接接头位置、搭接长度以及接头面积百分率必须符合设计及施工验收规范要求。 （4）混凝土保护层厚度：柱40mm，底板底40mm，梁为30mm，底板、剪力墙、顶板30mm。对有多排钢筋的梁，相邻两排钢筋的间距也必须满足要求。（5）对所有钢筋接头按规范检验合格并做好标识后方可开始绑扎，绑扎时要求所有受力筋与水平筋贴牢。底板上负弯矩筋立钩必须向下，不得平躺或朝上方向，所有箍筋必须符合抗震规范要求。（6）钢筋支撑系统：底板上层筋与下层钢筋采用18（底板筋废料）或者16马镫绑扎在一起，马镫梅花状布置，间距1000mm。（7）钢筋焊接：采用闪光对焊。（8）绑扎剪力墙钢筋时特别注意止水钢板的预埋，止水钢板现成为6m长，搭接长度为5cm，并采取满焊。3.4 防水工程3.4.1防水做法1、底板防水。底板防水有两层，下层为4厚SBS改性沥青卷材，上层为1.5厚聚氨酯防水涂膜，具体做法如图：1、剪力墙防水。剪力墙外侧防水层共一层为4厚SBS改性沥青防水卷材层，墙体内标高-4.300m施工缝处设一道止水钢板，具体做法如下：3.4.2防水工程施工工序（1）剪力墙、底板部分基层处理刷冷底子油一道阴阳角、预留管洞周围卷材附加层粘铺卷材卷材收头处理（点粘350石油沥青油毡）保护层施工。1、卷材平面铺贴采用空铺法热熔施工。2、卷材立面采用满铺法，卷材和基层全部热熔粘贴。3、涂刷基层处理剂：在处理好的基层上，用长柄滚刷将基层处理剂均匀地涂刷在基层表面，不能漏刷或露底。4、细部附加增强处理：对阴阳角、预留管道周围应进行增设500mm宽附加层，按具体情况将卷材剪好，先在细部试贴一下，视尺寸、形状合适后，再进行粘贴于已涂刷一定密封材料的基层上，并压实铺牢。5、铺贴卷材：将成卷的卷材抬到铺贴起始端，对准弹好的粉线，将胶粘剂涂刷在基层上，边涂胶边粘铺卷材，最后一人用手持压辊滚压卷材、排出空气、 粘实牢固。立面卷材自下而上铺贴，注意不要故意拉紧卷材，而应在自然状态下进行铺贴。在铺粘过程中用压辊沿同一方向滚压卷材，排出空气。6、 卷材搭接长度为：长边不应小于100mm；短边不应小于100mm。上下两层和相邻两幅卷材的接缝应错开1000mm以上。在立面与平面的转角处，卷材的接缝应留在距转角600mm以外。铺贴底板与外墙交接处的卷材时，卷材应分层交叉搭接。7、卷材防水层错槎接缝的处理：铺贴立面卷材之前，应先将接槎部位的各层卷材揭开，并将其清理干净。卷材有局部损伤，应进行修补后方可施工，此处卷材应用错槎接缝。上下两层卷材和相邻两幅卷材的接缝应错开1/3幅宽，且两层卷材不得相互垂直铺贴。（2）施工缝处设止水钢板剪力墙外层钢筋绑扎止水钢板安装剪力墙内衬钢筋绑扎混凝土施工1、止水钢板安装采用钢筋固定。在结构钢筋上焊接钢板支撑架，支撑架采用12的钢筋切割后焊接，（如有剩余短钢筋，则优先考虑短钢筋）一般焊成三角形，支撑架底板和顶板按300的间距进行布置，边墙竖向施工缝跟边墙分布筋等间距布置，支撑架和主筋焊接，钢板跟支撑架焊接，边墙水平施工缝钢板先在钢板的底部焊一根支撑钢筋，然后再用支撑架进行定位。焊接所用焊条的规格及材料性能应符合设计要求。2、钢板中心线与施工缝重合，安装于1/2板（墙）厚，并且先浇混凝土和后浇混凝土各一半，保证钢板的水平度和垂直度。3、钢板止水带燕尾朝向要求为：顶、底板燕尾朝上，剪力墙水平施工缝朝背水侧，剪力墙竖向施工缝朝迎水侧。4、钢板搭接为5cm，贴合边焊接，钢板交叉部位采用贴合四边满焊，钢板焊缝严密，如发现焊缝不合格或有渗漏现象，应予修整或补焊。 5、垂直施工缝堵头模采用快易收口网，收口网采用小钢筋固定，焊接于结构钢筋上。6、钢板安装结束，首先进行自检，然后通知质安科验收，最后由质安科会同监理一同进行验收，经验收合格后才能进行下一道工序的施工。3.4.3防水工程质量控制要求（1）剪力墙、底板部分1、主控项目a卷材防水层所用的卷材及主要配套材料必须符合设计要求。b卷材防水层及其转角处、变形缝、穿墙管道处等细部做法符合设计要求。2、一般项目a卷材防水层的基层应牢固，基层应洁净、平整，不得有空鼓、松动、起砂和脱皮现象；基层阴阳角处做成圆弧形。b卷材防水层的搭接缝应焊接牢固，密封严密，不得有褶皱、翘边和鼓泡等缺陷。c剪力墙防水卷材的保护层与防水层应粘结牢固，结合紧密、厚度均匀一致。d卷材搭接宽度的允许偏差为-10mm。（2）施工缝处设止水钢板a观察检查：金属表面不得有明显凹面和损伤；焊缝不得有裂纹、未熔合、夹渣、针状气孔等；焊缝的焊波应均匀，焊渣和飞溅物清理干净，钢板镀锌层不得有脱皮现象。b止水钢板表面不得有杂物和油污，油污必须采用清洗剂清洗干净。c钢板焊缝检查：长度小于500的焊缝，每条检查1处；长度5002000的焊缝，每条检查2处；长度大于2000的焊缝，每条检查3处。3.5 模板工程3.5.1模板组拼所使用的木胶合板模板现场加工及组拼。模板组装要严格按照模板配板图尺寸进行组拼；模板在现场拼装时，要控制好相邻板面之间拼缝，拼装要求详见下表。序号项目允许偏差1两块模板之间拼缝1 2相邻模板之间高低差1 3模板平整度2 4模板平面尺寸偏差3 3.5.2 模板定位当底板混凝土浇筑完毕并具有一定强度(1.2MPa)，即用手按不松软、无痕迹，方可上人进行轴线投测。首先将位于基础底板上的轴线引测到底板上。根据轴线位置用墨线弹出模板的内线、边线以及外侧控制线，施工前三线必须到位，以便于模板的安装和校正。当施工剪力墙混凝土时在基坑两边及脚手架上标识标高控制线。3.5.3模板的支设模板支设前将底板清理干净。不得有积水、杂物，并将施工缝表面浮浆剔除，用水冲净。所有模板必须刷油性脱模剂混凝土浇筑施工完成，养护达到强度要求后，拆除剪力墙的木胶合板模板及其支撑体系。3.5.4模板及支撑体系的选择及设计模板采用15厚覆膜多层板,次龙骨采用50mm100mm木枋，主龙骨采用483.5普通钢管，配合顶托。顶板模板顶板采用15厚覆膜多层板，板底模下采用50mm100mm木枋设作为次龙骨间距为250mm。顶板支撑体系采用扣件式螺旋顶撑系统，满堂布置，剪刀撑设置5步4跨，增加整体稳定。立杆间距 900mm900mm，立杆承重连接方式为可调托座，步距1800mm。剪力墙模板剪力墙为双面模板。模板支撑竖向龙骨采用50mmX100mm木枋，间距为225mm；水平龙骨采用两根483.5普通钢管间距为450mm，采用14的止水对拉螺杆按450mm*450mm拉紧，在两剪力墙间搭设满堂架用于支撑。剪力墙模板、脚手架支设图： 梁模板梁截面尺寸有： 250400 mm，350500 mm。梁与其顶部的板一起支模、浇筑。采用梁侧模包底模，楼板模压梁侧模法施工。由于梁截面尺寸不太大，直接采用木方+钢管进行夹设。