哈佛大学公开课《公正该如何做是好第四课英文字幕.doc

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100:00:03,469 - 00:00:06,170Funding for this program is provided by.200:00:07,550 - 00:00:09,910Additional funding provided by.300:00:32,000 - 00:00:35,550Today, we turn to John Locke.400:00:39,760 - 00:00:46,770On the face of it, Locke is a powerfulally of the libertarian.500:00:47,570 - 00:00:53,630First, he believes,as libertarians today maintain,600:00:55,169 - 00:01:01,520that there are certain fundamentalindividual rights that are so important700:01:01,830 - 00:01:05,750that no government,even a representative government,800:01:05,860 - 00:01:10,170even a democratically elected government,can override them.900:01:12,490 - 00:01:18,560Not only that, he believes thatthose fundamental rights include1000:01:19,520 - 00:01:26,420a natural right to life,liberty, and property,1100:01:29,229 - 00:01:35,030and furthermore he arguesthat the right to property1200:01:37,280 - 00:01:42,330is not just the creationof government or of law.1300:01:42,899 - 00:01:47,110The right to property isa natural right in the sense1400:01:47,240 - 00:01:50,420that it is prepolitical.1500:01:51,960 - 00:01:59,340It is a right that attachesto individuals as human beings,1600:01:59,559 - 00:02:02,440even before governmentcomes on the scene,1700:02:02,600 - 00:02:05,000even before parliamentsand legislatures1800:02:05,280 - 00:02:10,460enact laws to define rightsand to enforce them.1900:02:10,769 - 00:02:15,530Locke says in order to think aboutwhat it means to have a natural right,2000:02:16,100 - 00:02:19,530we have to imaginethe way things are2100:02:21,500 - 00:02:28,000before government, before law,and thats what Locke means2200:02:28,239 - 00:02:30,240by the state of nature.2300:02:31,459 - 00:02:34,860He says the state of natureis a state of liberty.2400:02:39,109 - 00:02:42,510Human beings arefree and equal beings.2500:02:42,709 - 00:02:45,810There is no natural hierarchy.2600:02:46,769 - 00:02:49,750Its not the case that some peopleare born to be kings2700:02:49,850 - 00:02:52,860and others are bornto be serfs.2800:02:53,840 - 00:02:58,540We are free and equalin the state of nature and yet,2900:02:59,299 - 00:03:02,700he makes the point thatthere is a difference between3000:03:02,910 - 00:03:05,940a state of liberty anda state of license.3100:03:08,810 - 00:03:11,260And the reason is that evenin the state of nature,3200:03:11,480 - 00:03:12,610there is a kind of law.3300:03:12,890 - 00:03:15,180Its not the kind of lawthat legislatures enact.3400:03:15,739 - 00:03:23,160Its a law of nature.And this law of nature constrains3500:03:23,280 - 00:03:25,920what we can do even thoughwe are free,3600:03:26,030 - 00:03:28,120even though we arein the state of nature.3700:03:29,000 - 00:03:31,800Well what are the constraints?3800:03:33,480 - 00:03:37,970The only constraint givenby the law of nature3900:03:38,720 - 00:03:45,210is that the rights we have,the natural rights we have4000:03:45,780 - 00:03:50,280we cant give upnor can we take them4100:03:50,519 - 00:03:52,650from somebody else.4200:03:53,950 - 00:03:56,490Under the law of nature,Im not free to take somebody elses4300:03:56,829 - 00:04:06,260life or liberty or property,nor am I free to take4400:04:06,619 - 00:04:11,480my own life or liberty or property.4500:04:12,420 - 00:04:17,150Even though I am free,Im not free to violate the law of nature.4600:04:17,310 - 00:04:22,410Im not free to take my own lifeor to sell my self into slavery4700:04:22,870 - 00:04:28,620or to give to somebody elsearbitrary absolute power over me.4800:04:28,830 - 00:04:32,200So where does this constraint,you may think its a fairly4900:04:32,300 - 00:04:35,020minimal constraint,but where does it come from?5000:04:36,360 - 00:04:40,250Well, Locke tells uswhere it comes from5100:04:40,599 - 00:04:45,300and he gives two answers.Here is the first answer.5200:04:45,960 - 00:04:53,040For men, being all the