[高一英语]新课标外研社版高中英语必修三教材知识点详解Module4SandstormsinAsia.doc

欢迎光临：大家论坛高中高考专区 教材优化全析Introduction1.It lasted for ten hours and was very frightening.它（这场沙尘暴）持续了十个小时，令人特别恐惧。（1）last vi. 继续；持续；维持。例如：Our summer holidays last a long time every year.我们的假期每年有很长一段时间。 The hot weather lasted until the end of September.炎热的天气一直持续到九月底。（2）frightening adj. 令人恐惧的， 引起突然惊恐的。例如：a frightening experience一次可怕的经历The news is quite frightening.这消息引起人们的恐惧。2.The wind blew the sand high around the houses，and some cars were almost completely buried by the sand.强劲的风吹得房子周围的沙尘四处飞扬，有些小汽车几乎被沙尘所埋没。blow vt.& vi. 吹，吹动，刮。例如：The winds blow across the sea，pushing little waves into bigger and bigger ones.风吹过海面，把小的波浪推向前进，变成越来越大的波浪。The wind has blown my hat off.风把我的帽子刮走了。blow C 打，打击，奇袭，猛攻。例如：give sb. a blow on the head给某人头上一击3.Deserts are also created because people cut down trees and dig up grass.人们肆意砍伐树木和破坏草皮也是导致土壤沙漠化的原因之一。cut down 砍倒；缩减；降价。例如：The apple tree was dead and he cut it down.那棵苹果树枯死了，所以他把它砍掉。We cant cut down our expenses any more.我们不能再削减费用了。I managed to cut the shopkeeper down to $100 for the watch.我跟店主杀价，终于把这手表降到100美元。dig up掘出；挖出；发掘；捐出。 例如：He has dug up some vegetables.他挖出了一些蔬菜。Can you dig up any money? 你能凑点钱吗？4.If you are in a desert，what is the first sign of a sandstorm?假若你正在沙漠中，沙尘暴要来临的最初迹象是什么？sign C 记号，符号，姿势；告示，标语；牌子；迹象；征兆。例如：He made a sign for me to follow him.他向我示意跟着他（走）。 The sign by the road said“No Parking”.路边的牌子上写着“禁止停车”。There are no signs of life about the house.这房子没有住人的迹象。Reading and vocabulary1.Sandstorms have been a major disaster for many Asian countries for centuries.几个世纪以来，沙尘暴一直是很多亚洲国家的主要的灾难。major adj. 较大的；较多的；主要的；主修的。例如：One of the major aims of the air raid was the complete demolition of all means of communications by bombing.这次空袭的一个主要目的，就是通过轰炸彻底摧毁敌人的通讯设施。a major city主要城市majoring in mathematics 主修数学2.They are often so thick that you cannot see the sun，and the wind is sometimes strong enough to move sand dunes.通常情况下，它们（沙尘暴）密集得遮天蔽日，并且有时候强烈的风足以把沙丘推向前进。so. that.如此以至于（引导结果状语从句）。例如：He got up so early that he was the first to get to school.他起床很早，结果第一个到达学校。The problem was so difficult that none of us worked it out.这道题很难，我们中没有一人能解出来。3.Ren Jianbo，from Inner Mongolia described a terrible sandstorm he experienced as a child in the desert.来自于内蒙古的任建波描述了他小时候在沙漠中经历的一次可怕的沙尘暴。本句话中he experienced是定语从句，修饰前面的sandstorm。as a child是时间状语，相当于as he was a child。4.“To have been caught in a sandstorm was a terrible experience，” he said.他说：“那次被围困在沙尘暴中的经历真是令人太可怕了。”此处“To have been caught in the sandstorm”为不定式的完成形式作主语。“be caught in”在此的意思是“被困在雨（风、雪）中”。例如：He was caught in the storm last week and caught a cold.他上星期被雨淋了，患了感冒。Charlie Chaplin and his friends were caught in a snowstorm.查理卓别林和他的朋友被暴风雪围困了。5.It was the most frightening and the most dangerous situation Ive ever been in.当时情景非常可怕，这是我经历过的最危险的情形。situation n. 位置，场所，地位，形势，局势， 局面，情况，处境。例如：The house has a fine situation.这所房子的地点很好。The situation was complicated.形势非常复杂。How do you analyze the present political situation?