立杆沿梁跨度方向间距La(m):0.60；立杆上端伸出至模板支撑点长度a(m):0.10；立杆步距h(m):1.50；板底承重立杆横向间距或排距Lb(m):0.90；梁支撑架搭设高度H(m)：3.50；梁两侧立杆间距(m):0.80；承重架支撑形式:梁底支撑小楞垂直梁截面方向；梁底增加承重立杆根数:1；采用的钢管类型为483.5；立杆承重连接方式:可调托座；主楞间距(mm)：400；次楞根数：5；主楞竖向支撑点数量为：2；支撑点竖向间距为：500mm；穿梁螺栓水平间距(mm)：400；穿梁螺栓直径(mm)：M12；主楞龙骨材料：钢楞；截面类型为圆钢管483.5；主楞合并根数：2；次楞龙骨材料：木楞，宽度50mm，高度100mm。柱模板：此区域有KZ1、KZ2 、KZ3 、KZ4(450mm*450mm)四种，柱模板的背部支撑由两层（木楞或钢楞）组成，第一层为直接支撑模板的竖楞（50mm*100mm的木方），用以支撑混凝土对模板的侧压力；第二层为支撑竖楞的柱箍（圆钢管483.5），用以支撑竖楞所受的压力；柱箍之间用对拉螺栓相互拉接，形成一个完整的柱模板支撑体系。止水螺杆详图如下：止水对拉螺杆详图做法：中间为5050mm的止水片，两端采用15厚的木垫块，待混凝土养护完成后，截取露在外端的螺杆后，用防水砂浆进行填补，保持了混凝土的整体性，避免了混凝土表面螺杆处浸水。如下图： 5.6混凝土工程5.6.1 混凝土浇筑 1）混凝土由混凝土运输车从商品混凝土搅拌站运至现场，运输过程中应防止砼离析、流浆、坍落度变化甚至初凝。砼自搅拌机卸出到浇筑完毕的延续时间不宜超过90min；2）混凝土浇筑时，混凝土由运输车直接放至混凝土浇筑部位，无法直接送料的采用汽车泵补充，泵管假设满堂架上。分层浇筑每一层高度为300mm400mm，后一层混凝土浇筑时应再前一层混凝土未初凝前进行，浇注时可采用标识杆控制分层厚度，夜间施工时用灯照亮模板内壁；3）砼振捣工具选用50插入式振动棒，振捣时严格控制振捣时间，一般为1530S，不得过振或漏振。直至砼表面呈水平不再显著下沉，不在出现气泡、表面泛出灰浆为止。尤其要注意上下层砼接茬处，振动棒要插入下层砼50100mm。5.6.2 混凝土养护 1）底板混凝土浇筑完成后，在混凝土表面采用0.3mm厚薄膜一层进行保温养护。 2）剪力墙浇筑完成后应延长侧模拆除的时间，并在混凝土浇筑完成面上部覆盖麻袋及薄膜3）养护时间不能少于7天4、工艺质量及计量4.1钢筋工程 1、主控项目钢筋进场时，应按现行国家标准的规定进行抽验，质量要符合要求。柱纵向受力钢筋的抗拉强度实测值与屈服强度实测值不应小于1.25；钢筋屈服强度实测值与强度标准值不应大于1.3。箍筋末端应做成135弯钩，且平直长度不小于10d。受力钢筋的品种、级别、规格和数量要满足设计的要求。2、一般项目同一构件中，钢筋焊接接头应错开35d的连接区段且不小于500mm，在同一连接区段内受拉纵筋接头百分率不应大于50%。绑扎的钢筋应平直，表面不应有油污、老锈。钢筋绑扎位置的偏差应满足规范要求。4.2模板工程1、主控项目模板安装应参照作业指导书执行。涂刷隔离剂时，不得污染钢筋和砼接茬。2、一般项目模板的拼缝应保证无漏浆、平整，浇筑砼前应对模板进行湿润，但模板内不得有积水。模板安装的尺寸偏差、预埋件安装偏差应满足现行施工规范的规定。4.3混凝土工程 1、主控项目各种原材料的抽验应满足现行规范的要求。配合比设计应符合泵送砼的要求。砼试块的抽取和留置应按照规范的要求进行。2、一般项目：杜绝气泡、露筋、蜂窝麻面、夹渣松散、裂缝等质量通病。3、 质量通病的防治序号项 目防 治 措 施1柱底烂根模板安装前，应将模板内垃圾清理干净。模板安装完毕后，底口用砂浆堵严。2砼面不平、粘连混凝土强度高于1.2MPa方可拆模板,清理模板和涂刷隔离剂必须认真,要有专人检查验收,不合格的要重新刷涂。3垂直度偏差支模时要反复用线坠吊靠,支模完毕经校正后如遇较大的冲撞,应重新较正,变形严重的模板不得继续使用。4砼面凸凹不平加强模板的保护和维修,每次浇筑混凝土前将模板检修一次.板面有缺陷时,应随时进行修理.不得用大锤或振捣器猛振模板,撬棍击打模板。5钢筋移位保护层垫块制作精度要高,内部使用钢筋撑铁固定钢筋位置。6、雨期施工措施1、在雨季中组织施工对现场临设均须全面检查，做好防渗漏工作，保护现有通行道路，做到排水畅通雨后不陷不滑不存水。2、及时回填四周土方，并做好排水明沟，以防建筑物四周浸泡积水。3、板砼施工前应了解近日23天天气预报情况，尽可能避开大雨。现场应准备充足的塑料防雨布，以备浇注时突遇降雨进行覆盖。4、屋面施工时，应先安好雨水口管并尽早处理好防潮层或防水层，以保证室内装修的正常运行。陕西鼎兴建筑工程有限公司2010年5月23日请删除以下内容，O(_)O谢谢！The origin of taxation in the United States can be traced to the time when the colonists were heavily taxed by Great Britain on everything from tea to legal and business documents that were required by the Stamp Tax. The colonists disdain for this taxation without representation (so-called because the colonies had no voice in the establishment of the taxes) gave rise to revolts such as the Boston Tea Party. However, even after the Revolutionary War and the adoption of the U.S. Constitution, the main source of revenue for the newly created states was money received from customs and excise taxes on items such as carriages, sugar, whiskey, and snuff. Income tax first appeared in the United States in 1862, during the Civil War. At that time only about one percent of