布克.华盛顿.doc

Asaneducatorandachampionofself-help,hetriedtoleadblackAmericaupfromslavery.他是教师，作为自助的倡导者，他努力引领黑人挣脱奴役。BookerTaliaferroWashington(April5, 1856 November14, 1915)wasanAmericanpoliticalleader,educator,oratorandauthor.HewasthedominantfigureintheAfricanAmericancommunityintheUnitedStatesfrom1890to1915.Representingthelastgenerationofblackleadersborninslavery,andspeakingforthoseblackswhohadremainedintheNewSouthinanuneasymodusvivendiwiththewhiteSoutherners,Washingtonwasablethroughoutthefinal25yearsofhislifetomaintainhisstandingastheblackleaderbecauseofthesponsorshipofpowerfulwhites,substantialsupportwithintheblackcommunity,hisabilitytoraiseeducationalfundsfrombothgroupsandhisskillfulaccommodationtothesocialrealitiesoftheageofsegregation.WashingtonwasbornintoslaverytoawhitefatherandaslavemotherinaruralareainsouthwesternVirginia.Afteremancipation,heworkedinWestVirginiainavarietyofmanuallaborjobsbeforemakinghiswaytoHamptonRoadsseekinganeducation.HeworkedhiswaythroughHamptonNormalandAgriculturalInstitute(nowHamptonUniversity)andattendedcollegeatWaylandSeminary.AfterreturningtoHamptonasateacher,in1881hewasnamedasthefirstleaderofthenewTuskegeeInstituteinAlabama.WashingtonreceivednationalprominenceforhisAtlantaAddressof1895,attractingtheattentionofpoliticiansandthepublicasapopularspokespersonforAfricanAmericancitizens.Washingtonbuiltanationwidenetworkofsupportersinmanyblackcommunities,withblackministers,educatorsandbusinessmencomposinghiscoresupporters.Washingtonplayedadominantroleinblackpolitics,winningwidesupportintheblackcommunityandamongmoreliberalwhites(especiallyrichNorthernwhites).Hegainedaccesstotopnationalleadersinpolitics,philanthropyandeducation.Washingtonseffortsincludedcooperatingwithwhitepeopleandenlistingthesupportofwealthyphilanthropists,whichhelpedraisefundstoestablishandoperatethousandsofsmallcommunityschoolsandinstitutionsofhighereducationforthebettermentofblacksthroughouttheSouth,workwhichcontinuedformanyyearsafterhisdeath.NortherncriticscalledDr.WashingtonsfollowerstheTuskegeeMachine.After1909,WashingtonwascriticizedbytheleadersofthenewNAACP,especiallyW.E.B.DuBois,whodemandedaharderlineoncivilrightsprotests.Washingtonrepliedthatconfrontationwouldleadtodisasterfortheoutnumberedblacks,andthatcooperationwithsupportivewhiteswastheonlywaytoovercomepervasiveracisminthelongrun.Someofhiscivilrightsworkwassecret,suchasfundingcourtcases.Inadditiontothesubstantialcontributionsinthefieldofeducation,Dr.Washingtonwastheauthorof14books;hisautobiography,UpFromSlavery,firstpublishedin1901,isstillwidelyreadtoday.DuringadifficultperiodoftransitionfortheUnitedStates,hedidmuchtoimprovetheoverallfriendshipandworkingrelationshipbetweentheraces.Hisworkgreatlyhelpedlaythefoundationfortheincreasedaccessofblackstohighereducation,financialpower,andunderstandingoftheU.S.legalsystemledtotheCivilRightsMovementofthe1960sandadoptionofimportantfederalcivilrightslaws.CareeroverviewWashingtonwasbornintoslaverytoJane,anenslavedAfricanAmericanwomanontheBurroughsPlantationinsouthwestVirginia.Heknewlittleabouthiswhitefather.Hisfamilygainedfreedomin1865astheCivilWarended.AsaboyheinventedthesurnameWashingtonwhenalltheotherschoolchildrenweregivingtheirfullnames.AfterworkinginsaltfurnacesandcoalminesinWestVirginiaforseveralyears,WashingtonmadehiswayeasttoHamptonInstitute,establishedtoeducatefreedmen.There,heworkedhiswaythroughhisstudiesandlaterattendedWaylandSeminarytocompletepreparationasaninstructor.In1881,HamptonpresidentSamuelC.ArmstrongrecommendedWashingtontobecomethefirstleaderofTuskegeeInstitute,thenewnormalschool(teacherscollege)inAlabama.Heheadeditfortherestofhislife.WashingtonwasthedominantfigureintheAfrican-AmericancommunityintheUnitedStatesfrom1890to1915,especiallyafterhisAtlantaAddressof1895.Tomanypoliticiansandthepublicingeneral,hewasseenasapopularspokesmanforAfrican-Americancitizens.Representingthelastgenerationofblackleadersbornintoslavery,Washingtonwasgenerallyperceivedasacredibleproponentofeducationforfreedmeninthepost-Reconstruction,JimCrowSouth.Throughoutthefinal20yearsofhislife,hemaintainedhisstandingthroughanationwidenetworkofsupportersincludingblackeducators,ministers,editors,andbusinessmenespeciallythosewhowereliberal-leaningonsocialandeducationalissues.CriticscalledhisnetworkofsupporterstheTuskegeeMachine.Hegainedaccesstotopnationalleadersinpolitics,philanthropyandeducation,raisedlargesums,wasconsultedonraceissuesandwasawardedhonorarydegreesfromleadingAmericanuniversities.Lateinhiscareer,WashingtonwascriticizedbyleadersoftheNAACP,whichwasformedin1909.W.E.B.DuBoissuggestedactivismtoachievecivilrights.HelabeledWashingtontheGreatAccommodator.Washingtonsresponsewasthatconfrontationcouldleadtodisasterfortheoutnumberedblacks.Hebelievedthatcooperationwithsupportivewhiteswastheonlywayinthelongruntoovercomeracism.Washingtoncontributedsecretlyandsubstantiallytolegalchallengesofsegregationanddisfranchisementofblacks.Inhispublicrole,hebelievedhecouldachievemorebyskillfulaccommodationtothesocialrealitiesoftheageofsegregation.Washingtonsworkoneducationissueshelpedhimenlistboththemoralandsubstantialfinancialsupportofmanymajorwhitephilanthropists.Hebecamefriendswithsuchself-mademenasStandardOilmagnateHenryHuttlestonRogers;Sears,RoebuckandCompanyPresidentJuliusRosenwald;andGeorgeEastman,inventorandfounderofKodak.Theseindividualsandmanyotherwealthymenandwomenfundedhiscauses,includingHamptonandTuskegeeinstitutes.Theschoolswerefoundedtoproduceteachers.However,graduateshadoftengonebacktotheirlocalcommunitiesonlytofindpreciousfewschoolsandeducationalresourcestoworkwithinthelargelyimpoverishedSouth.Toaddressthoseneeds,WashingtonenlistedhisphilanthropicnetworkinmatchingfundsprogramstostimulateconstructionofnumerousruralpublicschoolsforblackchildrenintheSouth.Together,theseeffortseventuallyestablishedandoperatedover5,000schoolsandsupportingresourcesforthebettermentofblacksthroughouttheSouthinthelate-19thandearly-20thcenturies.ThelocalschoolswereasourceofcommunalprideandwerepricelesstoAfrican-Americanfamilieswhenpovertyandsegregationlimitedseverelythelifechancesofthepupils.AmajorpartofWashingtonslegacy,thenumberofmodelruralschoolsincreasedwithmatchingfundsfromtheRosenwaldFundintothe1930s.Hisautobiography,