您怎样分析当前的政治局势？6.You just had to hope youd survive.你仅希望自己能大难不死。survive vt. & vi. 活下来， 幸存， 保存下来，经历后依然活着， 经受得住。例如：Few survived after the flood.洪水过后，幸存者极少。The man was very ill，but he survived.这个人病得很厉害，可是他活下来。Only one baby survived the terrible car crash.在那次可怕的撞车事故中只有一个婴儿生还。survive 比活得长。例如：She survived her husband by five years.她比她丈夫多活了五年。7.Sandstorms in China appear to have increased in recent years as a result of desertification.由于沙漠化，近年来中国的沙尘暴好像增加了。appear to have done结构中，不定式完成式表示的动作是一个更早的动作，它发生在主要动词所表示的动作之前。不定式的完成形式经常与appear，seem，happen，pretend等动词连用。例如：I happened to have driven that kind of car before.相当于：It happened that I had driven that kind of car before.碰巧我过去曾开过那种汽车。He pretended to have read the book.相当于：He pretended that he had read it.他假装曾经读过那本书。8.This is a process that happens when land becomes desert because of climate changes and because people cut down trees and dig up grass.这一进程是由于气候变化以及人们肆意砍伐森林和破坏草皮从而导致土地沙漠化的情况下发生的。processC 进程，处理（方法），步骤，过程，作用，工序，方法。例如：the process of breathing呼吸作用the process of learning to read 学习阅读的步骤the process of digestion 消化过程 The firm is now in the process of moving the main equipment to a new place.公司目前正在把主要设备迁到新地址去。9.Citizens wake up to an orange sky and strong winds that cover the city in a thick，brown-yellow dust.人们醒来注意到橘红色的天空，强劲的风沙给整座城市笼罩上一层厚厚的棕黄色的灰尘。wake up to认识到，意识到，发觉。例如：He didnt wake up to the importance of study until he joined in the work.直到参加了工作他才意识到学习的重要性。We must wake up to the fact that this kind of animal is in danger of dying out.我们必须意识到这一事实，那就是这种动物正面临灭绝的危险。10.The storms sometimes continue all day and traffic moves very slowly because the thick dust makes it difficult to see.沙尘暴有时候持续一整天，密集的沙尘使得能见度很低，因此来往的车辆行驶得很慢。这里make后面跟复合宾语，it 是形式宾语，difficult作补语，to see 是真正的宾语。其结构为：make it+adj.+ to do.。例如：The heavy rain made it impossible for us to get there on time.这场大雨使得我们不可能按时赶到那儿。His explanation made it easy for us to understand the text.他的解释使得我们对课文的理解变得容易起来。11.The Chinese Central Weather Station can forecast a sandstorm some weeks before it arrives in Beijing，but the strength of the storm sometimes surprises people.现在中国中央气象台已经能提前几个星期在沙尘暴到达北京前作出预报，但沙尘暴的强度有时还是出乎人们的预料。forecast vt. 预测，预报，估计。例如：The recent statement of the president forecast a change in the situation.总统最近的一次讲话预示着形势将有所变化。The newspaper forecast that the Democrats would be totally beaten in the general election came true.报纸预测民主党人在这次大选中将被彻底击败，结果变成了事实。forecast 预示，作为提前的预兆。例如：Price increases that forecast inflation.物价上涨预示着通货膨胀。12.To prevent it coming nearer，the government is planting trees.为了阻止沙漠向北京逼近，政府一直在植树。to keep from happeningprevent预防，使防止发生；使（某人）不做某事。例如：take steps to prevent the strike采取步骤避免罢工Prevent us from winning.阻挠我们获胜。What prevented you from joining us last night?昨天晚上什么事使你不能参加我们的晚会?We were prevented by heavy smog from seeing anything.浓雾使我们看不到任何东西。Listening and vocabulary1.atmosphere U 空气，大气（层），周围情况， 环境，气氛，风格。