the population was required to pay the tax. A flat-rate income tax was imposed in 1867. The income tax was repealed in its entirety in 1872. Income tax was a rallying point for the Populist party in 1892, and had enough support two years later that Congress passed the Income Tax Act of 1894. The tax at that time was two percent on individual incomes in excess of $4,000, which meant that it reached only the wealthiest members of the population. The Supreme Court struck down the tax, holding that it violated the constitutional requirement that direct taxes be apportioned among the states by population (pollock v. farmers loan & trust, 158 U.S. 601, 15 S. Ct. 912, 39 L. Ed. 1108 1895). After many years of debate and compromise, the sixteenth amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1913, providing Congress with the power to lay and collect taxes on income without apportionment among the states. The objectives of the income tax were the equitable distribution of the tax burden and the raising of revenue. Since 1913 the U.S. income tax system has become very complex. In 1913 the income tax laws were contained in eighteen pages of legislation; the explanation of the tax reform act of 1986 was more than thirteen hundred pages long (Pub. L. 99-514, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2085). Commerce Clearing House, a publisher of tax information, released a version of the Internal Revenue Code in the early 1990s that was four times thicker than its version in 1953. Changes to the tax laws often reflect the times. The flat tax of 1913 was later replaced with a graduated tax. After the United States entered world war i, the War Revenue Act of 1917 imposed a maximum tax rate for individuals of 67 percent, compared with a rate of 13 percent in 1916. In 1924 Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon, speaking to Congress about the high level of taxation, stated, The present system is a failure. It was an emergency measure, adopted under the pressure of war necessity and not to be counted upon as a permanent part of our revenue structure. The high rates put pressure on taxpayers to reduce their taxable income, tend to destroy individual initiative and enterprise, and seriously impede the development of productive business. Ways will always be found to avoid taxes so destructive in their nature, and the only way to save the situation is to put the taxes on a reasonable basis that will permit business to go on and industry to develop. Consequently, the Revenue Act of 1924 reduced the maximum individual tax rate to 43 percent (Revenue Acts, June 2, 1924, ch. 234, 43 Stat. 253). In 1926 the rate was further reduced to 25 percent. The Revenue Act of 1932 was the first tax law passed during the Great Depression (Revenue Acts, June 