workmanshipof one omnipotent,5300:04:53,090 - 00:04:55,970and infinitely wise maker,namely God,5400:04:57,349 - 00:05:00,360they are His property,whose workmanship they are,5500:05:00,640 - 00:05:05,900made to last during His,not one anothers pleasure.5600:05:06,020 - 00:05:09,100So one answer to the questionis why cant I give up5700:05:09,200 - 00:05:13,500my natural rights to life, liberty,and property is well,5800:05:13,700 - 00:05:16,840theyre not, strictly speaking,yours.5900:05:19,140 - 00:05:28,140After all, you are the creature of God.God has a bigger property right in us,6000:05:28,300 - 00:05:30,800a prior property right.6100:05:31,680 - 00:05:34,420Now, you might saythats an unsatisfying,6200:05:34,520 - 00:05:36,020unconvincing answer,at least for those6300:05:36,380 - 00:05:38,260who dont believe in God.6400:05:38,550 - 00:05:43,150What did Locke have to say to them?Well, here is where Locke appeals6500:05:43,479 - 00:05:48,580to the idea of reasonand this is the idea,6600:05:50,120 - 00:05:54,510that if we properly reflecton what it means to be free,6700:05:55,240 - 00:05:59,690we will be led to the conclusionthat freedom cant just be a matter6800:05:59,969 - 00:06:02,140of doing whatever we want.6900:06:02,969 - 00:06:07,390I think this is what Locke meanswhen he says, The state of nature7000:06:07,460 - 00:06:11,170has a law of nature to govern itwhich obliges everyone: and reason,7100:06:11,280 - 00:06:16,560which is that law, teaches mankindwho will but consult it7200:06:16,760 - 00:06:21,210that all being equal and independent,no one ought to harm another7300:06:21,310 - 00:06:24,030in his life, health,liberty, or possessions.7400:06:25,120 - 00:06:31,840This leads to a puzzlingparadoxical feature of Lockes7500:06:32,000 - 00:06:38,420account of rights.Familiar in one sensebut strange in another.7600:06:39,960 - 00:06:44,560Its the idea that our natural rightsare unalienable.7700:06:44,770 - 00:06:47,540What does unalienable mean?Its not for us to alienate them7800:06:47,640 - 00:06:51,260or to give them up, to give them away,to trade them away, to sell them.7900:06:52,520 - 00:06:56,610Consider an airline ticket.Airline tickets are nontransferable.8000:06:56,760 - 00:07:00,130Or tickets to the Patriotsor to the Red Sox.8100:07:00,840 - 00:07:05,330Nontransferable ticketsare unalienable.8200:07:06,680 - 00:07:11,020I own them in the limited sensethat I can use them for myself,8300:07:11,120 - 00:07:15,850but I cant trade them away.So in one sense, an unalienable right,8400:07:16,080 - 00:07:23,850a nontransferable right makessomething I own less fully mine.8500:07:25,729 - 00:07:30,420But in another senseof unalienable rights,8600:07:31,440 - 00:07:34,820especially where were thinkingabout life, liberty, and property,8700:07:37,270 - 00:07:40,620or a right to be unalienablemakes it more deeply,8800:07:40,960 - 00:07:44,570more profoundly mine,and thats Lockes sense8900:07:45,630 - 00:07:47,440of unalienable.9000:07:47,960 - 00:07:50,370We see it in the American Declarationof Independence.9100:07:50,650 - 00:07:53,710Thomas Jefferson drewon this idea of Locke.9200:07:54,640 - 00:07:59,790Unalienable rights to life, liberty,and as Jefferson amended Locke,9300:08:00,310 - 00:08:03,550to the pursuit of happiness.Unalienable rights.9400:08:05,250 - 00:08:13,350Rights that are so essentially minethat even I cant trade them away9500:08:13,400 - 00:08:15,200or give them up.9600:08:17,840 - 00:08:20,660So these are the rightswe have in the state of nature9700:08:21,080 - 00:08:23,480before there is any government.9800:08:24,479 - 00:08:27,330In the case of life and liberty,I cant take my own life.9900:08:27,429 - 00:08:30,230I cant sell myself into slaveryany more than I can take10000:08:30,330 - 00:08:32,140somebody elses lifeor take someone else10100:08:32,240 - 00:08:35,340as a slave by force.10200:08:36,600 - 00:08:39,420But how does that workin the case of property?10300:08:39,