例如：the exciting atmosphere of a football match 一场足球比赛的激动人心的气氛atmosphere pressure大气压力artificial atmosphere人工调节的空气a restaurant with an Old World atmosphere一个充满东半球情趣的小饭馆international standard atmosphere国际标准大气压outer atmosphere外层大气working atmosphere工作环境2.pollution污染，弄脏，败坏，污秽物。例如：agricultural pollution农业污染air（borne）pollution大气污染community pollution居民区污染dust pollution灰尘污染environment pollution环境污染industrial pollution工业污染noise pollution噪声污染nuclear pollution核污染Pollution in the air reduced the visibility near the airport.空气中的污染降低了机场附近的能见度。3.melt vi. 熔化，融化，溶解，逐渐消散；（心等）变软，产生怜悯的心情，逐渐混合。例如：Iron melts at a great heat.铁在高温下熔化。The snow melted away.雪化了。Hills melt into the sky.群山渐渐没入天际。Her anger melted.她的怒气消了。The sun melted the dark clouds.日出驱散了乌云。Our hearts melted at the childs tears.孩子的眼泪使我们的心变软了。4.environment n. 环境，周围环境，自然环境。例如：home environment 家庭环境adjust to a new environment适应新的环境beautify the environment美化环境The children have a happy environment at school.孩子们在学校有一个快乐的环境。Writing1.Suggest a solution.提出一个解决方案。suggest vt. 建议，提出，使想起， 后跟名词、动名词，或从句，注意跟从句用虚拟语气， 名词形式为suggestion。例如：He suggested going out for a walk.他建议出去走走。An idea suggested itself to me（to my mind）.我产生了一个念头。He suggested that we start out early the next day.他建议我们第二天早一点出发。The smile on his face suggested that he was glad to have given his life for his country.他脸上的微笑暗示了能为祖国而献身他感到很高兴。suggest 暗示；显出。例如：When I suggested that some villagers must have come in for a free drink，Mr Thompson shook his head.当我暗示说，这准是某些村民进来偷喝掉的，汤普森先生摇摇头。2.We need to find a cleaner way to travel.我们需要找一条干净的路线去旅行。need vt.需要，后跟名词、动名词或不定式作宾语。例如： Shes on holiday；she needed a change from work.她正在度假，她需要放下工作改变一下生活。You didnt need to tell him the news；it just made him sad.你无需告诉他这一消息， 那只会使他悲哀。The trees over there need watering.那些树该浇水了。Everyday English1.in a nutshell简单地，简约地，以言以蔽之。例如：Youd better give us a description about the matter in a nutshell.你最好简单地向我们描述一下这件事。Just give me the facts in a nutshell.只要简要地告诉我事实。2.Its scary.令人害怕的，引起惊恐的。（相当于 Its frightening.）。例如：The volcano in that country broke out.It was scary.那个国家的火山爆发了，令人特别惊恐。Havent you heard that a hurricane is coming.Its scary.你没听说吗？飓风就要来到了，太令人可怕了！3.Ill do my best.我会尽我的最大努力的。do ones best尽全力。例如：We must do our best to study every subject.我们必须尽最大努力学好每一门功课。Though we lost the game，we had no regret，because we had done our best.虽然我们输掉了比赛，但我们毫无遗憾因为我们已经尽了最大努力了。He tried his best to complete the distance.他尽了最大的努力跑完了全程。4.From what I understand.据我了解 例如：From what I understand his novel hasnt been published.据我了解，他的那部小说还没有出版。From what I understand he had not intended to do so.据我所了解他并不是故意这样做的。5.Youre absolutely right.（你）完全正确。例如：（1）Boys usually grow taller than girls.男孩子通常比女孩子长得高。Youre absolutely right.完全正确。（2）Light travels much faster than sound does.光传播得比声音快。Youre absolutely right.对极了。absolutely adv.绝对地，完全地；无条件地。例如:absolutely impossible绝对不可能的He refused absolutely.他彻底拒绝了。思维拓展frighten vt. 吓唬，使惊惧。例如：He was frightened of the fierce dog.他让这只凶猛的狗吓怕了。思维拓展blow away 刮走blow down 刮倒blow over 刮倒，吹倒blow off 吹掉blow out 吹灭 The child blew the candles out before he cut the cake into pieces.