6, 1932, ch. 209, 47 Stat. 169). It increased the individual maximum rate from 25 to 63 percent, and reduced personal exemptions from $1,500 to $1,000 for single persons, and from $3,500 to $2,500 for married couples. The national industrial recovery act of 1933 (NIRA), part of President franklin d. roosevelts new deal, imposed a five percent excise tax on dividend receipts, imposed a capital stock tax and an excess profits tax, and suspended all deductions for losses (June 16, 1933, ch. 90, 48 Stat. 195). The repeal in 1933 of the eighteenth amendment, which had prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol, brought in an estimated $90 million in new liquor taxes in 1934. The social security act of 1935 provided for a wage tax, half to be paid by the employee and half by the employer, to establish a federal retirement fund (Old Age Pension Act, Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620). The Wealth Tax Act, also known as the Revenue Act of 1935, increased the maximum tax rate to 79 percent, the Revenue Acts of 1940 and 1941 increased it to 81 percent, the Revenue Act of 1942 raised it to 88 percent, and the Individual Income Tax Act of 1944 raised the individual maximum rate to 94 percent. The post-World War II Revenue Act of 1945 reduced the individual maximum tax from 94 percent to 91 percent. The Revenue Act of 1950, during the korean war, reduced it to 84.4 percent, but it was raised the next year to 92 percent (Revenue Act of 1950, Sept. 23, 1950, ch. 994, Stat. 906). It remained at this level until 1964, when it was reduced to 70 percent. The Revenue Act of 1954 revised the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, making major changes that were beneficial to the taxpayer, including providing for child care deductions (later changed to credits), an increase in the charitable contribution limit, a tax credit against taxable retirement income, employee deductions for business expenses, and liberalized depreciation deductions. From 1954 to 1962, the Internal Revenue Code was amended by 183 separate acts. In 1974 the employee retirement income security act (ERISA) created protections for employees whose employers promised specified pensions or other retirement contributions (Pub. L. No. 93-406, Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 829). ERISA required that to be tax deductible, the employers plan contribution must meet certain minimum standards as to employee participation and vesting and employer funding. ERISA also approved the use of individual retirement accounts (IRAs) to encourage tax-deferred retirement savings by individuals. The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA) provided the largest tax cut up to that time, reducing the maximum individual rate from 70 percent to 