这个小孩在切蛋糕之前先把蜡烛吹灭了。思维拓展cut in 插嘴cut off 切断cut up 切碎cut though 剪断思维拓展dig 挖，掘，挖洞，刨。 He is digging in his garden.他正在花园里挖地。We shall have to dig under the river to lay the sewage pipe.为了铺设污水管道，我们必须在河床下面开一条通道。思维拓展sign vt. & vi. 在签字，签名，打招呼，做手势。例如：Both sides have signed the contract!双方已经在合同上签字。He signed me to be quiet.他做手势要我安静。sign in 签到sign out签名离去思维拓展minor较小的，次要的majority 多数，大半minority 少数，少数民族senior年长的，地位较高的，高级的junior年少的，下级的，后进的思维拓展so that 引导目的状语从句时，一般不分开写，后面常跟有情态动词。例如：We started early so that we could arrive there before dark.为了在天黑以前赶到那儿，我们很早就出发了。思维拓展1.He sang songs as he was taking a bath.2.As she grew older，she became more pessimistic.思维拓展be caught doing.做某事时被当场抓住。例如：The thief was caught stealing money from the shop.那个小偷从商店里偷钱时被当场抓住。思维拓展save the situation挽回局势practical situation实际情况economic situation经济形势the situation from home and abroad国内外形势思维拓展survival n. 幸存，残存，幸存者。例如：the survival of the fittest适者生存以-al结尾的名词还有：refusal 拒绝proposal 建议approval 认可criminal 犯罪分子rival 竞争者arrival 到达者思维拓展注意比较不定式的一般式与完成式之间的差别：He seems to be a great athlete.=It seems that he is a great athlete.He seems to have been a great athlete.=It seems that he was a great athlete.思维拓展process vt. 加工（食品等），冲洗，处理。 例如：One has to process a photographic film to print pictures from it.必须先处理照相底片才能冲印出相片。The plans are now being processed.计划现正在审查。procession行列processor 资料处理机全析提示wake up 醒来，把某人叫醒。例如：Please wake me up at 6：30 tomorrow morning.明天早晨六点半请把我叫醒。全析提示make it + n. + to do.，也是类似结构。例如：He makes it a rule never to cast his net more than three times a day.他养成了习惯每天撒网不超过四次。I feel it an honor to be invited to speak here.应邀在这儿讲话我感到很荣幸。思维拓展weather forecast 天气预报climatic forecast气候展望wave forecast海浪预报traffic forecast通信量预报，运输预测short-term forecast短期预测river forecast河流水情预报sales forecast销售预测思维拓展阻止做某事keep+宾语+from doing stop+宾语+from doingprevent+宾语+from doingstop和prevent在主动语态里from均可省略，而在被动语态中不可省去from。思维拓展atmosphere也可以作可数名词。例如：We live in an atmosphere of freedom.我们生活在自由的环境中。There is an atmosphere of peace and calm in the country quite different from that of a big city.在乡间有一种和平宁静之气氛，与大城市的气氛截然不同。思维拓展pollute vt. 弄脏，污染，玷污。例如：The river is polluted by waste water from the factories nearby.这条河里的水被附近的工厂流出来的废水给污染了。思维拓展melt主要指通过热力引起的液化，也可表示因怜悯、同情或爱等而变软，变温和。fuse主要表示通过热作用将不同成分融合，例如两种矿物质的融合。liquefy 它只能用于指物理过程，但既可用于气体，也可用固体。全析提示surroundings侧重强调周围环绕物。例如：That house is in beautiful surroundings.这座房屋四周的环境优美。思维拓展suggest sth.to sb.或suggest to sb. sth.表示人的间接宾语不管是在直接宾语的前或后都要加介词to，动词explain，say，report，announce，express都有此用法。 建议某人做某事要用advise sb. to do sth.不能用suggest sb. to do sth.思维拓展satisfy ones needs满足某人的需要in case/time of need在紧急的时候A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难之交是真朋友。from each according to his ability，to each according to his needs各尽所能，按需分配思维拓展lie in a nutshell简单明了，易于解决put sth.in a nutshell用一句话概括起来思维拓展scarC 伤痕，疤痕v. 结疤，创伤I was scared of the big dog.我害怕这条大狗。a child who scares easily一个容易受惊的孩子思维拓展Strive for the best，prepare for the worst.作最坏的打算，争取最好的结果。at best至多；在最佳情况下no more than 40 people at best in attendance充其量有不到40人参加全析提示as far as I know.据我所知全析提示Youre absolutely right.用在交际对话中，用来肯定对方的观点，根当于Youre quite right.思维拓展relatively adv. 相对地anengine relativelypowerful to its weight就重量而论马力较大的发动机Cultural corner1.Some countries are better than others at looking after the environment.有些国家在保护环境方面做得确实比其他国家要好得多。look after目送，寻求，照顾， 关心。 例如：Her parents have both gone to work，so she has to stay at home to look after her little brother.她的父母都上班去了，所以她不得不留在家里照料她的弟弟。They looked after the train as it left the station.他们目送火车离去。2.The garbage is then taken away and，if possible，recycled.然后这些垃圾被运走，并且可能的话，再进行回收利用。if possible如果可能的话。例如：I will go to Beijing this week，if possible，Ill take my girl friend.这个星期我要去北京，可能的话，我要带着我的女朋友一块儿去。Id like to see you very much，would you come here right now，if possible?我很想见你，可能的话，你能不能立刻赶到这儿？I seldom，if ever，smoke.（=I seldom smoke if I ever smoke.） 即使抽烟的话，我也抽得很少。3.There are laws that do not allow people to burn too much coal.现在法律禁止人们燃烧太多的煤。（1）allow vt.& vi.允许；考虑，顾及。例如：后面可以跟名词、动名词或动词不定式的复合结构。例如：Smoking is not allowed here.此处不准吸烟。We dont allow such things to be done.我们不容许有这种事情发生。Her parents dont allow her to go to the cinema alone at night.她的父母不允许她晚上一个人去看电影。（2）too much“太多”，表数量。例如：If you drink too much water before you go to bed，its not easy to fall asleep.睡觉前饮水太多，就不容易入睡。Dont think too much of yourself.不要自以为了不起。4.The “Green” movement tries to get governments to think seriously about the environment and how to look after it.绿色运动（者们）试图让政府认真考虑环境问题以及如何保护环境。seriously adj.认真地；危险地。例如：He takes things too seriously.他看待事情太认真了。He was seriously injured in the traffic accident.他在车祸中受了重伤。think seriously about认真地考虑。例如：You should think seriously about the advice that the teacher gave to you.你应当认真地考虑一下老师给你提出的建议。We should think seriously about the problem.我们应当严肃地考虑这个问题。全析提示look down on 轻视，看不起look forward to 盼望；期待look out 注意，注意看，挑选出look up 好转，在书中查到look back回想，记起，停滞不前look on 旁观，看做全析提示if 引导省略的情况有下列几种：if any 如果有的话if necessary 需要的话if so 如果是这样的话if ever 如果曾经有的话if not 不这样的话if possible 如果可能的话思维拓展permit（允许）， advise（建议）， forbid（禁止）和allow用法一样。例如：Smoking is forbidden here.此处禁止吸烟。The doctor advised him to form the habit of getting up early.医生建议他养成早起的习惯。思维拓展much too “太”，后跟形容词或副词，表示程度。例如：The problem is much too difficult for me.这个问题对我来说太难了。思维拓展think well of sb.对某人印象好；看重某人 think highly of 看重 think well of 重视think little of 看轻；看不起think nothing of轻视；认为无所谓think aloud或think out loud把某人的想法有声地表达出来think twice衡量Grammar一、不定式的各种形式动词不定式是一种非限定动词，仍具有动词的一般特征，有一般式、进行式、完成式。现分别介绍如下：1.动词不定式的一般式I am glad to see you here.很高兴在这儿见到你。She decided not to accept his present.她决定不接受他的礼物。To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness of life.有所爱而且也被人爱是人生一大幸福。2.动词不定式的进行式It is wrong to be always thinking of yourself.老是考虑你自己是错误的。You dont need to be working in such a big hurry，theres plenty of time.你现在不必这样匆匆忙忙地干，有的是时间。The students pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully.学生们假装在专心听老师讲课。3.动词不定式的完成式We found the satellite to hav