50 percent (Pub. L. No. 97-34, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 172). The most sweeping tax changes since world war ii were enacted in the Tax Reform Act of 1986. This bill was signed into law by President ronald reagan and was designed to equalize the tax treatment of various assets, eliminate tax shelters, and lower marginal rates. Conservatives wanted the act to provide a single, low tax rate that could be applied to everyone. Although this single, flat rate was not included in the final bill, tax rates were reduced to 15 percent on the first $17,850 of income for singles and $29,750 for married couples, and set at 28 to 33 percent on remaining income. Many deductions were repealed, such as a deduction available to two-income married couples that had been used to avoid the marriage penalty (a greater tax liability incurred when two persons filed their income tax return as a married couple rather than as individuals). Although the personal exemption exclusion was increased, an exemption for elderly and blind persons who itemize deductions was repealed. In addition, a special capital gains rate was repealed, as was an investment tax credit that had been introduced in 1962 by President john f. kennedy. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, the first budget and tax act enacted during the Clinton administration, was vigorously debated, and passed with only the minimum number of necessary votes. This law provided for income tax rates of 15, 28, 31, 36, and 39.6 percent on varying levels of income and for the taxation of social security income if the taxpayer receives other income over a certain level. In 2001 Congress enacted a major income tax cut at the urging of President george w. bush. Over the course of 11 years the law reduces marginal income tax rates across all levels of income. The 36 percent rate will be lowered to 33 percent, the 31 percent rate to 28 percent, the 28 percent rate to 25 percent. In addition, a new bottom 10 percent rate was created. Since the early 1980s, a flat-rate tax system rather than the graduated bracketed method has been proposed. (The graduated bracketed method is the one that has been used since graduated taxes were introduced: the percentage of tax differs based on the amount of taxable income.) The flat-rate system would impose one rate, such as 20 percent, on all income and would eliminate special deductions, credits, and exclusions. Despite firm support by some, the flat-rate tax has not been adopted in the United States. Regardless of the changes made by legislators since 1913, the basic formula for computing the amount of tax owed has remained basically the same. To determine the amount of income tax owed, certain deductions are taken from an individuals gross income to arrive